Kadın Okul Müdürlerine Simgesel Temsilcilik ve Kurumsal Simgesel Statü
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 50 - 63, 02.01.2026
Hilal Erkol
,
Engin Aslanargun
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın okul müdürlerinin bakış açısıyla okul yönetimini anlamak ve eğitim örgütlerindeki simgesel statülerinin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada hermeneutik fenomenoloji yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bireysel sonuçları arasında kadınların sorumlulukları nedeniyle zaman yetersizliği, aile desteğinin eksikliği ve kadın okul müdürlerini destekleyen kavramların yokluğu; sosyal sonuçlar arasında kadınların toplumdaki ikincil konumu, mesleki kalıplaşmış yargılar, bürokratik engeller ve çevrelerindeki insanların olumsuz bakış açıları; ve örgütsel sonuçlar arasında bürokratik bir örgütsel yapı ve cinsiyet ayrımcılığına dayalı bir örgütsel kültür yer almaktadır. Kadın okul müdürlerinin sembolik statüsünün bir sonucu olarak, eylemleri daha görünür hale gelmekte ve bu durum performans baskısına ve yalnızlık duygusuna neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca, araştırma sonuçları, kadınların sosyal hayattaki rolleri, çalışma hayatındaki sayısal varlıkları ve cinsiyete dayalı olarak yaşadıkları ayrımcılığın hem Doğu hem de Batı toplumlarında yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma, birinci yazarın tez çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü tarihte, ilgili mevzuat kapsamında etik kurul onayı alma zorunluluğu bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte araştırma sürecinde gönüllülük esasına uyulmuş, katılımcılara araştırmanın amacı hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve elde edilen veriler gizlilik ve anonimlik ilkeleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Kaynakça
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Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20 (4), 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499.
-
Ajjawi, R. & Higgs, J. (2007). Using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate how experienced practitioners learn to communicate clinical reasoning. The Qualitative Report, 12 (4), 612-638.
-
Aslanargun, E. (2009). İlköğretim ve lise müdürlerinin okul yönetiminde kullandığı güç türleri (324825). [Docroral Dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
-
Aslanargun, E. (2012). Do women principals really face with barriers in schools? Critics of Glass Ceiling Syndrome in Turkey. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (2), 255-264.
-
Blackmore, J. & Rennie, L. (1999). Answering back. Girls, boys and feminism in schools. London: Routledge.
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Britton, D. M. (2000). The epistomology of the gendered organization. Gender & Society, 14 (3), 418-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014003004
-
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd edition.). Los Angeles: CA: Sage.
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Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). California: Sage Publications.
-
Crocker, J. & Mc Graw, K. (1984). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander. Solo status as an obstacle to occupational achievement for males and females. American Behavioral Scientist, 27 (3), 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276484027003007
-
Crompton, R. & Sanderson, K. (1990). Credentials and Careers. ( Ed.Payne, G. & Abbott, P). The Social Mobility of Women: Beyond Male Mobility Models. The Falmer Press, 83–100.
-
Coffrey, R.E., Cook, C. W. & Hunsaker, P. L. (1994). Management and organizational behavior. The USA: McGraw-Hill.
-
Collinson, D. ve Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work & Organization, 1 (1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.1994.tb00002.x
-
Connell, R.W. (2005). Masculinities (second edition). California: University of California Press.
-
Constantinoble, A. (1982). A critique of in search of token women in academia. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 7 (2), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1983.tb00828.x
-
Cooke, F. L. (2003). Equal opportunity? Women's managerial careers in governmental organizations in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14 (2), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519021000029144
-
David, M. & Woodward, D. (1998). Negotiating the glass ceiling: Careers of senior women in the academic world. The USA: Taylor and Francis.
-
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition). California: Sage Publications.
-
Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V.J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal or Personality and Social Psychology, 46 (4), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
-
England, P. (2010). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled. Gender & Society, 24 (2), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210361475
-
Ferree, M. M. (1990). Beyond seperate shapes: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 866 – 884. https://doi.org/10.2307/353307
-
Fullagar, C.J., M. Sverke, H.C. Sümer, & R. Slick. (2003). Managerial sex-role Stereotyping: A cross cultural analysis. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3 (1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595803003001112
-
Friedman, S. D. & Greenhaus, J. D. (2000). Work and Family – Allies or Enemies? What Happens When Business Professionals Confront Life Choices. UK: Oxford University Press.
