Araştırma Makalesi
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Avrupa Birliği’nin Mali Cumhuriyeti’ndeki Eğitim Misyonu ile NATO’nun Afganistan’daki İl İmar Ekiplerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 191 - 229, 30.12.2025

Öz

Bu makalede, AB Mali Eğitim Misyonunun ve NATO İl İmar Ekiplerinin amaçlarına ulaşmak için merkezde kavramsal ve sahadaki icra aşamalarında ortaya çıkan taktik ve operasyonel gerçekler karşısında, kurumsal olarak ne tür bir planlama içerisinde bulunduklarına dair karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmıştır. AB ve NATO’da kurucu belgeler incelenmiş, faaliyetlere katılım sağlayan ülkelerde birincil kaynaklara başvurulmuş; sahada değişen duruma ilişkin ilgili yerel aktörlerce yapılan beyanlar ve değerlendirmeler gözden geçirilmiştir. Makale gerek AB’nin Mali’deki Eğitim Misyonunun gerek NATO’nun Afganistan İl İmar Ekiplerinin idamesinin ve başarısının, personel yapısı, eğitimi ve görev süresi, mali kaynakları, dinamik yerel siyasi ortam ve beklentiler ile uluslararası konjonktür gibi değişken unsurlara bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 191 - 229, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

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A Comparative Analysis of EU’s Training Mission in Mali and NATO’s Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 191 - 229, 30.12.2025

Öz

This study analytically compares the conceptual development of both missions at home with the way in which their planning and execution varied when faced with tactical and operational realities on the ground. Relevant fundamental documents from NATO and the EU, as well as primary resources from the troop contributing countries have been studied. Declarations of local actors and their evaluations have also been examined to study the changes in the field. The research determines that the sustainability and success of both the EU Training Mission in Mali and the NATO Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan depended on issues such as personnel structure, training and tour term, financial resources, dynamic local political conditions and the overall international environment.

