Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Arap Milliyetçiliği Miti: Yeni Orta Doğu’nun Şafağında Filistin’in Alacakaranlığı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 272 - 299, 30.12.2025

Öz

1948 yılında Orta Doğu ülkelerinin İsrail’in varlığını kabul etmemesi Arap-İsrail savaşlarına yol açarken Tel Aviv Filistin toprakları aleyhine genişlemesini sürdürmüştür. 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren çeşitli barış girişimleri olmasına rağmen Batı Şeria ve Gazze’nin abluka altında tutulması nedeniyle kayda değer bir ilerleme kaydedilememiştir. 2020 yılında ise ABD'nin öncülüğünde İsrail ve bazı bölge ülkeleri arasında bir normalleşme süreci başlatılmıştır. Ancak Filistin meselesini giderek “Filistinlilerin iç meselesi” haline indirgeyen bu süreç, 7 Ekim sonrası yaşanan gelişmelerle birlikte kendi içinde tutarsızlıklar barındırmaktadır. 7 Ekim saldırıları ve İsrail’in orantısız misillemesi, Filistin meselesinin Filistin halkının meşru hakları temelinde siyasal bir çözüme duyduğu ihtiyacı bir kez daha açığa çıkarmıştır. İsrail’in sahip olduğu ileri teknolojik ve askeri kapasiteye rağmen, ülkenin istikrarı ve geleceği büyük ölçüde eşit statüye sahip bağımsız bir Filistin devletinin varlığına bağlı görünmektedir. Filistin sorununu tarihsel perspektifi ile ele alan bu çalışma, Arap devletlerinin pasif tutumunun İsrail saldırganlığının temel nedenlerinden biri olduğunu savunmakta ve Arap milliyetçiliğinin söylemselliğinin altını çizmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Yeni Orta Doğu’nun şafağı olarak adddilen normalleşme çabaları, 7 Ekim sonrasında yaşanan gelişmeler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, E.; Robinson, L.; Takeyh, R., ve Cook, S. A. (2024, October 2). One year after the october 7 attacks: The impact on four fronts. https://www.cfr.org/article/one-year-after-october-7-attacks-impact-four-fronts adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Africanews (2024). Arab League calls for aid to be sent to Gaza. https://www.africanews.com/-2024/03/04/arab-league-calls-for-aid-to-be-sent-to-gaza/ adresinden erişilmiştr.
  • Ajami, F. (1978). The End of Pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 57(2), 355-373.
  • Al-Arian, S. (2024). Palestine and the Arab regional order: What changed after operation Al-Aqsa flood?. Insight Turkey, 26(2), 21-34.
  • Anderson, B.(2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  • Asseburg, M. ve Henkel, S. (2021). Introduction normalisation and realignment in the Middle East a new. Conflict-Prone Regional Order Takes Shape. SWP Comment, NO.45 July.
  • Barnes Dacey, J.; Bianco, C. ve Lovatt, H. (2024). The Gaza crısıs: Mappıng the Mıddle East’s shıftıng battle lınes. European Council On Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/special/the-gaza-crisis-mapping-the-middle-easts-shifting-battle-lines/ adressinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barron, R. (2025). Israel, Hamas Reach Gaza Cease-fire Deal: What Happens Now?, https://www.usip.org/publications/2025/01/israel-hamas-reach-gaza-cease-fire-deal-what-happens-now adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. (Translated by Annette Lavers). New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.
  • BBC (2017, June 5). Qatar row: Saudi and Egypt among countries to cut Doha links. https://www.bbc.com-/news/world-middle-east-40155829 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • BBC (2024, April 12). Biden İsrail'i savunma sözü verdi, 'İran başarılı olamayacak' dedi. https://www.bbc.com/-turkce/articles/crgyjrqrxjqo adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israel conflict: A primer. Washington, DC: Middle East Research and Information Project.
  • Berg, Bruce L. (1989). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. United States of America: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Bowen, Glenn A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
  • Brennan, M. (2024, May 19). U.S. and Saudi Arabia near potentially historic security deal. CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-saudi-arabia-near-potentially-historic-security-deal/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, C. and Pollock, D. (2023). New poll sheds light on Saudi views of Israel-Hamas war. https://www.w-ashingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-poll-sheds-light-saudi-views-israel-hamas-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, W. L. (2008). Modern Ortadoğu tarihi. Çev.: Mehmet Harmancı. (2.ed.), İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Crowley, M., Nereim, V., and Kingsley, P (2023, March 9). Saudi Arabia offers Its price to normalize relations with Israel. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/-03/09/us/politics/saudi-arabia-israel-united-states.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1991). The Origins of Arab Nationalism, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R. Anderson, L., Muslih, M., Simon, R.S.), New York: Columbia University Press, 3-30.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1998). Osmanlıcılıktan Arapçılığa. Çev.: B.Aydın ve T. Temiz, İstanbul: Yöneliş.
