Karadeniz bölgesinde yayılış gösteren bazı orkidelerin perikarp anatomisi ve yüzey mikromorfolojisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bazı orkide türlerine ait meyvelerin önemli özelliklerini belirlemek ve hangi özelliklerin ekolojik veya habitat tercihleriyle ilişkili olduğunu tespit etmek için perikarp anatomisi ve mikromorfolojisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde 19 orkide taksonuna ait örnekler toplanmıştır. Standart tekniklerle SEM ve ışık mikroskobu fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Taksonlar arasında çeşitlilik arz eden özellikler korelasyon ve ayrım analizleri gibi çeşitli istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen özellikler arasında meyve yüzey desenlenmesi türlerin habitat tercihleri ile ilişkili iken epidermal hücrelere ait morfometrik özellikler ile kristal inklüzyonların çeşidi gibi yapısal özellikler cins seviyesinde önemli ayırt edici karakterlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anatomi,ayrım analizi,mikromorfoloji,Orchidaceae,Orchidoidae

Pericarp anatomy and surface micromorphology of some orchids in the Black Sea Region

Öz

In this study, we have investigated the anatomy and ultrastructure of the pericarp to determine important characters of the fruits belonging to some Turkish orchidoid species, and to determine which features are related to ecological or habitat preferences. For the purpose, the samples belonging to 19 orchid taxon were collected in the Black Sea Region. SEM and light microscopy photographs were taken with the standard techniques. Variations among taxa were evaluated using various statistical methods such as correlation and discrimination analysis. Among the investigated characteristics, fruit surface ornamentation is related to habitat preferences of the species while morphometric properties of epidermal cells and structural features such as the type of crystal inclusions are important characters at the genus level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anatomy,discrimination analysis,micromorphology,Orchidaceae,Orchidoidae

Kaynakça

1. Akbulut MK, Şenel, G (2016). The seeds micromorphology and morphometry of certain Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) species distributed in Turkey. Rendiconti Lincei 27: 679-686.
2. Anton S, Kaminska M, Stpiczyńska M (2012). Comparative structure of the osmophores in the flower of Stanhopea graveolens Lindley and Cycnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch (Orchidaceae). Acta Agrobotanica 65: 11-22.
3. Arditti J, Ghani AKA (2000). Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytologist 145: 367-421.
4. Arditti J (1977). Orchid biology, reviews and perspectives. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
5. Barthlott W, Große-Veldmann B, Korotkova N (2014). Orchid seed diversity. Englera 32: 1-245.
6. Bateman RM, Hollingsworth PM, Preston J, Yi-Bo L, Pridgeon AM, Chase MW (2003). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 142(1): 1-40.
7. Bateman RM, Pridgeon AM, Chase MW (1997). Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear its sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto. Lindleyana 12: 113-141.
8. Beer JG (1857). Über das Vorkommen eines schleuderorganes in den früchten verschiedener orchideen. Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. 24: 23-28.

