Çokkültürlü Psikolojik Danışma Yeterliklerinin Dönüşümü: Bir Bibliyometrik Analiz Çalışması

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, alan yazında tarihsel süreç içerisinde çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma yeterliklerinin bilimsel çalışmalara nasıl yansıdığını, bu yeterliklerin hangi çok boyutlu yapılar üzerinden şekillendiğini ve zaman içinde kapsam ile bileşenlerinde meydana gelen değişiklikleri ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, nicel bir araştırma deseni olan bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, Web of Science (WOS) veri tabanından "multicultural counselor competencies" ve "multicultural counseling competencies" anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak sistematik bir tarama ile toplanmış ve PRISMA protokolüne uygun olarak filtrelenmiştir. Nihai veri seti, 1991-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış 280 akademik yayından oluşmaktadır. Bibliyografik verilerin analizinde ve bilim haritalarının oluşturulmasında VOSviewer 1.6.9 ve biblioshiny yazılımları kullanılmıştır. Analizler, özellikle anahtar kelime eş oluşum frekansları üzerinden tematik kümeleri ve tarihsel eğilimleri belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Analizler, alana olan akademik ilginin, özellikle 2016 sonrasında belirgin bir artış gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Eş oluşum analizi, anahtar kelimelerin altı ana tematik kümede toplandığını göstermiştir: 1) Temel Yeterlilikler ve Danışmanlık Becerileri, 2) Eğitim ve Mesleki Gelişim, 3) Sosyal Adalet ve Savunuculuk, 4) Kültürel Farkındalık ve Kimlik Dinamikleri, 5) Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Araçları, 6) Etik ve Ruh Sağlığı Uygulamaları. Tarihsel eğilim bağlamında, odak noktasının erken dönemlerde "kültürel farkındalık" ve "standartlar" iken, zamanla "sosyal adalet", "ırk", "kültürel tevazu" ve "savunuculuk" gibi daha dinamik ve sistemi hedef alan kavramlara kaydığını göstermiştir. Araştırma, çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma yeterliklerinin statik bir beceri seti olmaktan çıkıp, dinamik, bağlamsal ve sosyal adalet odaklı bir uygulama felsefesine doğru evrildiğine işaret etmektedir. Bulgular, psikolojik danışman eğitimi müfredatlarının bu evrimi yansıtacak şekilde sürekli güncellenmesi, kültürel tevazu ve kesişimsellik gibi çağdaş boyutların entegrasyonunun kritik önem taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, alanın geçmişten günümüze kavramsal yapısını ve gelecek yönelimlerini haritalandırması bakımından araştırmacılar ve uygulayıcılar için kapsamlı bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bibliyometrik analiz
• Çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma
• Kültürel tevazu
• Kültürel yeterlikler
• Sosyal adalet

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma, bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle Web of Science (WOS) veri tabanından elde edilen akademik yayınların incelenmesine dayanmaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde herhangi bir canlı denek (insan veya hayvan) kullanılmamış; anket, görüşme, müdahale veya gözlem gibi etik inceleme gerektiren herhangi bir veri toplama yöntemine başvurulmamıştır. Bu nedenle, çalışmanın etik kurul onayı alınmasını zorunlu kılan bir kapsamı bulunmamaktadır. Kullanılan tüm veriler halka açık akademik kayıtlardan oluşmaktadır.

Teşekkür

Araştırmaya zaman ayırarak dönütleri ile değerli katkılarını sunan Doç. Dr. Demet SEVER’e teşekkür ederiz.