  • Demir, Y. (2021). 1960'tan günümüze Arap-İsrail çatışması ekseninde Türk dış politikası. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 8(1), 165-197.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2014). Middle East middle powers: Regional role, international impact. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11(42), 29-49.
  • Elnagga, M. (2024, April 13). İran’ın İsrail'e saldırısı: Kim ne kazandı, kim ne kaybetti?. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c4n17zyqww2o adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eppel, M. (2012). The Arab states and the 1948 war in Palestine: The Socio-political struggles, the compelling nationalist discourse and the regional context of ınvolvement. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(1), 1-31.
  • Euronews (2020). İsrail, BAE ve Bahreyn arasında varılan 'ilişkilerin normalleştirilmesi' anlaşması imzalandı. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/15-/israil-bae-ve-bahreyn-aras-nda-var-lan-iliskilerin-normallestirilmesi-anlasmas-abd-de-imza adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2023). Gazze için Kahire Barış Zirvesi: Filistinliler topraklarında kalmakta kararlı. https://tr.euronews.com/2023/10/21/gazze-icin-kahire-baris-zirvesi-filistinliler-topraklarind-a-kalmakta-kararli adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2024). G20, İsrail-Filistin çatışmasında 'tek yol iki devletli çözüm' dedi. https://tr.euronews.-com/2024-/02/22/g20-israil-filistin-catismasinda-tek-yol-iki-devletli-cozum-dedi adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ferziger, J. H. and Bahgat, F. (2020). Israel’s growing ties with the Gulf Arab States. The Atlantic Council. ISBN-13: 978-1-61977-109-3.
  • Fraihat, I. and Ezbidi, B. (2023). The lasting impact of Trump’s ‘Deal of the Century’ on the Question of Palestine. Middle East Critique.
  • Goldberg, J. (2018). Saudi crown prince: Iran's supreme leader 'makes Hitler look Good. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gov.UK. (2024). G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting communiqué situation in the Middle East. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/g7-foreign-ministers-meeting-communi-ques-april-2024/62670280-bf48-4b96-ac82-d31f31d71d68 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gritten, D. (2024, September 9). Israeli strikes on Syrian military sites kill 18, health minister says. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0nrd730jdo adresinden erişilmiştir. Gürün, K. (1983). Dış ilişkiler ve Türk Politikası 1939’dan günümüze. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayinlari: 531.
  • Halliday, F. (2005). The Middle East in international relations power, politics, and ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • ICC (2024, May 20). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ICC (2024a, November, 2021). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-situation-state-palestine adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Independent Türkçe (2025). İki Devletli Çözüm Konferansı, bağımsız Filistin devletinin kurulması için bir ‘yol haritası’ belirledi, https://www.indyturk.com. adresinden erişilmiştir. İsrael Policy Forum (2024). Israel-Hamas war: The Arab world exploring the role of key Arab states, https://israelpolicyforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Regional-Players.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kaya, T. Ö. (2018). Trump-Avrupa Birliği ve İsrail-Filistin Uyuşmazlığı. ORSAM Analiz. No:219.
  • Kramer, M. (1993). Arab Nationalism: Mistaken ıdentity, daedalus. Reconstructing Nations and States, 122(3), 171-206.
  • Krasna, J. (2024). The October 7 massacre and the war in Gaza: Impact on Bahrain and United Arab Emirates, https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/01/the-october-7-massacre-and-the-war-in-gaza-impact-on-bahrain-and-the-united-arab-emirates/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kubovich, Y. (2021). Israel conducting joint Red Sea maneuvers with Bahrain, UAE, and US. Haaretz. https://bit.ly/3JNgXbv adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Legrenzi, M. ve M. Calculli (2013). Regionalism and Regionalization in the Middle East: Options and Challenges. Research Report, International Peace Institute. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications-/ipi_e_pub_regionalism_me.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Muslih, M. (1991). The Rise of Local Nationalism in the Arab East, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R.; Anderson, L.; Muslih, M.; Simon, R.S.). New York: Columbia University Press, 167-188.
  • Musmar, F. ve Nage, R. (2024). Israel and Saudi Arabia, a normalization of the century. https://www.israelhayom-.com/2024/03/07/israel-and-saudi-arabia-a-normalization-of-the-century/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Owen, R. (1992). State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. London: Routledge.