9. Bektaş E, Cüce M, Sökmen (2013). A In vitro germination, protocorm formation, and plantlet development of Orchis coriophora (Orchidaceae), a naturally growing orchid species in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 37(2): 336-342.
10. Bell AK, Roberts DL, Hawkins JA, Rudall PJ, Box MS, Bateman RM (2009). Comparative micromorphology of nectariferous and nectarless labellar spurs in selected clades of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 160: 369-387.
11. Brown R (1831). Observations on the organs and mode of fecundation in Orchideae and Asclepiadeae, London: Richard Taylor.
12. Chase MW, Cameron KM, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Salazar G, Van den Berg C, Schuiteman A (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 177: 151-174.
13. Chemisquy MA, Prevosti FJ, Morrone O (2009). Seed morphology in the tribe Chloraeeae (Orchidaceae): Combining traditional and geometric morphometrics. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 160: 171-183.
14. Chen J, Wang H, Guo, SX (2012). Isolation and identification of endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi from seeds and roots of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). Mycorrhiza 22: 297-307.
15. Cozzolino S, Widmer A, (2005). Orchid diversity: An evolutionary consequence of deception. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20: 487-494.
16. Davis PH, Davis P (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol 8. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
17. Dressler RL (1993). Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Gamarra R, Dorda E, Scrugli A, Galán P, Ortúñez E (2007). Seed micromorphology in the genus Neotinea Rchb f (Orchidaceae, Orchidinae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 153: 133-140.
19. Gamarra R, Ortúñez E, Cela PG, Guadaño V, (2012). Anacamptis versus Orchis (Orchidaceae): Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic significance. Plant systematics and evolution 298(3): 597-607.
20. Gamarra R, Ortúñez E, Cela PG, Merencio Á (2018). Seed micromorphology of Orchidaceae in the Gulf of Guinea (West Tropical Africa). Plant Systematics and Evolution 304(5): 665-677.
21. Güner A, Aslan S, Ekim T, Vural M, Babaç MT (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi, Damarlı Bitkiler. İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
22. Horowitz A (1901-1902). Ueber den anatomischen Bau und das Aufspringen der Orchideen früchte. Beihefte zum Botanischen Cen-tralblatt 11: 486-521.
23. Lee YI, Lee N, Yeung EC, Chung MC (2005). Embryo development of Cypripedium formosanum in relation to seed germination in vitro. Journal American Society for Horticultural Science 130: 752-753.
24. Lee YI, Lu FL, Yeung EC, Chung MC (2007). Developmental change in endogenous abscisic acid concentrations and asymbiotic seed germination of a terrestrial orchid, Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. Journal American Society for Horticultural Science 132: 246-252.
25. Mayer JLS, Carmello-Guerreiro SM, Appezzato-da-Glória B (2011). Anatomical development of the pericarp and seed of Oncidium flexuosum Sims (Orchidaceae). Flora 206: 601-609.
26. Molvray M, Chase M (1999). Seed Morphology In: Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol 1: General introduction, Apastosiodeae, Cypripedioideae. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27. Nunes ELP, Smidt EC, Stützel T, Coan AI (2015). Comparative floral micromorphology and anatomy of species of Bulbophyllum section Napelli (Orchidaceae), a Neotropical section widely distributed in forest habitats. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 177: 378-394.
28. Nunes EL, Smidt EC, Stützel T, Coan AI (2014). What do floral anatomy and micromorphology tell us about Neotropical Bulbophyllum section Didactyle (Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllinae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 175(3): 438-452.
29. Payer JB (1857). Traité d'organogènie vegetale comparée la fleur. Paris: Victor Masson.
30. Prillieux E (1857). Observations sur la déhiscence du fruit des Orchidées. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 4: 803-809.
31. Rasmussen FN, Johansen B (2006). Carpology of orchids. Selbyana 27(1): 44-53.
32. Schiestl F (2005). On the success of a swindle: Pollination by deception in orchids. Naturwissenschaften 92: 255-264.
33. Sezik E (1984). Orkidelerimiz, Türkiye’nin orkideleri, İstanbul: Sandoz Kültür Yayınları.
34. Shipunov AB, Fay MF, Pillon Y, Bateman RM, Chase MW (2004). Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: Combined molecular and morphological analysis. American Journal of Botany 91(9): 1419-1426.
35. Stpiczyńska M, Davies KL (2009). Floral, resin-secreting trichomes in Maxillaria dichroma Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae). Acta Agrobotanica 62: 43-51.
36. Stpiczyńska M (2003). Nectar resorption in the spur of Platanthera chlorantha Custer (Rchb) Orchidaceae: Structural and microautoradiographic study. Plant Systematics and Evolution 238(3): 119-126.
37. Şeker ŞS, Şenel G (2017). Comparative seed micromorphology and morphometry of some orchid species (Orchidaceae) belong to the related Anacamptis, Orchis and Neotinea genera. Biologia 72(1): 14-23.
38. Tesitelová T, Tesitel J, Jersakova J, Ríhová G, Selosse MA (2012). Symbiotic germination capability of four Epipactis species (Orchidaceae) is broader than expected from adult ecology. American Journal of Botany 99(6): 1020-1032.
39. The Plant List (2018). http://www.theplantlist.org / [accessed 19 June 2019].
40. Van Tieghem PEL (1871). Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur l'anatomie comparée de la fleur. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
41. Vereecken NJ (2009). Deceptive behaviour in plants Pollination by sexual deception in orchids: A host-parasite perspective. In Baluska F (ed) Plant-environment interactions, signaling and communication in plants, from sensory plant biology to active plantbehaviour Germany. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.