Efficiency of New Holland TD100D farm tractor in wood skidding operations: A review and analysis

Abstract

Background and Aims It is important to understand how farm tractors are utilised in forestry applications and to optimize their use through time study analysis. The aim of this study is to develop and validate models to improve the productivity of farm tractors in forestry activities. Methods In the study, productivity analysis was performed using the New Holland TD100D farm tractor. The felled trees were processed into timber using the cut-to-length method, with branches and knots removed. Timbers were winched uphill to the tractor using a rear-mounted single-drum forest winch and subsequently skidded downhill by the tractor to the roadside along the skid road. Results The productivity of the machine per hour and daily for an average skidding distance of 150 m were calculated to be 12.04 m³/hour and 96.32 m³/day, respectively. Conclusion Such research can enhance productivity in the forestry industry while also reducing environmental impacts. The results of this study are expected to provide significant value in terms of equipment and application optimization for forestry use.

Keywords

• Optimization
• efficiency
• logging
• skidding
• time study
• farm tractor

New Holland TD100D tarım traktörünün odun sürütme operasyonlarındaki verimliliği: Bir inceleme ve analiz

Öz

Giriş ve Hedefler Tarım traktörlerinin ormancılık uygulamalarında nasıl kullanıldığını anlamak ve zaman etüdü ile kullanımını optimize etmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ormancılık faaliyetlerinde tarım traktörlerinin verimliliğini belirlemek, verimliliklerini artırmak için modeller geliştirmek ve doğrulamaktır. Yöntemler Çalışmada, New Holland TD100D tarım traktörünün kullanıldığı odun sürütme çalışmalarında verimlilik analizi yapılmıştır. Kesilen ağaçlar, dalları ve budakları çıkarılmış şekilde, bütün gövde yöntemi kullanılarak tomruğa dönüştürülmüştür. Bütün gövdeler, tarım traktörü arkasına monte edilmiş tek tamburlu orman vinci kullanılarak yokuş yukarı taşınmış ve daha sonra traktör tarafından yukarıdan aşağı doğru sürütme yolu boyunca yol kenarına sürütülmüştür. Bulgular Traktörün saatlik ve günlük verimlilikleri ortalama 150 m sürütme mesafesi için sırasıyla 12,04 m³/sa ve 96,32 m³/gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar Bu tür araştırmalar ormancılık endüstrisindeki üretkenliği artırırken aynı zamanda çevresel etkileri de azaltabilir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının ormancılıkta kullanımı için ekipman ve uygulama optimizasyonu açısından önemli bir değer sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Optimizasyon
• verimlilik
• bölmeden çıkarma
• sürütme
• zaman etüdü
• tarım traktörü

Kaynakça

1. Acar, M. (2023). Odun hammaddesi bölmeden çıkarma yönteminin tahmininde karar ağaçları modelinin kullanılması. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 149 s., Trabzon, Türkiye.
2. Acuna, M., Bigot, M., Guerra, S., Hartsough, B., Kanzian, C., Kärhä, K., Lindroos, O., Magagnotti, N., Roux, S., Spinelli, R., Talbot, B., Tolosana, E., Zormaier, F., 2012. Good practice guidelines for biomass production studies. In: Magagnotti N., Spinelli R. (eds.). CNR IVALSA. Sesto Fiorentino, 51 p.
3. Akay, A.E., 2005. Using farm tractors in small-scale forest harvesting operations. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1(2), 196–199.
4. Behjou, F. K., 2010. A techno-economic evaluation of skidding operation by Timberjack 450C and Clark Ranger 666DBS in Caspian forests. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8, 1020–1023.
5. Björheden, R., Apel, K., Shiba, M., Thompson, M.A., 1995. IUFRO Forest work study nomenclature. Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Dept. of Operational Efficiency, Garpenberg, 16 p.
6. Borz, S. A., Dlnulca, F., Birda, M., Ignea, Ch., Clobanu, V.D., Popa, B., 2013. Time consumption and productivity of skidding Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) round wood in reduced accessibility conditions: Acase study in windthrow salvage logging from Romanian Carpathians. Annals of Forest Research, 56, 363–375.
7. Borz, S. A., Ignae, G., Popa, B., Spârchez, G., Iordache, E., 2015. Estimating time consumption and productivity of roundwood skidding in group shelterwood system – a Case study in a broadleaved mixed stand located in reduced accessibility conditions. Croation Journal of Forest Enginering, 36, 137–146.
8. Borz, S. A., Ignea, G., Popa, B., 2014. Assessing timber skidding efficiency in a group shelterwood system applied to a fir-beech stand. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9, 160–167.