  • Pappe, I. (2011). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. England: Oneworld Publications.
  • Podeh, E. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Israel: From secret to public engagement, 1948–2018. Middle East Journal, 72 (4), 563-586.
  • Podeh, E. (2022). The many faces of normalization: Models of Arab-Israeli relations. Strategic Assessment, 25 (1), 55-78.
  • Pollock, D. (2022). New Saudi poll: Some surprises on the U.S., Iran, Israel, oil, and more. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-saudi-poll-some-surprises-us-iran-israel-oil-and-more adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Rehbi, H. (2023). Why Arab states aren’t using oil as a weapon against Israel, Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/12/israel-palestine-opec-oil-embargo-1973-saudi-arabia adresinden erişilmiştir. Reuters (2025). Spain bans Israel-bound weapons ships and planes over Gaza, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-bans-israel-bound-weapons-ships-planes-over-gaza-2025-09-08/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Salhani, J. (2024). Israel’s attacks on Syria explained. https://www.aljazeera.com/news-/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sander, O. (1989). Siyasi Tarih. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sloboden Pecat (2022). İsrail ve Bahreyn güvenlik ve işbirliği anlaşması imzaladı. https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/tr/izrael-i-bahrein-potpishaa-dogovor-za-bezbednost-i-sorabotka/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı (2020). Yüzyılın işgali: Tek taraflı planların gölgesinde Filistin. İstanbul: Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları.
  • Tahhan, Z., and Humaid, M. (2022). Six major developments that shaped 2022 for Palestinians. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/26/sixmajor-developments-that-shaped-2022-for-palestinian adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The Times of İsrael (2023, October 17). Jordanian king warns Mideast ‘on brink of abyss,’ refuses refuge for fleeing Gazans, https://www.timesofisrael.com/jordanian-king-warns-mideast-on-brink-of-abyss-refuses-refuge-for-fleeing-gazans/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The White House (2020). Peace to prosperity. https://trumpwhitehouse-.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads-/2020/01/Peace-to-Prosperity-0120.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Toukan, D. M. (2024). Expert views: What is needed to end the war in Gaza?. Middle East Institute.
  • Ulrichsen, K.C. (2016). Israel and the Arab Gulf States: Drıvers and dırectıons of change. Public Policy of Rice University.
  • UN Nations Security Council (2024, June 10). Resolution 2735 (2024) Adopted by the Security Council at its 9650th meeting. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/165/11/pdf/n241-6511.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNFPA (2024, April 6). Crisis in Palestine: UNFPA Palestine situation report. https://www.-unfpa.org/sites-/default/files/resource-pdf/Palestine%20Situation%20-Report%20-%20-April%2-02024.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNRWA (2024, November 3). UNRWA situation report #146 on the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/-reports/unrwa-situation-report-146-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ülger, İ.K., ve Hammorue, J. (2018). The Arab League: From establishment to failure. Social and Legal Studies, 4(1), 35-55.
  • Wright, R. (2023). The five global dangers from the Gaza war. https://www.wilson-center.org/article/five-global-dangers-gaza-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yaman, D. and Yiğittepe, L. (2023). Israel Gulf expansion within regional security complex theory: The effect of the Abraham accords on the power balances in the region. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 25(45), 879-901.
  • Yenişafak (2018). İsrail meclisi Kudüs'ün statüsünü değiştirdi!. https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/-israil-meclisi-kudusun-statusunu-degistirdi-2941254 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Zahlan, R. S. (2009). Palestine and the Gulf States, The presence at the table. New York: Routledge.
  • Zanotti, J. ve Sharp, J. M. (2024). Sharp specialist in Middle Eastern affairs Israel and Hamas conflict in brief: Overview. U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 272 - 299, 30.12.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, E.; Robinson, L.; Takeyh, R., ve Cook, S. A. (2024, October 2). One year after the october 7 attacks: The impact on four fronts. https://www.cfr.org/article/one-year-after-october-7-attacks-impact-four-fronts adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Africanews (2024). Arab League calls for aid to be sent to Gaza. https://www.africanews.com/-2024/03/04/arab-league-calls-for-aid-to-be-sent-to-gaza/ adresinden erişilmiştr.
  • Ajami, F. (1978). The End of Pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 57(2), 355-373.
  • Al-Arian, S. (2024). Palestine and the Arab regional order: What changed after operation Al-Aqsa flood?. Insight Turkey, 26(2), 21-34.
