Replanting and transplanting technique for large saplings with root balls and trees

Öz

Background and aims In order to meet the expected effects of trees as soon as possible, it may be necessary to plant big trees or to transplant them from their current location for any reason. A different procedure is applied for the removal, transportation and planting of big trees than for saplings. The survival of transplanted trees depends on the species, age, the accuracy of the procedures and techniques applied. Trees of different species and ages are transported using different methods and equipment. However, the success of these transplants is low, especially in Türkiye. Transplanting the wrong species at the wrong time, with the wrong techniques and careless practices can result in failure. The effort, time and finance spent are wasted. This study aims to identify the technical work needed to eliminate mistakes made by local governments, particularly in planting large saplings and tree transplantation. Methods In this study, an extensive literature review was conducted regarding studies on the transplantation of big trees. The literature information obtained was synthesized with experiences gained from forestry and landscape architecture practices. As a result, the factors affecting the success in transplanting big trees, the preparation of trees for transplantation, the correct procedures to be applied before, during and after transplantation are explained through both literature reviews and experiences gained from practice. Results It has been observed that our country lacks sufficient experience in tree transplantation and is inadequate in qualified technical personnel and equipment. Significant financial losses occur due to mistakes made in the transplantation and planting of tall saplings and trees purchased at high costs. Conclusion In this study, following the technical information and principles conveyed will increase the success of large tree transplants. Successfully relocating tall trees, which are purchased at high costs, and trees that require transplanting will ensure more efficient use of resources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Big trees
• transplantation technique
• transplantation

Repikajlı büyük fidan ve ağaçlarda nakil tekniği

Öz

Giriş ve hedefler Ağaçlardan beklenen etkilerin en kısa sürede karşılanması için büyük ağaç dikilmesi veya herhangi bir sebeple bulundukları konumdan nakledilmesi gerekebilmektedir. Büyük ağaçların söküm, taşıma ve dikim işlemlerinde fidanlardan daha farklı prosedür uygulanmaktadır. Nakledilen ağaçların yaşamını sürdürmesi türe, yaşına, yapılan işlemlerin ve uygulanan tekniklerin doğruluğuna bağlıdır. Farklı türlerde ve yaşlardaki ağaçlar farklı yöntemler ve ekipmanlar kullanılarak nakledilmektedir. Fakat bu nakillerdeki başarı özellikle Türkiye’de düşük düzeylerdedir. Yanlış türlerin yanlış zamanda, yanlış tekniklerle ve özensiz uygulamalarla nakledilmesi başarısızlıkla sonuçlanabilmektedir. Harcanan emek, zaman ve finansman boşa gitmektedir. Bu çalışmada özellikle yerel yönetimler tarafından büyük fidan dikimi ve ağaç naklinde yapılan hataların giderilmesi için yapılması gereken teknik çalışmaların ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler Çalışmada büyük ağaçların nakli konusundaki çalışmalarla ilgili geniş bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen literatür bilgileri ormancılık ve peyzaj mimarlığı uygulamalarından elde edilen tecrübelerle sentezlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; büyük ağaçların naklinde başarıyı etkileyen faktörler, ağaçların nakil için hazırlanması, nakil öncesi nakil sırasında ve nakil sonrasında uygulanması gereken doğru prosedürler gerek literatür taramaları ve gerekse uygulamalardan elde edilen deneyimlerle aktarılmıştır. Bulgular Ağaç nakli konusunda Ülkemizin yeterli tecrübeye sahip olmadığı, nitelikli teknik personel ve araç gereç bakımından yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Büyük maliyetlerle alınan boylu fidan ve ağaçların nakil ve dikiminde yapılan hatalardan dolayı büyük bir maddi kayıp oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar Bu çalışmada aktarılan teknik bilgi ve prensiplere riayet edilerek yapılan büyük ağaç nakillerinde başarı daha yüksek olacaktır. Yüksek meblağlar ödenerek alınan boylu ağaçlar ve nakil ihtiyacı olan ağaçların başarılı bir şekilde nakledilmesi kaynakların daha verimli kullanımını sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Büyük ağaçlar
• nakil tekniği
• transplantasyon