Kaynakça

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  • Fréjus Q. ve Mahamadou A.(2022). L'EUTM se retire du Mali mais indésirable au Niger? April 12, 2022, DW. https://www.dw.com/fr/l-eutm-se-retire-du-mali-mais-ind%C3%A9sirable-au-niger/a-61446971 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Generalship.(2008). DCOM ISAF PRT Review, Lt-Gen Jonathon Riley 2008. http://generalship.org/research-articles/dcom-isaf.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Glatz, R.(2011). “ISAF Lessons Learned, a German Perspective”, Prism 2, No:2, 2011, 169-176. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/prism%20/v2i2/f_0024126_19674.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Hoez, J.(2020). “How has the Eu acted as a Global Power through EUTM Mali?, 03/04/2020”, Vocal Europe, erişim 21 Ekim 2023, https://www.vocaleurope.eu/how-has-the-eu-acted-as-a-global-power-through-eutm-mali/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Hughlett F.E. (2009). Good Governance Matters: Optimizing U.S. PRTs in Afghanistan to Advance Good Governance. US Joint Forces Staff College Joint Advanced Warfighting School. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA530202.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Human Rights Watch.(2013). Le conflit armé au Mali et ses conséquences Recueil de documents publiés par Human Rights Watch 2012-2017, Feb 4, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/supporting_resources/malicompendium0217fr.pdf ) adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Human Rights Watch.(2022). “Mali, Events of 2021”, erişim 16 Ekim 2023, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/mali adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • InfoMatin.(2022). Urgent: L'EUTM quitte enfin le Mali, le 12 mai 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uwsaWSxAYA adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Invertigate Europe.(2022). Mali: Des exactions commises par des soldats formés par l’Union européenne, le 7 avril 2022. https://www.investigate-europe.eu/fr/2022/mali-exactions-soldats-formes-union-europeenne adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Jackson M. ve Gordon S.(2007). Rewiring Interventions? UK Provincial Reconstruction Teams and Stabilization, International Peacekeeping, Volume 14, 2007, Issue 5, 647-661.
  • Kardaş, Ş.(2013). Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan, Center for Strategic Research (SAM) 2013, JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep05090.8.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Laurent B. ve Élie T.(2022) “Après Barkhane Repenser la posture stratégique française en Afrique de l’Ouest”, IFRI, Mai 2022. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/bansept_tenenbaum_apres_barkhane_2022.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Lebovich, A.(2019). Mapping Armed Groups in Mali and the Sahel, 24 May 2019, European Council on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/special/sahel_mapping/operation_barkhane adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Faso.(2022). Mali: Le gouvernement « militarise » la police et la protection civile, 7 octobre 2022. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article116532 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Monde.(2020). Coup d’Etat au Mali : le président, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, démissionne, 18/08/2020. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/08/18/coup-d-etat-au-mali-le-president-ibrahim-boubacar-keita-et-son-premier-ministre-aux-mains-des-putschistes_6049272_3212.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Monde.(2022a). Au Mali, les médias français RFI et France 24 définitivement suspendus, le 28 avril 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/04/28/au-mali-les-medias-francais-rfi-et-france-24-definitivement-suspendus_6124002_3212.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Monde.(2022b). Le Mali considère désormais la présence des militaires français et européens sur son sol comme illégale, le 3 mai 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/05/03/le-mali-considere-la-presence-des-militaires-francais-et-europeens-sur-son-sol-comme-illegale_6124559_3212.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Monde.(2022c) Le Mali reçoit de nouveaux équipements militaires de Russie, le 10 août 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/10/le-mali-recoit-de-nouveaux-equipements-militaires-de-russie_6137664_3212.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Leprince, C.(2013). The Canadian-led Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team: A success Story? International Journal, June 2013, Vol. 68, No. 2 (June 2013), 359-377.
  • Le Point.(2012). Le Mali a saisi officiellement l'ONU d'une demande d'intervention militaire, le 24/09/2012. https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/le-mali-a-saisi-officiellement-l-onu-d-une-demande-d-intervention-militaire-24-09-2012-1509722_24.php#11 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Le Point.(2021). Mali : un coup d’État dans le coup d’État?, le 28/05/2021. https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/mali-un-coup-d-etat-dans-le-coup-d-etat-28-05-2021-2428593_3826.php#11 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Luehrs C.(2009). Provincial Reconstruction Teams, A Literature Review, PRISM , Vol. 1, No. 1 (12/2009), Institute for National Strategic Security, National Defense University, 97.
  • MaliWeb.(2022). Soutien français aux terroristes : Qui bloque la plainte malienne à l’ONU?, 17 Oct. 2022. https://www.maliweb.net/nations-unies/soutien-francais-aux-terroristes-qui-bloque-la-plainte-malienne-a-lonu-2995266.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • National Library of Medicine.(2015). Surveillance of Food- and Smear-Transmitted Pathogens in European Soldiers with Diarrhea on Deployment in the Tropics: Experience from the European Union Training Mission (EUTM) Mali. BioMed Research International Volume 2015. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4619819/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO.(2021). Afghanistan Lessons Learned Process. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/12/pdf/2112-factsheet-afgh-lessons-en.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO.(2022A). ISAF’s mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014), 30 May 2022. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69366.htm?selectedLocale=en adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO.(2022B) “NATO and Afghanistan”, 31 August 2022. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8189.htm?selectedLocale=en adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • NATO.(2025). Operations and missions: past and present, 30 Jul. 2025. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ORTM.