  • Anderson, B.(2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  • Asseburg, M. ve Henkel, S. (2021). Introduction normalisation and realignment in the Middle East a new. Conflict-Prone Regional Order Takes Shape. SWP Comment, NO.45 July.
  • Barnes Dacey, J.; Bianco, C. ve Lovatt, H. (2024). The Gaza crısıs: Mappıng the Mıddle East’s shıftıng battle lınes. European Council On Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/special/the-gaza-crisis-mapping-the-middle-easts-shifting-battle-lines/ adressinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barron, R. (2025). Israel, Hamas Reach Gaza Cease-fire Deal: What Happens Now?, https://www.usip.org/publications/2025/01/israel-hamas-reach-gaza-cease-fire-deal-what-happens-now adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. (Translated by Annette Lavers). New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.
  • BBC (2017, June 5). Qatar row: Saudi and Egypt among countries to cut Doha links. https://www.bbc.com-/news/world-middle-east-40155829 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • BBC (2024, April 12). Biden İsrail'i savunma sözü verdi, 'İran başarılı olamayacak' dedi. https://www.bbc.com/-turkce/articles/crgyjrqrxjqo adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israel conflict: A primer. Washington, DC: Middle East Research and Information Project.
  • Berg, Bruce L. (1989). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. United States of America: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Bowen, Glenn A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
  • Brennan, M. (2024, May 19). U.S. and Saudi Arabia near potentially historic security deal. CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-saudi-arabia-near-potentially-historic-security-deal/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, C. and Pollock, D. (2023). New poll sheds light on Saudi views of Israel-Hamas war. https://www.w-ashingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-poll-sheds-light-saudi-views-israel-hamas-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, W. L. (2008). Modern Ortadoğu tarihi. Çev.: Mehmet Harmancı. (2.ed.), İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Crowley, M., Nereim, V., and Kingsley, P (2023, March 9). Saudi Arabia offers Its price to normalize relations with Israel. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/-03/09/us/politics/saudi-arabia-israel-united-states.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1991). The Origins of Arab Nationalism, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R. Anderson, L., Muslih, M., Simon, R.S.), New York: Columbia University Press, 3-30.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1998). Osmanlıcılıktan Arapçılığa. Çev.: B.Aydın ve T. Temiz, İstanbul: Yöneliş.
  • Demir, Y. (2021). 1960'tan günümüze Arap-İsrail çatışması ekseninde Türk dış politikası. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 8(1), 165-197.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2014). Middle East middle powers: Regional role, international impact. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11(42), 29-49.
  • Elnagga, M. (2024, April 13). İran’ın İsrail'e saldırısı: Kim ne kazandı, kim ne kaybetti?. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c4n17zyqww2o adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eppel, M. (2012). The Arab states and the 1948 war in Palestine: The Socio-political struggles, the compelling nationalist discourse and the regional context of ınvolvement. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(1), 1-31.
  • Euronews (2020). İsrail, BAE ve Bahreyn arasında varılan 'ilişkilerin normalleştirilmesi' anlaşması imzalandı. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/15-/israil-bae-ve-bahreyn-aras-nda-var-lan-iliskilerin-normallestirilmesi-anlasmas-abd-de-imza adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2023). Gazze için Kahire Barış Zirvesi: Filistinliler topraklarında kalmakta kararlı. https://tr.euronews.com/2023/10/21/gazze-icin-kahire-baris-zirvesi-filistinliler-topraklarind-a-kalmakta-kararli adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2024). G20, İsrail-Filistin çatışmasında 'tek yol iki devletli çözüm' dedi. https://tr.euronews.-com/2024-/02/22/g20-israil-filistin-catismasinda-tek-yol-iki-devletli-cozum-dedi adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ferziger, J. H. and Bahgat, F. (2020). Israel’s growing ties with the Gulf Arab States. The Atlantic Council. ISBN-13: 978-1-61977-109-3.
  • Fraihat, I. and Ezbidi, B. (2023). The lasting impact of Trump’s ‘Deal of the Century’ on the Question of Palestine. Middle East Critique.
  • Goldberg, J. (2018). Saudi crown prince: Iran's supreme leader 'makes Hitler look Good. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gov.UK. (2024). G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting communiqué situation in the Middle East. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/g7-foreign-ministers-meeting-communi-ques-april-2024/62670280-bf48-4b96-ac82-d31f31d71d68 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gritten, D. (2024, September 9). Israeli strikes on Syrian military sites kill 18, health minister says. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0nrd730jdo adresinden erişilmiştir. Gürün, K. (1983). Dış ilişkiler ve Türk Politikası 1939’dan günümüze. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayinlari: 531.