Kaynakça

1. Albers, J.S., Pokorny, J.D., Johnson, G.R., 2003. How to Detect and Assess Hazardous Defects in Trees. [in:] S. Paul, (Ed.) Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation. USA. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Area, Staty and Private Forestry, 41-116.
2. Atay İ., 1986. Önemi Artan Bir Bakım Tedbiri «Budama». Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 36(1) 21-30.
3. Bhatla, S.C., Lal, M.A., 2023. Plant Physiology, development and metabolism. Springer Nature. p. 1251. Blanchette, R.A., Biggs., A.R., 1992. Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p. 478.
4. Bozkuş, H., 1997. Kent Ağaçlarında Başlıca Tesis ve Bakım Sorunları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1-2), 83-100.
5. Carreiro, M.M., Yong-Chang, S., Wu, J., 2008. Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests International Perspectives. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
6. Chalker‐Scott, L., 2007. Viewpoint impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment: A review. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 25, 239–249.
7. Clatterbuck, W.K., 2006. Tree Wounds, Response of Trees and What You Can Do," The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service, SP683-13.5M-10/06 R12-4910-065-009-07 07-0073, https://trace.tennessee.edu/ utk_agexfores/83.
8. Çorbacı, Ö.L., Ekren, E., Usta, Ö., 2023. Bitki Transplantasyon Uygulamaları: Rize Kenti Örneği. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 8(3), 291-299.