Transformation of Multicultural Counseling Competencies: A Bibliometric Analysis Study

Öz

This research aims to reveal how multicultural counseling competencies have been reflected in scientific studies throughout the historical process in the literature, the multidimensional structures through which these competencies are shaped, and the changes that have occurred in their scope and components over time. The research was conducted using a quantitative research design, bibliometric analysis. Data were collected through a systematic search using the keywords "multicultural counselor competencies" and "multicultural counseling competencies" from the Web of Science (WOS) database and filtered in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. The final dataset consisted of 280 academic publications published between 1991 and 2025. VOSviewer 1.6.9 and biblioshiny software were used to analyze the bibliographic data and create scientific maps. Analyses were conducted to identify thematic clusters and historical trends, particularly through keyword co-occurrence frequencies. The analyses revealed a significant increase in academic interest in the field, especially after 2016. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that keywords clustered into six main thematic clusters: 1) Core Competencies and Counseling Skills, 2) Education and Professional Development, 3) Social Justice and Advocacy, 4) Cultural Awareness and Identity Dynamics, 5) Measurement and Evaluation Tools, and 6) Ethics and Mental Health Practices. Historical trends indicated that the focus shifted from "cultural awareness" and "standards" in the early stages to more dynamic and system-focused concepts such as "social justice," "race," "cultural humility," and "advocacy." Research indicates that multicultural counseling competencies are evolving from a static skill set to a dynamic, contextual, and social justice-focused philosophy of practice. Findings suggest that continuously updating counselor education curricula to reflect this evolution and integrating contemporary dimensions such as cultural humility and intersectionality are critical. This study provides a comprehensive roadmap for researchers and practitioners by mapping the field's conceptual structure from past to present and its future directions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bibliometric analysis
• Cultural humility
• Cultural competencies
• Multicultural counseling
• Social justice

Etik Beyan

This research is based on a bibliometric analysis of academic publications obtained from the Web of Science (WOS) database. No living subjects (human or animal) were used in the research process, and no data collection methods requiring ethical review, such as surveys, interviews, interventions, or observations, were employed. Therefore, the study does not require ethics committee approval. All data used is from publicly available academic records.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Demet SEVER for taking the time to contribute to the research and providing valuable feedback.

Kaynakça

1. American Psychological Association. (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. http://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.pdf
2. Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOI.2017.08.007
3. Arredondo, P., Rosen, D.C., Rice, T., Perez, P., & Tovar‐Gamero, Z.G. (2005). Multicultural counseling: A 10‐year content analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(2), 155–161.
4. Arredondo, P., Toporek, R., Brown, S. P., Jones, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., & Stadler, H. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24(1), 42–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1996.tb00288.x
5. Arslan, E. (2022). Sosyal bilim araştırmalarında VOSviewer ile bibliyometrik haritalama ve örnek bir uygulama. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 33–56.
6. Bowleg, L. (2017). Intersectionality: An underutilized but essential framework for social psychology. In Brendan Gough (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Psychology (pp. 507-530). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
7. Callon, M., Courtial, J.-P., Turner, W. A., & Bauin, S. (1983). From translations to problematic networks: An introduction to co-word analysis. Social Science Information, 22(2), 191–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901883022002003
8. Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21525

9. Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64(3), 170-180.
10. Collins, S., & Arthur, N. (2010). Culture-infused counseling: A model for developing multicultural competence. In N. Arthur & S. Collins (Eds.), Culture-infused counseling (pp. 47–72). Counselling Concepts.
11. Constantine, M. G. (2002). Predictors of satisfaction with counseling: Racial and ethnic minority clients’ attitudes toward counseling and ratings of their counselors’ general and multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(2), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.255
12. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
13. Ding, X., & Yang, Z. (2022). Knowledge mapping of platform research: a visual analysis using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Electronic Commerce Research, 22(3), 787–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-020-09410-7
14. Fisher, C. B. (2017). Decoding the ethics code. A Practical Guide for Psychologists. Sage Publications.
15. Fuertes, J. N., Stracuzzi, T. I., Bennett, J., Scheinholtz, J., Mislowack, A., Hersh, M., & Cheng, D. (2006). Therapist multicultural competency: A study of therapy dyads. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(4), 480.
16. Goff, P. A. & Kahn, K. B. (2013). How psychological science impedes intersectional thinking. Du Bois Review, 10(2), 365-384. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000313
17. Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic revie. Psychological Bulletin, 132(4), 531-540.
18. Pedersen, P. (2000). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. American Counseling Association.
19. Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
20. Hays, P. A. (1996). Addressing the complexities of culture and gender in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(4), 332-338.
21. Hays, P. A. (2016). Addressing cultural complexities in practice: Assessment, diagnosis, and therapy (2nd ed.). APA Books.
22. Holcomb-McCoy, C. & Myers, J. E. (1999). Multicultural competence and counselor training: A national survey. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3), 294-302.
23. Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032595
24. Jing, Y., Wang, C., Chen, Z., Shen, S., & Shadiev, R. (2024). A bibliometric analysis of studies on technology-supported learning environments: Hot topics and frontier evolution. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 40(3) 1185–1200). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12934
25. Leong, F. T., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2011). Cross-cultural barriers to mental health services. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 511-536.
26. Morris, S. A., & Van Der Veer Martens, B. (2008). Mapping research specialties. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420113
27. Mosher, D. K., Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., & Owen, J. (2017). Cultural humility: A therapeutic framework for engaging diverse clients. Practice Innovations, 2(4), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000055
28. Owen, J. J., Tao, K., Leach, M. M. & Rodolfa, E. (2011). Clients’ Perceptions of Their Psychotherapists’ Multicultural Orientation. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 274-282.
29. Pedersen, P. (2000). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. American Counseling Association.
30. Perianes-Rodriguez, A., Waltman, L., & Van Eck, N. J. (2016). Constructing bibliometric networks: A comparison between full and fractional counting. Journal of Informetrics, 10(4), 1178–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.10.006
31. Pritchard, A. (1969). Statistical bibliography or bibliometrics? Journal of Documentation, 25(4).
32. Ratts, M. J. (2011). Multiculturalism and social justice: Two sides of the same coin. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 39(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2011.tb00137.x
33. Ratts, M. J., D’Andrea, M. ve Arredondo, P. (2004). Social justice counseling: Fifth "force" in field. Counseling Today, 47(1), 28-30.
34. Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035
35. Ridley, C. R. (2005). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
36. Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., & Kanitz, B. E. (2001). Multicultural training: Reexamination, operationalization, and integration. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 165–186). SAGE Publications.
37. Pedersen, P. (2001). Multiculturalism and the counseling profession. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 3–19). SAGE.
38. Pope-Davis, D. B., & Coleman, H. L. K. (1997). Multicultural counseling competencies: Assessment, education and training, and supervision. SAGE Publications.
39. Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Rieger, B. P. and Austin, R. (2002). A Revision of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30(1), 153-180.
40. Smith, T. B., Domenech Rodríguez, M., & Bernal, G. (2011). Culture. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 166-175.
41. Sodowsky, G. R., Taffe, R. C., Gutkin, T. B., & Wise, S. L. (1994). Development of the Multicultural Counseling Inventory: A self-report measure of multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(2), 137.
42. Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01642.x
43. Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E. J., & Vasquez-Nuttall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(2), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000082102008
44. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Wiley.
45. Sue, S., Zane, N., Hall, G. C. & Berger, L. K. (2009). The case for cultural competency in psychotherapeutic interventions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 363-391.
46. Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
47. Toporek, R. L., Gerstein, L. H., Fouad, N. A., Roysircar, G., & Israel, T. (2006). Handbook for social justice in counseling psychology: Leadership, vision, and action. Sage Publications, Inc.
48. Van Eck, N., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538.
49. Whaley, A. L., & Davis, K. E. (2007). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services: a complementary perspective. American Psychologist, 62(6), 563.
50. Williams, M. T. (2020). Microaggressions: Clarification, evidence, and impact. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619827499
51. Williams, M. T., Faber, S. C. ve Duniya, C. G. (2022). Being an anti-racist clinician. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 15(19), 1-22.
52. Worthington, R. L., Soth-McNett, A. M., & Moreno, M. V. (2007). Multicultural counseling competencies research: A 20-year content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 351.