  • Halliday, F. (2005). The Middle East in international relations power, politics, and ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • ICC (2024, May 20). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ICC (2024a, November, 2021). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-situation-state-palestine adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Independent Türkçe (2025). İki Devletli Çözüm Konferansı, bağımsız Filistin devletinin kurulması için bir ‘yol haritası’ belirledi, https://www.indyturk.com. adresinden erişilmiştir. İsrael Policy Forum (2024). Israel-Hamas war: The Arab world exploring the role of key Arab states, https://israelpolicyforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Regional-Players.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kaya, T. Ö. (2018). Trump-Avrupa Birliği ve İsrail-Filistin Uyuşmazlığı. ORSAM Analiz. No:219.
  • Kramer, M. (1993). Arab Nationalism: Mistaken ıdentity, daedalus. Reconstructing Nations and States, 122(3), 171-206.
  • Krasna, J. (2024). The October 7 massacre and the war in Gaza: Impact on Bahrain and United Arab Emirates, https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/01/the-october-7-massacre-and-the-war-in-gaza-impact-on-bahrain-and-the-united-arab-emirates/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kubovich, Y. (2021). Israel conducting joint Red Sea maneuvers with Bahrain, UAE, and US. Haaretz. https://bit.ly/3JNgXbv adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Legrenzi, M. ve M. Calculli (2013). Regionalism and Regionalization in the Middle East: Options and Challenges. Research Report, International Peace Institute. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications-/ipi_e_pub_regionalism_me.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Muslih, M. (1991). The Rise of Local Nationalism in the Arab East, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R.; Anderson, L.; Muslih, M.; Simon, R.S.). New York: Columbia University Press, 167-188.
  • Musmar, F. ve Nage, R. (2024). Israel and Saudi Arabia, a normalization of the century. https://www.israelhayom-.com/2024/03/07/israel-and-saudi-arabia-a-normalization-of-the-century/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Owen, R. (1992). State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. London: Routledge.
  • Pappe, I. (2011). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. England: Oneworld Publications.
  • Podeh, E. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Israel: From secret to public engagement, 1948–2018. Middle East Journal, 72 (4), 563-586.
  • Podeh, E. (2022). The many faces of normalization: Models of Arab-Israeli relations. Strategic Assessment, 25 (1), 55-78.
  • Pollock, D. (2022). New Saudi poll: Some surprises on the U.S., Iran, Israel, oil, and more. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-saudi-poll-some-surprises-us-iran-israel-oil-and-more adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Rehbi, H. (2023). Why Arab states aren’t using oil as a weapon against Israel, Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/12/israel-palestine-opec-oil-embargo-1973-saudi-arabia adresinden erişilmiştir. Reuters (2025). Spain bans Israel-bound weapons ships and planes over Gaza, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-bans-israel-bound-weapons-ships-planes-over-gaza-2025-09-08/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Salhani, J. (2024). Israel’s attacks on Syria explained. https://www.aljazeera.com/news-/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sander, O. (1989). Siyasi Tarih. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sloboden Pecat (2022). İsrail ve Bahreyn güvenlik ve işbirliği anlaşması imzaladı. https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/tr/izrael-i-bahrein-potpishaa-dogovor-za-bezbednost-i-sorabotka/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı (2020). Yüzyılın işgali: Tek taraflı planların gölgesinde Filistin. İstanbul: Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları.
  • Tahhan, Z., and Humaid, M. (2022). Six major developments that shaped 2022 for Palestinians. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/26/sixmajor-developments-that-shaped-2022-for-palestinian adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The Times of İsrael (2023, October 17). Jordanian king warns Mideast ‘on brink of abyss,’ refuses refuge for fleeing Gazans, https://www.timesofisrael.com/jordanian-king-warns-mideast-on-brink-of-abyss-refuses-refuge-for-fleeing-gazans/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The White House (2020). Peace to prosperity. https://trumpwhitehouse-.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads-/2020/01/Peace-to-Prosperity-0120.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Toukan, D. M. (2024). Expert views: What is needed to end the war in Gaza?. Middle East Institute.
  • Ulrichsen, K.C. (2016). Israel and the Arab Gulf States: Drıvers and dırectıons of change. Public Policy of Rice University.
  • UN Nations Security Council (2024, June 10). Resolution 2735 (2024) Adopted by the Security Council at its 9650th meeting. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/165/11/pdf/n241-6511.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNFPA (2024, April 6). Crisis in Palestine: UNFPA Palestine situation report. https://www.-unfpa.org/sites-/default/files/resource-pdf/Palestine%20Situation%20-Report%20-%20-April%2-02024.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNRWA (2024, November 3). UNRWA situation report #146 on the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/-reports/unrwa-situation-report-146-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ülger, İ.K., ve Hammorue, J. (2018). The Arab League: From establishment to failure. Social and Legal Studies, 4(1), 35-55.
