DOĞA TEMELLİ ETKİNLİKLERE KATILANLARIN İÇSEL MOTİVASYONLARI İLE GELECEKTEKİ DAVRANIŞSAL NİYETİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Yıl 2021, , 81 - 109, 31.10.2021

Sila Karacaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.31463/aicusbed.971249

Cited By: 2

Öz

Doğa temelli turizm pazarı turistlerin her geçen gün artan ilgileri ve talepleri doğrultusunda hızlı bir şekilde büyümektedir. Dolayısıyla, bireylerin doğa temelli etkinliklere katılım nedenleri ile beklentilerinin anlaşılmasının ve gelecekteki davranışlarının tahmin edilmesinin söz konusu pazarda yer alan çeşitli paydaşların kendini doğru konumlandırması ve uygun rekabet stratejileri geliştirebilmesi açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın iki temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Birinci amaç; doğa temelli etkinliklere katılanların içsel motivasyonlarının (rahatlama, sosyalleşme, heyecan, öz saygı ve kendini gerçekleştirme) davranışsal niyeti yordama durumunu tespit etmektir. İkinci amaç ise doğa temelli etkinliklere katılanların davranışsal niyetlerini etkileyen sosyo-demografik unsurların (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim seviyesi ve hane halkının gelir durumu) belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçlardan hareketle yürütülen araştırma Eskişehir’de bulunan çeşitli doğa gruplarındaki 397 kişi ile 18 Haziran 2021-10 Temmuz 2021 tarihlerinde çevrim içi anket uygulaması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, doğa temelli etkinliklere katılan bireylerin gelecekteki davranışsal niyetini birden fazla içsel motivasyon unsurunun etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Analizlerden elde edilen bulgular ‘‘rahatlama”, “sosyalleşme”, “öz saygı” ve “kendini gerçekleştirme’’ olmak üzere dört içsel motivasyon unsurunun davranışsal niyeti yordadığını; “heyecan”ın ise davranışsal niyetin anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sosyo-demografik özellikler arasından sadece cinsiyet değişkeninin davranışsal niyeti etkilediği, erkek katılımcıların gelecekteki doğa temelli etkinliklere yönelik davranışsal niyetlerinin kadın katılımcılara göre daha yüksek olduğu bulgusuna da erişilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğa Temelli Turizm, İçsel Motivasyonlar, Gelecekteki Davranışsal Niyet, Doğa Grupları Üyeleri, Eskişehir, , Eskişehir