(2022A). Communiqué du gouvernement suite à la décision de la France du retrait des forces barkhane et takuba, le 18 février 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjpt3cQ53qY adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ORTM.(2022B). Que Faut-il comprendre du dossier de l'accord militaire entre le Mali et la France? le 4 mai 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cd49GOSp0uc adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ORTM.(2022C). Rappel des Faits”, Communiqué N035 du gouvernement de la transition du Mali, le 24 septembre 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GUJe1uo2fo adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Perito, R.M.(2005). “The US experience with Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan - Lessons identified”, United States Institute of Peace Special Report 12, October 2005. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/39612/2005_october_sr152.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Public Intellgience.(2010). ISAF Provincial Reconstruction Team Handbook, Edition 4, May 16, 2010. https://publicintelligence.net/isaf-provincial-reconstruction-team-prt-handbook adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pujol, C.R.(2014). Spanish Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Badghis (Afghanistan), 2005 – 2013. Catalan International Institute for Peace Barcelona, (November 2014), 19.
  • Rachel, D.(2014). The European Union Mission in Mali: A Case Study, içinde Croatian International Relations Review, Vol 20, Iss 71 (Sciendo, 2014), 91-119.
  • Rietjens, S.J.H. (2007). “Managing Civil-Military Cooperation: Experiences from the Dutch Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan”, Sage Journals, May 9, 2007, Volume 34, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X06297601 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • SIPRI.(2022). EU Military Training Missions, A Synthesis Report; 2022. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-5/2205_eutm_synthesis_paper_0.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Spain Ministry of Defense (2024). “Deployments and Operations, EUTM-Mali”, https://emad.defensa.gob.es/en/operaciones/historico-de-operaciones/43-UE-EUTM-Mali/index.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sudouest.(2022). Mali : la junte au pouvoir « exige » de Macron d’en finir avec « sa posture néocoloniale, le 01/08/2022. https://www.sudouest.fr/international/afrique/mali/mali-la-junte-au-pouvoir-exige-de-macron-d-en-finir-avec-sa-posture-neocoloniale-11832337.php adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Tandoğan, M.(2018). Büyük Sahra’da Son Osmanlı Tebaası Tevarikler. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı.(2006). Vardak İl İmar Ekibi hakkında Bilgi Notu, 8 Kasım 2006. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/bn_9---8-kasim-2006_-vardak-il-imar-ekibimiz-hk__.tr.mfa adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı.(2010). Press Release no 85, dated 19 April 2010, Regarding the Efforts to establish a Civilian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Shibirgan in North Afghanistan. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-85_-19-april-2010_-no_-76_-6-april-2010_-press-release-regarding-the-efforts-to-establish-a-civilian-led-provincial-reconstruction-team-_prt_-in-shibirgan-in-north-afghanistan-in-north-afghanistan.en.mfa adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Thurston, A. (2020). Jihadists of North Africa and the Sahel: Local Politics and Rebel Groups. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Tull, D. M. (2021). The European Union Training Mission and the Struggle for a New Model Army in Mali, 11 February 2021. IRSEM Research Paper, No: 89, https://www.irsem.fr/data/files/irsem/documents/document/file/3233/RP_IRSEM_89.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Tull, D.M. (2022A). Security Force Assistance under Geopolitical Stress: The EU’s ‘Strategic Review’ of its CSDP Missions in Mali, 20.06.2022. SWP. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/mta-spotlight-09-the-eus-strategic-review-of-csdp-missions-in-mali adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Tull, D.M.(2022B). Calling Time on the EU Mission to Mali, Internationale Politik Quarterly, May 09.2022. https://ip-quarterly.com/en/calling-time-eu-mission-mali adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • United States Government Accountability Office.(2008). “Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan and Iraq”, October 1, 2008, Congressional Committees, Washington DC. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-09-86r.pdf adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • United States Institute of Peace.(2020). Five Things to Know About Mali’s Coup. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/08/five-things-know-about-malis-coup adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • US Department of State Archive.(2001). Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs). https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/ci/iz/98777.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • US Government Publishing Office.(2009). Training and Equipping Afghan Security Forces: Unaccounted Weapons and Strategic Challenges, House Hearing, 111 Congress, February 12, 2009. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg64912/html/CHRG-111hhrg64912.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • US State Department.(2021). 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Mali. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mali adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Vasques, L.(2010). Time to Reevaluate the Role of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan, November 4, 2010, Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/time-to-reevaluate-the-role-of-provincial-reconstruction-teams-in-afghanistan adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wouters, P.(2008). The Conundrum: Costs-Lie-Where-They-Fall vs. Commun Funding”, içinde “Balancing Defence And Security Efforts With A Permanently Structured Scorecard”, Egmont Institute, 27-29. https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2013/09/ep23.pdf?type=pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yalçınkaya, H.(2014). “Turkey in Sheberghan: Special solutions due to special relations?”, içinde “Afghanistan PRTs”, Academia. https://www.academia.edu/38358468/_Book_Chapter_Turkey_in_Sheberghan_Special_Solutions_Due_to_Special_Relations adresinden erişilmiştir.
Toplam 110 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Türker Arı 0009-0007-4657-1916

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arı, M. T. (2025). Avrupa Birliği’nin Mali Cumhuriyeti’ndeki Eğitim Misyonu ile NATO’nun Afganistan’daki İl İmar Ekiplerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 191-229.