  • Wright, R. (2023). The five global dangers from the Gaza war. https://www.wilson-center.org/article/five-global-dangers-gaza-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yaman, D. and Yiğittepe, L. (2023). Israel Gulf expansion within regional security complex theory: The effect of the Abraham accords on the power balances in the region. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 25(45), 879-901.
  • Yenişafak (2018). İsrail meclisi Kudüs'ün statüsünü değiştirdi!. https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/-israil-meclisi-kudusun-statusunu-degistirdi-2941254 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Zahlan, R. S. (2009). Palestine and the Gulf States, The presence at the table. New York: Routledge.
  • Zanotti, J. ve Sharp, J. M. (2024). Sharp specialist in Middle Eastern affairs Israel and Hamas conflict in brief: Overview. U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress.

The Myth of Arab Nationalism: Palestine in the Twilight of the New Middle East

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 272 - 299, 30.12.2025

Öz

In 1948, the refusal of Middle Eastern countries to recognize the existence of Israel led to the Arab-Israeli wars, while Tel Aviv continued its expansion at the expense of Palestinian territories. Despite various peace initiatives since the 1990s, no significant progress has been achieved due to the blockade imposed on the West Bank and Gaza. In 2020, however, a normalization process was initiated between Israel and several regional countries under the leadership of the United States. Yet, this process, which increasingly reduced the Palestinian question to an “internal matter of the Palestinians,” has revealed its own inconsistencies in light of the developments following October 7. The October 7 attacks and Israel’s disproportionate retaliation once again revealed the urgent necessity of a political resolution to the Palestinian question based on the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. Despite Israel’s advanced technological and military capacity, the country’s stability and future appear to depend largely on the existence of an independent Palestinian state with equal status. Addressing the Palestinian issue from a historical perspective, this study argues that the passive stance of Arab states has been one of the main reasons for Israel’s aggressiveness and underlines the discursiveness of Arab nationalism. In this context, the study evaluates the normalization efforts, regarded as the dawn of a New Middle East, within the framework of the developments that occurred after October 7.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, E.; Robinson, L.; Takeyh, R., ve Cook, S. A. (2024, October 2). One year after the october 7 attacks: The impact on four fronts. https://www.cfr.org/article/one-year-after-october-7-attacks-impact-four-fronts adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Africanews (2024). Arab League calls for aid to be sent to Gaza. https://www.africanews.com/-2024/03/04/arab-league-calls-for-aid-to-be-sent-to-gaza/ adresinden erişilmiştr.
  • Ajami, F. (1978). The End of Pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 57(2), 355-373.
  • Al-Arian, S. (2024). Palestine and the Arab regional order: What changed after operation Al-Aqsa flood?. Insight Turkey, 26(2), 21-34.
  • Anderson, B.(2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  • Asseburg, M. ve Henkel, S. (2021). Introduction normalisation and realignment in the Middle East a new. Conflict-Prone Regional Order Takes Shape. SWP Comment, NO.45 July.
  • Barnes Dacey, J.; Bianco, C. ve Lovatt, H. (2024). The Gaza crısıs: Mappıng the Mıddle East’s shıftıng battle lınes. European Council On Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/special/the-gaza-crisis-mapping-the-middle-easts-shifting-battle-lines/ adressinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barron, R. (2025). Israel, Hamas Reach Gaza Cease-fire Deal: What Happens Now?, https://www.usip.org/publications/2025/01/israel-hamas-reach-gaza-cease-fire-deal-what-happens-now adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. (Translated by Annette Lavers). New York: Hill and Wang, 1972.
  • BBC (2017, June 5). Qatar row: Saudi and Egypt among countries to cut Doha links. https://www.bbc.com-/news/world-middle-east-40155829 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • BBC (2024, April 12). Biden İsrail'i savunma sözü verdi, 'İran başarılı olamayacak' dedi. https://www.bbc.com/-turkce/articles/crgyjrqrxjqo adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israel conflict: A primer. Washington, DC: Middle East Research and Information Project.