Kaynakça

• Ajzen, I. (1987). “Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology”. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1-63.
• Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., Funk, D., & Giovani, C. (2009). “Segmenting Winter Sport Tourists by Motivation: The Case of Recreational Skiers.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(5), 480-499.
• Biggs, D. (2013). “Birding, sustainability and ecotourism”. International Handbook on Ecotourism (R. Ballantyne & J. Packer Eds.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 394– 403.
• Boo, E. (1990). Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls. Baltimore, MD: World Wildlife Fund.
• Carvache-Franco, M., Segarra-Oña, M., & Carrascosa López, C. (2019a). “Motivations Analysis in Ecotourism Through an Empirical Application: Segmentation, Characteristics and Motivations of the Consumer”. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 24(1), 60-73.
• Carvache-Franco, M., Segarra-Oña, M., & Carrascosa-López, C. (2019b). “Segmentation and Motivations in Eco-Tourism: The Case of a Coastal National Park”. Ocean & Coastal Management, 178, 1-8.
• Chan, J. K. L., & Baum, T. (2007). “Ecotourists’ Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), 574–590.
• Chang, T. C., & Huang, S. (2004). “Urban Tourism: Between The Global and the Local”. A companion to tourism (Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams Eds.). Oxford: Blackwell (223–234).
• Chikuta, O., Du Plessis, L., & Saayman, M. (2017). “Nature-Based Travel Motivations for People with Disabilities”. African Journal Of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(1), 1-16.
• Chow, A. S., Cheng, I. N., & Cheung, L. T. (2019). “Self-Determined Travel Motivations and Ecologically Responsible Attitudes of Nature-Based Visitors to the Ramsar Wetland in South China”. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 42-61.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Crompton, J. L. (1979). “Motivations for Pleasure Vacation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424.
• Crompton, J. L. & McKay, S. L. (1997). “Motives of Visitors Attending Festival Events”. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 425–439.
• Dann, G. M. S. (1977). “Anomie, Ego-Enhancement and Tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194.
• Dann, G. M. S. (1981). “Tourist Motivation an Appraisal”. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219.
• Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
• Eagles, P. F. (1992). “The Travel Motivations of Canadian Ecotourists”. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 3-7.
• Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). “Image Differences Between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to The Lower Rio Grande Valley”. Journal Of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16.
• Fennell D. (2008). Ecotourism (Third edition). London: Routeledge.
• Fredman, P., & Sandell, K. (2009). “Protect, Preserve, Present – The Role of Tourism in Swedish National Parks’’. Tourism and national parks. International perspectives on development, histories and change. (F. Warwick & C.M. Hall (Eds.). London: Routledge. 209-219.
• Fredman, P., & Tyrväinen, L. (2010). “Frontiers in Nature‐Based Tourism”. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(3), 177-189. Fodness, D. (1994). “Measuring Tourist Motivation”. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 555–581.
• Galley, G., & Clifton, J. (2004). “The Motivational and Demographic Characteristics of Research Ecotourists: Operation Wallacea Volunteers in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia”. Journal of Ecotourism 3(1), 69-82.
• Hartley, N., & Harrison, P. (2009). “An Exploration of Motives for Attending Australian Ecotourism Locations and Their Influence on Future Intentions”. Sustainable Management and Marketing, 30 November-2 December 2009. Monash University, Melbourne, 1-9.
• Holden, A., & Sparrowhawk, J. (2002). “Understanding the Motivations of Ecotourists: The Case of Trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(6), 435-446.
• Huang, Y.-C., & Liu, C.-H. S. (2017). “Moderating and Mediating Roles of Environmental Concern and Ecotourism Experience for Revisit Intention”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(7), 1854–1872.
• Hultman, M., Kazeminia, A., & Ghasemi, V. (2015). “Intention to Visit and Willingness to Pay Premium for Ecotourism: The İmpact of Attitude, Materialism, and Motivation”. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1854-1861.
• Hvenegaard, G. T., & Dearden, P. (1998). “Ecotourism Versus Tourism in a Thai National Park”. Annals of tourism Research, 25(3), 700-720.
• Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). “Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Rejoinder”. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256-262.
• Iversen, N. M., Hem, L. E., & Mehmetoglu, M. (2016). “Lifestyle Segmentation of Tourists Seeking Nature-Based Experiences: The Role of Cultural Values and Travel Motives”. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 38–66.
• Jamaludin, M., Aziz, A., & Mariapan, M. (2018). “Millennial Travelers Decision Making İnfluenced Through User-Generated Contents and Psychological Attributes on Destination Loyalty to a Tropical Island”. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 3(8), 44-55.
• Jin, M. L., Choi, Y., Lee, C. K., & Ahmad, M. S. (2020). “Effects of Place Attachment and Image on Revisit Intention in an Ecotourism Destination: Using an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior”. Sustainability, 12(18), 1-16.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (23. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Klenosky, D. B. (2002). “The ‘Pull’ of Tourism Destinations: A Means-End Investigation”. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 396-403.
• Kim, S. S., Lee, C. K., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). “The Influence of Push and Pull Factors at Korean National Parks”. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169-180.
• Klenosky, D. B., & Saunders, C. D. (2007). “Put Me in The Zoo! A Laddering Study of Zoo Visitor Motives”. Tourism Review International, 11(3), 317-327.
• Krippendorf, J. (1987). The Holidaymakers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. London: Heinemann-Butterworth.
• Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J., & Li, W. (2004). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
• Laarman, J.G., & Durst, P.B. (1987). “Nature Travel in the Tropics”. Journal of Forestry, 85(5), 43–46.
• Lang, C.-T., & O’Leary, J.T. (1997). “Motivation, Participation and Preference: A Multi-Segmentation Approach of the Australian Nature Travel Market”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 6(3), 159–180.