-
Gardone-Bergstrom, C. A. (2004). Profiling women managers: The road to success and lessons learned (3132733). [Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Geys, B. (2013). Better not look too nice? Employees' preferences towards (un)likeable managers. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 (5), 875-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.02.001
-
Glesne, C. (2012). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (çev. Ersoy ve Yalçınoğlu). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
-
Gustafson, J. L. (2008). Tokenism in policing: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36 (1), 1–10.
-
Hearn, J. (1992). Men in the public eye. Critical studies on men and masculanities (4th Edition) The USA: Chapman and Hall Inc.
-
Hersch, J. (1991). Male-female differences in hourly wages: The role of human capital, working conditions, and housework, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44 (4), 746–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399104400410
-
Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work. Constructing social identity through workplace interaction. Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
-
Jagusztyn, N. E. (2010). Perceived workplace discrimination. A mediator of the relationship between work enviroment and employee outcomes: Does minority status matter? (3425635). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Florida]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. The American Journal of Sociology, 82 (5), 965-990.
-
Kanter, R.M. (1993). Men and women of the coorperation.New York: Basic Books
-
Kanter, R.M. (2003). Frontiers of management. Boston: Harward Business School P.
-
Kim, M. A. (2010). Child care teachers’ perceptions of their work as women’s work (3428990). [Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Kirchmeyer, C. (2002). Gender differences in managerial careers: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 5–24.
-
Kvale, S. (2006). Dominance through interviews and dialogues. Qualitative Inquiry, 12 (3), 480-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406286235
-
Laws, J. L. (1975). The psychology of tokenism: An analysis. Sex Roles, 1 (1),51-67.
-
Limbach, B. J. (1994). A study of female managers on sex – Typed characteristics (9503424). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wyoming]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Madden, M. P. (2008). Women prepairing for men’s occupations: A phenomenology (3310937). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Denver]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
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Maddock S. & Parkin D. (1994). Women in management. Current Research Issues. (Ed. by Davidson and Burke). London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
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Tokenism and The Institutional Token Status of Female Principals
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 50 - 63, 02.01.2026
Hilal Erkol
,
Engin Aslanargun
Öz
The aim of this study is to understand school management from the perspective of female school principals and investigate the causes and results of having token status in educational institutions. Hermeneutic phenemology is used in this research. Individual results of the research include a lack of time due to women's responsibilities, a lack of family support, and the absence of notions supporting female school principals; social results include women's secondary position in society, occupational stereotypes, red tape, and negative perspectives of people around them; and organizational results include a bureaucratic organizational structure and an organizational culture based on gender discrimination. As a result of the token status of female school principals, their actions are visible, which causes performance pressure and a feeling of loneliness in their organizations. Also, research results show that the role of women in social life, their numerical existence in working life, and the discrimination based on gender they experience are familiar in both Eastern and Western societies.
Etik Beyan
This study is based on the first author’s thesis. At the time the research was conducted, ethical committee approval was not mandatory according to the relevant regulations. Nevertheless, the study was carried out in accordance with ethical principles, including voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality and anonymity of the data.
Kaynakça
-
Abreu-Hornsbostel, E. M. (2012). A phenomelogical study exploring henomenological study exploring the mentorship experiences of women managers (3503068). [Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20 (4), 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499.
-
Ajjawi, R. & Higgs, J. (2007). Using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate how experienced practitioners learn to communicate clinical reasoning. The Qualitative Report, 12 (4), 612-638.
-
Aslanargun, E. (2009). İlköğretim ve lise müdürlerinin okul yönetiminde kullandığı güç türleri (324825). [Docroral Dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
-
Aslanargun, E. (2012). Do women principals really face with barriers in schools? Critics of Glass Ceiling Syndrome in Turkey. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (2), 255-264.
-
Blackmore, J. & Rennie, L. (1999). Answering back. Girls, boys and feminism in schools. London: Routledge.
-
Bond, M. A. & Pyle, J. L. (1994). Workforce diversity: Status, controversies and an interdisciplinary approach. [Conference presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Conference Papers, 150, 2 – 77.
-
Britton, D. M. (2000). The epistomology of the gendered organization. Gender & Society, 14 (3), 418-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014003004
-
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd edition.). Los Angeles: CA: Sage.
-
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). California: Sage Publications.