  • Berg, Bruce L. (1989). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. United States of America: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Bowen, Glenn A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
  • Brennan, M. (2024, May 19). U.S. and Saudi Arabia near potentially historic security deal. CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-saudi-arabia-near-potentially-historic-security-deal/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, C. and Pollock, D. (2023). New poll sheds light on Saudi views of Israel-Hamas war. https://www.w-ashingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-poll-sheds-light-saudi-views-israel-hamas-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Cleveland, W. L. (2008). Modern Ortadoğu tarihi. Çev.: Mehmet Harmancı. (2.ed.), İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Crowley, M., Nereim, V., and Kingsley, P (2023, March 9). Saudi Arabia offers Its price to normalize relations with Israel. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/-03/09/us/politics/saudi-arabia-israel-united-states.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1991). The Origins of Arab Nationalism, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R. Anderson, L., Muslih, M., Simon, R.S.), New York: Columbia University Press, 3-30.
  • Dawn, C. E. (1998). Osmanlıcılıktan Arapçılığa. Çev.: B.Aydın ve T. Temiz, İstanbul: Yöneliş.
  • Demir, Y. (2021). 1960'tan günümüze Arap-İsrail çatışması ekseninde Türk dış politikası. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 8(1), 165-197.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2014). Middle East middle powers: Regional role, international impact. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11(42), 29-49.
  • Elnagga, M. (2024, April 13). İran’ın İsrail'e saldırısı: Kim ne kazandı, kim ne kaybetti?. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c4n17zyqww2o adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eppel, M. (2012). The Arab states and the 1948 war in Palestine: The Socio-political struggles, the compelling nationalist discourse and the regional context of ınvolvement. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(1), 1-31.
  • Euronews (2020). İsrail, BAE ve Bahreyn arasında varılan 'ilişkilerin normalleştirilmesi' anlaşması imzalandı. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/15-/israil-bae-ve-bahreyn-aras-nda-var-lan-iliskilerin-normallestirilmesi-anlasmas-abd-de-imza adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2023). Gazze için Kahire Barış Zirvesi: Filistinliler topraklarında kalmakta kararlı. https://tr.euronews.com/2023/10/21/gazze-icin-kahire-baris-zirvesi-filistinliler-topraklarind-a-kalmakta-kararli adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Euronews (2024). G20, İsrail-Filistin çatışmasında 'tek yol iki devletli çözüm' dedi. https://tr.euronews.-com/2024-/02/22/g20-israil-filistin-catismasinda-tek-yol-iki-devletli-cozum-dedi adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ferziger, J. H. and Bahgat, F. (2020). Israel’s growing ties with the Gulf Arab States. The Atlantic Council. ISBN-13: 978-1-61977-109-3.
  • Fraihat, I. and Ezbidi, B. (2023). The lasting impact of Trump’s ‘Deal of the Century’ on the Question of Palestine. Middle East Critique.
  • Goldberg, J. (2018). Saudi crown prince: Iran's supreme leader 'makes Hitler look Good. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gov.UK. (2024). G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting communiqué situation in the Middle East. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/g7-foreign-ministers-meeting-communi-ques-april-2024/62670280-bf48-4b96-ac82-d31f31d71d68 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gritten, D. (2024, September 9). Israeli strikes on Syrian military sites kill 18, health minister says. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy0nrd730jdo adresinden erişilmiştir. Gürün, K. (1983). Dış ilişkiler ve Türk Politikası 1939’dan günümüze. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayinlari: 531.
  • Halliday, F. (2005). The Middle East in international relations power, politics, and ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • ICC (2024, May 20). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • ICC (2024a, November, 2021). Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-situation-state-palestine adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Independent Türkçe (2025). İki Devletli Çözüm Konferansı, bağımsız Filistin devletinin kurulması için bir ‘yol haritası’ belirledi, https://www.indyturk.com. adresinden erişilmiştir. İsrael Policy Forum (2024). Israel-Hamas war: The Arab world exploring the role of key Arab states, https://israelpolicyforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Regional-Players.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kaya, T. Ö. (2018). Trump-Avrupa Birliği ve İsrail-Filistin Uyuşmazlığı. ORSAM Analiz. No:219.
  • Kramer, M. (1993). Arab Nationalism: Mistaken ıdentity, daedalus. Reconstructing Nations and States, 122(3), 171-206.
  • Krasna, J. (2024). The October 7 massacre and the war in Gaza: Impact on Bahrain and United Arab Emirates, https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/01/the-october-7-massacre-and-the-war-in-gaza-impact-on-bahrain-and-the-united-arab-emirates/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kubovich, Y. (2021). Israel conducting joint Red Sea maneuvers with Bahrain, UAE, and US. Haaretz. https://bit.ly/3JNgXbv adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Legrenzi, M. ve M. Calculli (2013). Regionalism and Regionalization in the Middle East: Options and Challenges. Research Report, International Peace Institute. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications-/ipi_e_pub_regionalism_me.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Muslih, M. (1991). The Rise of Local Nationalism in the Arab East, The Origins of Arab Nationalism (ed. Khalidi, R.; Anderson, L.; Muslih, M.; Simon, R.S.). New York: Columbia University Press, 167-188.