9. Day, S.D., Wiseman, P.E., Dickinson, S.B., Harris, J.R., 2010. Contemporary concepts of root system architecture of urban trees. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 36(4), 149-159.
10. Dirik, H. (1998). Orman ağaçlarında köklerin büyümesi ve yenilenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 48(1-2-3-4), 41-58.
11. Dirik, H., 1995. Ornamental ağaçların budanması. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 43(3-4),43-56.
12. Dirik, H., Arborikültür (Kentsel ağaç kültürü). Kayıhan ajans. İstanbul Üniversitesi yayın no: 5200, Orman Fakültesi yayın no: 509 İstanbul.
13. Ford, D.H., Foote, L.E., 1966. Large Tree Moving. Forester and Director, respectively Office of Environmental Services Department of Highways St. Paul, Minnesota.
14. Galvez, D.A., Landhausser, S.M., Tyree, M.T., 2011. Root carbon reserve dynamics in aspen seedlings: does simulated drought induce reserve limitation? Tree Physiology, 31, 250–257.
15. Gauthier, N.W., Kaiser, C., 2014. Transplant Shock: Disease or Cultural Problem?. Plant Pathology, 1-10.
16. Gerhold, H.D., Johnson, A.D., 2003. Root dimensions of landscape tree cultivars. Journal of Arboriculture, 29, 322–325.
17. Gilman, E F., Stodola, A., Marshall, M.D., 2002. Root pruning but not irrigation in the nursery affects live oak root balls and digging survival. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 20, 122–126.
18. Gilman, E.F. 1988. Predicting root spread from trunk diameter and branch spread. Journal of Arboriculture, 14, 85–89.
19. Gilman, E.F., 1988. Tree root spread in relation to branch dripline and harvestable root ball. HortScience, 23, 351–353.
20. Gilman, E.F., 1994. Establishing trees in the landscape. In G. W. Watson & D. Neely (Eds.), The Landscape Below Ground (pp. 69–77). Savoy, Illinois: International Society of Arboriculture.
21. Gilman, E.F., 2002. An Illustrated Guide To Pruning.Second edition. a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Printed in the United States.
22. Gilman, E.F., Beeson, R.C. Jr. 1996. Nursery production method affects root growth. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 14, 88–91.
23. Green, J., Dawson, L., Proctor, J., Duff, E., Elston, D., 200). Fine root dynamics in a tropical rain forest is influenced by rainfall. Plant and Soil, 276, 23–32.
24. Harris, J.R., Bassuck, N.L., 1993. Tree planting fundamentals. Journal of Arboriculture 19(2), 64-70.
25. Harris, R., Clark, J., Matheny, N., 2004. Integration of growth over time. In: Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, pp. 49–51.
26. Hartman, J.R., Pirone, T.P., Sail, M.A., 2000. Pirone's Tree Maintenance Seventh Edition. Oxford University Press, Inc.
27. Hirons, AD., Thomas, PA., 2018. Applied Tree Biology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
28. Iles, J., Wray, P.H., 2000. Transplanting Trees and Shrubs. Forestry Extensıon Notes Forestry Extensıon Notes Iowa State Unıversıty University Extension. Janssens, I.A., Sampson, D.A., Curiel-Yuste, J., Carrara, A., Ceulemans, R., 2002. The carbon cost of fine root turnover in a Scots pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 168, 231–240.
29. Joyce, D., 2017. Pruning & Training Christopher Brickell, Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC, 339 pp.
30. Joyce, D., 2017. Pruning & Training Christopher Brickell, Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC, 339 pp.
31. Koeser, A., Stewart, J.R. 2009. Effects of transplanting on the growth and survival of nursery stock. In G. Watson, et al. (Eds.), The Landscape below Ground III (pp. 222–229). Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture.
32. Konijnendijk, C.C., Nilsson, K., Thomas B. Randrup, Schipperijn, J., 2005. Urban Forests and Trees. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
33. Kozlowski, T., 1987. Soil moisture and absorption of water by tree roots. Journal of Arboriculture, 13, 39–46.
34. Kozlowski, T.T., Pallardy, S.G., 1997. Physiology of Woody plants (Second Edition). New York, NY: Academic Press. 411 pp.
35. Kshirsagar, Y., Palanikumaran, B., Manjunatha, T.V., Vrishini, S., 2018. Tree Transplanting: Success Stories of Trees Transplanting at Karnataka, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(10), 2709-2716.
36. Kumar, M.A., 2022. Transplantation of Trees - An Informative Manual for Freshers.
37. Lane, M., Mandir, M., 2021. Large Tree Transplanting Guidelines A Guide to tree transplanting for the Common Central Secretarıat, Building -1,2,3 DOC. NO.: CPWD-CS-GD-PL-101B. HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt LtD.
38. Mol, T., 2010. Kent Ağaçları ve Süs Bitkilerinde Bakım ve Budama Esasları. Bölüm: Bitkilere Zarar Veren Çeşitli Faktorler, 117-133. İBB basımevi., İstanbul.
39. Moore, G.M., 2013. Ring-barking and girdling: how much vascular connectıon do you need between roots and crown? Proceedings of The 14th National Street Tree Symposium, September 2013, Australia, pp 87-96.
40. Norman, K., 2018. The art of tree moving. Arboricultural Consultant Volume 51(4), 3-6.
41. Özyurt Ökten, S.S., Pehlivan, G., 2021. İleri yaşta palmiye (Washingtonia filifera) taşıma süreçlerine dair bir uygulama, İskenderun Teknik Üniversitesi örneği. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 10(1), 175-184.
42. Parlak, S., 2023. Ağaçlarda Yara İyileşmesi. 2. Uluslararası Topkapı Bilimsel Araştırmalarda Güncel gelişmeler Kongresi 20-21 Ekim 2023, 734-762-İstanbul.
43. Pokorny, J.D., 1992. Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area. NA-TP-03-03.
44. Pryor, M., 2014. Extreme Arboriculture: Lessons from moving big trees. In Proceedings of Trees People and the Built Environment II conference p196-209. Institute of Chartered Foresters. Birmingham UK. (April 2015).
45. Pryor, M., Watson, G., 2016. Mature tree transplanting: Science supports best management practice, Arboricultural Journal, 38(1), 2-27.
46. Richardson-Calfee, L.E. Harris, J.R., 2005 A review of the effects of transplant timing on landscape establishment of field-grown deciduous trees in temperate climates. Horticultural Technology 15(1), 132–135.
47. Stebbins, R.L., MacCaskey, M., 1989. Pruning how to guide for gardeners, HP Books, Horticultural Publisher. Swanson B.T., Calkins J.B., Kleinhuizen, D., 2024. Planting and Transplanting.
48. Turna, İ., 2012. Kent ormancılığı. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi ders notları no: 92, Trabzon.
49. Urbis Limited., 2013. A comprehensive street tree management plan for Hong Kong. (Unpublished report). Development Bureau, Works Branch, HKSAR Government.
50. Ürgenç, S., 1990. Genel plantasyon ve ağaçlandırma tekniği (Arborikültür). İ.Ü. Basımevi, Üniversite yayın no: 3644, fakülte yayın no: 407. İstanbul.
51. Ürgenç, S., 1998. Ağaç ve süs bitkileri fidanlık ve yetiştirme tekniği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Rektörlük No: 3395, Fakülte No: 442, Dilek ofset matbaacılık, İstanbul, 717 s.
52. Wang, Z., Guo, D., Wang, J., Mei, L., 2006. Fine root architecture, morphology and biomass of different branch orders of two Chinese temperate tree species. Plant and Soil 288(1), 155–171.
53. Watson, G.W. Himelick, E.B., 1982. Root distrubution of nursery trees and its relationship to transplanting syccess. J. Arboricut. 8, 225-229
54. Watson, G.W., 1987. The relationship of root growth and tree vigour following transplanting. Arboricultural Journal, 11(2), 97-104.
55. Watson, G.W., 1998. Tree growth after trenching and compensatory crown pruning. Journal of Arboriculture 24(1), 47–53.
56. Watson, G.W., 2004. Effect of transplanting and paclobutrazol on root growth of ‘Green Column’ black maple and ‘Summit’ green ash. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 22, 209–212.
57. Watson, G.W., Himelick, E.B. 1982. Seasonal variation in root distribution of nursery trees and its relationship to transplanting success. J Arboriculture 8, 225–229.
58. Watson, W.T., 2005. Influence of tree size on transplant establishment and growth. HortTechnology, 15(1), 118-122.
59. Wiedenbeck, J., Smith, K.T., 2018. Hardwood management, tree wound response, and wood product value. The Forestry Chronicle, 94(3), 292-306.