-
Crocker, J. & Mc Graw, K. (1984). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander. Solo status as an obstacle to occupational achievement for males and females. American Behavioral Scientist, 27 (3), 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276484027003007
-
Crompton, R. & Sanderson, K. (1990). Credentials and Careers. ( Ed.Payne, G. & Abbott, P). The Social Mobility of Women: Beyond Male Mobility Models. The Falmer Press, 83–100.
-
Coffrey, R.E., Cook, C. W. & Hunsaker, P. L. (1994). Management and organizational behavior. The USA: McGraw-Hill.
-
Collinson, D. ve Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work & Organization, 1 (1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.1994.tb00002.x
-
Connell, R.W. (2005). Masculinities (second edition). California: University of California Press.
-
Constantinoble, A. (1982). A critique of in search of token women in academia. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 7 (2), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1983.tb00828.x
-
Cooke, F. L. (2003). Equal opportunity? Women's managerial careers in governmental organizations in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14 (2), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519021000029144
-
David, M. & Woodward, D. (1998). Negotiating the glass ceiling: Careers of senior women in the academic world. The USA: Taylor and Francis.
-
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd edition). California: Sage Publications.
-
Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V.J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal or Personality and Social Psychology, 46 (4), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
-
England, P. (2010). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled. Gender & Society, 24 (2), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210361475
-
Ferree, M. M. (1990). Beyond seperate shapes: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 866 – 884. https://doi.org/10.2307/353307
-
Fullagar, C.J., M. Sverke, H.C. Sümer, & R. Slick. (2003). Managerial sex-role Stereotyping: A cross cultural analysis. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3 (1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595803003001112
-
Friedman, S. D. & Greenhaus, J. D. (2000). Work and Family – Allies or Enemies? What Happens When Business Professionals Confront Life Choices. UK: Oxford University Press.
-
Gardone-Bergstrom, C. A. (2004). Profiling women managers: The road to success and lessons learned (3132733). [Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Geys, B. (2013). Better not look too nice? Employees' preferences towards (un)likeable managers. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 (5), 875-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.02.001
-
Glesne, C. (2012). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (çev. Ersoy ve Yalçınoğlu). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
-
Gustafson, J. L. (2008). Tokenism in policing: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36 (1), 1–10.
-
Hearn, J. (1992). Men in the public eye. Critical studies on men and masculanities (4th Edition) The USA: Chapman and Hall Inc.
-
Hersch, J. (1991). Male-female differences in hourly wages: The role of human capital, working conditions, and housework, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44 (4), 746–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399104400410
-
Holmes, J. (2006). Gendered talk at work. Constructing social identity through workplace interaction. Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
-
Jagusztyn, N. E. (2010). Perceived workplace discrimination. A mediator of the relationship between work enviroment and employee outcomes: Does minority status matter? (3425635). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Florida]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. The American Journal of Sociology, 82 (5), 965-990.
-
Kanter, R.M. (1993). Men and women of the coorperation.New York: Basic Books
-
Kanter, R.M. (2003). Frontiers of management. Boston: Harward Business School P.
-
Kim, M. A. (2010). Child care teachers’ perceptions of their work as women’s work (3428990). [Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Kirchmeyer, C. (2002). Gender differences in managerial careers: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 5–24.
-
Kvale, S. (2006). Dominance through interviews and dialogues. Qualitative Inquiry, 12 (3), 480-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406286235
-
Laws, J. L. (1975). The psychology of tokenism: An analysis. Sex Roles, 1 (1),51-67.
-
Limbach, B. J. (1994). A study of female managers on sex – Typed characteristics (9503424). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wyoming]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Madden, M. P. (2008). Women prepairing for men’s occupations: A phenomenology (3310937). [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Denver]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Maddock S. & Parkin D. (1994). Women in management. Current Research Issues. (Ed. by Davidson and Burke). London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
-
Malhotra, S. & Sachdeva, S. (2005). Social roles and role conflict: An interprofessional study among women. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 31 (1 -2), 37-42.
-
Manwa (2002). Think manager – Think male : Does it apply to Zimbabwe? Department of Business Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v29i1.6720
-
Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42 (6), 921-936. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094577
-
Mathe, C. S. (1989). Marginal woman: A study of The homemaker entering the workplace (133575). [Master Thesis, California State University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
-
Mathipa, E. R. & Tsoka, E. M. (2001). Possible barriers to the advancement of women to leadership positions in the education profession. South African Journal of Education, 21(4), 324-331.
-
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