  • Musmar, F. ve Nage, R. (2024). Israel and Saudi Arabia, a normalization of the century. https://www.israelhayom-.com/2024/03/07/israel-and-saudi-arabia-a-normalization-of-the-century/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Owen, R. (1992). State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. London: Routledge.
  • Pappe, I. (2011). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. England: Oneworld Publications.
  • Podeh, E. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Israel: From secret to public engagement, 1948–2018. Middle East Journal, 72 (4), 563-586.
  • Podeh, E. (2022). The many faces of normalization: Models of Arab-Israeli relations. Strategic Assessment, 25 (1), 55-78.
  • Pollock, D. (2022). New Saudi poll: Some surprises on the U.S., Iran, Israel, oil, and more. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-saudi-poll-some-surprises-us-iran-israel-oil-and-more adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Rehbi, H. (2023). Why Arab states aren’t using oil as a weapon against Israel, Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/12/israel-palestine-opec-oil-embargo-1973-saudi-arabia adresinden erişilmiştir. Reuters (2025). Spain bans Israel-bound weapons ships and planes over Gaza, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-bans-israel-bound-weapons-ships-planes-over-gaza-2025-09-08/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Salhani, J. (2024). Israel’s attacks on Syria explained. https://www.aljazeera.com/news-/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Sander, O. (1989). Siyasi Tarih. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sloboden Pecat (2022). İsrail ve Bahreyn güvenlik ve işbirliği anlaşması imzaladı. https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/tr/izrael-i-bahrein-potpishaa-dogovor-za-bezbednost-i-sorabotka/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı (2020). Yüzyılın işgali: Tek taraflı planların gölgesinde Filistin. İstanbul: Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları.
  • Tahhan, Z., and Humaid, M. (2022). Six major developments that shaped 2022 for Palestinians. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/26/sixmajor-developments-that-shaped-2022-for-palestinian adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The Times of İsrael (2023, October 17). Jordanian king warns Mideast ‘on brink of abyss,’ refuses refuge for fleeing Gazans, https://www.timesofisrael.com/jordanian-king-warns-mideast-on-brink-of-abyss-refuses-refuge-for-fleeing-gazans/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • The White House (2020). Peace to prosperity. https://trumpwhitehouse-.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads-/2020/01/Peace-to-Prosperity-0120.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Toukan, D. M. (2024). Expert views: What is needed to end the war in Gaza?. Middle East Institute.
  • Ulrichsen, K.C. (2016). Israel and the Arab Gulf States: Drıvers and dırectıons of change. Public Policy of Rice University.
  • UN Nations Security Council (2024, June 10). Resolution 2735 (2024) Adopted by the Security Council at its 9650th meeting. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/165/11/pdf/n241-6511.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNFPA (2024, April 6). Crisis in Palestine: UNFPA Palestine situation report. https://www.-unfpa.org/sites-/default/files/resource-pdf/Palestine%20Situation%20-Report%20-%20-April%2-02024.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • UNRWA (2024, November 3). UNRWA situation report #146 on the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/-reports/unrwa-situation-report-146-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ülger, İ.K., ve Hammorue, J. (2018). The Arab League: From establishment to failure. Social and Legal Studies, 4(1), 35-55.
  • Wright, R. (2023). The five global dangers from the Gaza war. https://www.wilson-center.org/article/five-global-dangers-gaza-war adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Yaman, D. and Yiğittepe, L. (2023). Israel Gulf expansion within regional security complex theory: The effect of the Abraham accords on the power balances in the region. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 25(45), 879-901.
  • Yenişafak (2018). İsrail meclisi Kudüs'ün statüsünü değiştirdi!. https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/-israil-meclisi-kudusun-statusunu-degistirdi-2941254 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Zahlan, R. S. (2009). Palestine and the Gulf States, The presence at the table. New York: Routledge.
  • Zanotti, J. ve Sharp, J. M. (2024). Sharp specialist in Middle Eastern affairs Israel and Hamas conflict in brief: Overview. U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bahar Özsoy

Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsoy, B. (2025). Arap Milliyetçiliği Miti: Yeni Orta Doğu’nun Şafağında Filistin’in Alacakaranlığı. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 272-299.