• Lee, S., Lee, S., & Lee, G. (2014). “Ecotourists’ Motivation and Revisit Intention: A Case Study of Restored Ecological Parks in South Korea.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(11), 1327-1344.
• Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., & Del Chiappa, G. (2016). “The Influence of Materialism on Ecotourism Attitudes and Behaviors”. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 176-189.
• Lundmark, L., & Müller, D. K. (2010). “The Supply of Nature-Based Tourism Activities in Sweden”. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 58(4), 379-393.
• Luo, Y., & Deng, J. (2008). “The New Environmental Paradigm and Nature-Based Tourism Motivation”. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 392-402.
• Nickerson, N. P., Jorgenson, J., & Boley, B. B. (2016). “Are sustainable tourists a higher spending market?”. Tourism Management, 54, 170-177.
• Nguyen, T. H., & Pham, T. M. L. (2015). “The Influence of Tourism Motivation to Foreign Fourist's Intention to Engage in Vietnam Ecotourism”. 3rd World Tourism Conference 17th International Joint World Cultural Tourism Conference. 20-22 November 2015. Quang Trung Campus, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam.1-10.
• Ma, A. T., Chow, A. S., Cheung, L. T., Lee, K. M., & Liu, S. (2018). “Impacts of Tourists’ Sociodemographic Characteristics on the Travel Motivation and Satisfaction: The Case of Protected Areas in South China”. Sustainability, 10(10), 3388.
• McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R. (1986). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Mehmetoglu, M. (2007). “Typologising Nature-Based Tourists by Activity-Theoretical and Practical Implications”. Tourism Management, 28, 651–660.
• Mehmetoglu, M. & Normann, Ø. (2013), “The Link Between Travel Motives and Activities in Nature‐Based Tourism”, Tourism Review, 68(2), 3-13.
• Meng, F., Tepanon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2008). “Measuring Tourist Satisfaction by Attribute and Motivation: The Case of a Nature-Based Resort”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(1), 41-56.
• Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2002). Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
• Nicolau, J. L., & Mas, F. J. (2006). “The Influence of Distance and Prices on the Choice of Tourist Destinations: The Moderating Role of Motivations”. Tourism Management, 27(5), 982-996.
• Orams, M. B. (1995). “Towards a More Desirable Form of Ecotourism”. Tourism Management, 16(1), 3-8.
• Pearce, P. L. (1988). The Ulysses Factor: Evaluating Visitors in Tourist Settings. New York: Springer-Verlag.
• Pearce, P. L. (1993). “Fundamentals of Tourist Motivation”.Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges (D. Pearce & R. Butler (Eds.). London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul.85–105.
• Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist Behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes. Clevendon, UK: Channel View Publications.
• Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1983). “Inferring Travel Motivation From Travelers’ Experiences”. Journal of Travel Research, 22(2), 16-20.
• Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005). “Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation”. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226-237.
• Perera, P., & Vlosky, R. (2013). “How Previous Visits Shape Trip Quality, Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Future Behavioral Intentions: The Case of ForestBased Ecotourism in Sri Lanka”. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 11, 1-24.
• Plog, S. (1974). “Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55-8.
• Powell, R. B., & Ham, S. H. (2008). “Can Ecotourism Interpretation Really Lead to Pro-Conservation Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour? Evidence From the Galapagos Islands”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(4), 467-489.
• Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2009). “Why Travel Motivations and Socio-Demographics Matter in Managing a National Park”. Koedoe, 51(1), 1-9.
• Shieh, W. L., & Wang, W. B. (2012). “Consumer Attitudes and Participate Intentions in Relation to Ecotourism in Taiwan”. 桃園創新學報, (32), 413-428. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Tangeland, T., & Aas, Ø. (2011). “Household Composition and the Importance of Experience Attributes of Nature Based Tourism Activity Products-A Norwegian Case Study of Outdoor Recreationists”. Tourism Management, 32(4), 822-832.
• Tangeland, T., Aas, Ø., & Odden, A. (2013). “The Socio-Demographic İnfluence on Participation in Outdoor Recreation Activities–Implications for the Norwegian Domestic Market for Nature-Based Tourism”. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(3), 190-207.
• Tikkanen, I. (2007). “Maslow’s Hierarchy and Food Tourism in Finland: Five Cases”. British Food Journal, 109(9), 721–734.
• Tsephe, N. P., & Obono, S. E. (2013). “A Theoretical Framework for Rural Tourism Motivation Factors”. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 7(1), 273-278.
• Uysal, M., & Hagan, L. (1993). “Motivations of Pleasure Travel and Tourism”. Encyclopaedia of Hospitality And Tourism (M. Khan, M. Olsen, & T. Var (Eds.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.798-810.
• Uysal, M., Li, X., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2008). “Push-Pull Dynamics in Travel Decisions”. Handbook of Hospitality Marketing Management (O. Haemoon (Ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.412-439.
• Valentine, P. (1992). “Nature-based Tourism”. Special Interest Tourism. (C. Hall and B. Weiler, Eds.). London: Belhaven Press.105–127.
• Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). “Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Goal Contents in Self-Determination Theory: Another Look at the Quality of Academic Motivation”. Educational psychologist, 41(1), 19-31.
• Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). “The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment And Eudaimonia) for the Understanding of İntrinsic Motivation”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 41-79.
• Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2007). “Twenty Years On: The State of Contemporary Ecotourism Research”. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1168-1179.
• Wight, P. (1993). “Ecotourism: Ethics or Eco-Sell?”. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 3-9.
• Wight, P. A. (2001). “Ecotourists: Not a Homogeneous Market Segment”. The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, 37-62.
• Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Yolal, M., Rus, R. V., Cosma, S., & Gursoy, D. (2015). “A Pilot Study on Spectators’ Motivations and Their Socio-Economic Perceptions of a Film Festival”. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 16:3, 253-271.