9. Đuka, A., S. Grigolato, I. Papa, T. Pentek, T. Poršinsky, 2017. Assessment oftimber extraction distance and skid road network in steep karst terrain. iForest, 10(6), 886-894. doi:10.3832/ ifor2471-010
10. Dvořák, J., Gross, J., Oliva, J., Hošková, P., Malkovský, Z., 2010. Sestavení výkonových norem pro harvestory a vyvážecí traktory podle vykonových třid stroju a výrobních podmínek. Záverečná správa. Praha, ČZU v Praze, 79 p.
11. Ghaffariyan, M. R., Naghdi, R., Ghajar, I., Nikooy, M., 2013. Time prediction models and cost evaluation of cut-to-lenght (CTL) harvesting method in a mountainous forest. Small-scale Forest, 12, 181–192.
12. Gilanipoor, N., Najafi, A., Heshmat Alvaezin, S.M., 2012. Productivity and cost of farm tractor skidding. Journal of Forest Science 58(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.17221/4804-JFS
13. Grzywiński, W., Turowski, R., Naskrent, B., Jelonek, T., Tomczak, A., 2020. The Impact of Season on Productivity and Time Consumption in Timber Harvesting from Young Alder Stands in Lowland Poland. Forests 11(10), 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101081
14. Gulci, N., S. Gulci, A.E. Akay, 2017. Productivity analysis of skidding operations with farm tractor on skid roads: The case of Osmaniye forest enterprise chief, Turkey, Innovating the Competitive Edge: From Research to Impactin the Forest Value Chain, FORMEC, 124-129. Brasov.
15. Gulci, S., 2020. Productivity of a farm tractor with single drum winch during whole-tree timber extraction. Sumarski List. 144, 43-43. 10.31298/sl.144.1-2.4.
16. Kulak, D., Stańczykiewicz, A., Szewczyk, G., 2020. Influence of the logging season on the condition of topsoil layers. Forestry Letters 113, 1–7.
17. Leszczyński, K., Stańczykiewicz, A., Kulak, D., Szewczyk, G., Tylek, P., 2021. Estimation of productivity and costs of using a track mini-harvester with a stroke head for the first commercial thinning of a Scots pine stand. Forests 12(7), 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070870
18. Lindroos, O., La Hera, P., Häggström, C., 2017. Drivers of advances in mechanized timber harvesting–a selective review of technological innovation. Croat. j. for. eng. 38(2), 243–258.
19. Lotfalian, M., Moafi, M., Foumani, B. S., Akbari, R. A., 2011. Time study and skidding capacity of the wheeled skidder Timberjack 450C. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 2, 120–124.
20. Marčeta, D., Petković, V., Košir, B., 2014. Comparison of Two Skidding Methods in Beech Forests in Mountainous Conditions. Nova mehanizacja šumarstva: Časopis za teoriji i praksu Šumarskoga inženjerstva, 35, 51–62.
21. Mousavi, R., Naghdi, R., 2014. Comparison of productivity and cost of timber extraction by farm tractor. Skidding vs. forwarding in Northern Iran. HortFlora Research Spectrum 3(3), 201–210.
22. Mousavi, R., Nikooy, M., Naghdi, R., 2013. Comparison of timber using two ground-based skidding systems: grapple skidding vs. cable skidding. International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion, 3, 79–86
23. Mousavi, R., Nikooy, M., Nezhad, A. E., Ershadfar, M., 2012. Evaluation of full tree skidding by HSM-904 skidder in patch cutting of aspen plantation in Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 58, 79–87.
24. Nikooy, M., Esmailnezhad, A., Naghdi, R., 2013. Productivity and cost analysis of skidding with Timberjack 450C in forest plantations in Shafaround watershed, Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 59, 261–266.
25. Nurminen, T., Korúunen, H., Uusitalo, J., 2006. Time consumption analysis of the mechanized cut-to lenght harvesting system. Silva Fenica, 40, 335–363.
26. Orlovský, L., Messingerová, V., Danihelová, Z., 2020. Analysis of the time efficiency of skidding technology based on the skidders. Central European Forestry Journal. 66, 177-187.
27. Öztürk, T. ve Akay A.E., 2007. Tarım traktörlerinin orman ürünlerinin üretiminde kullanılmak üzere modifiye edilmesi, International Symposium, Bottlenecks, Solutions and Priorities in the Context of Functions of Forest Resources, Türkiye, pp. 111-121.
28. Özturk, T., 2010. Productivity of New Holland Farm Tractor at Beech Stands on Mountainous Areas in Blacksea Reion. Forest Ideas. 16, 52-57.
29. Öztürk, T., 2009. Kayın Tomruğunun Bölmeden Çıkarılmasında MB Trac 900 Sürütücünün Verimlilik Analizi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 59(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.69927
30. Proto, A. R., Macrí, G., Visser, R., Russo, D., Zimbalatti, G., 2018. Comparison of timber extraction productivity between winch and grapple skidding: Acase study in Southern Italian Forests. Forests, 9, 1–12.
31. Sabo, A., Poršinsky, T., 2005. Skidding of fir roundwood by Timberjack 240C from selective forests of Gorski Kotar. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 26, 13–27.
32. Sarikhani, N., 2001. Forest utilization. Tehran Univerzity, Tehran, 728 p.
33. Savelli, S., Cavalli, R., Baldini, S., Picchio, R., 2010. Small scale mechanization of thinning in artificial coniferous plantation. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 31(1), 11–21.
34. Shaffer, R.M., 2009. Farm tractor logging for woodlot owners. College of Natural Resources. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA, 5 p.
35. Sowa, J., Kulak, D., Szewczyk, G., 2007. Costs and efficiency of timber harvesting by NIAB 5–15 processor mounted on a farm tractor. Croat. j. for. eng. 28(2), 177–184.
36. Spinelli, R., Cacot, E., Mihelić, M., Nestorovski, L., Mederski, P., Tolosana, E., 2016. Techniques and productivity of coppice harvesting operations in Europe: a meta-analysis of available data. Annals of Forest Science 73(4), 1125–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0578-x
37. Spinelli, R., Magagnotti, N., 2012. Wood extraction with farm tractor and sulky: estimating productivity; cost and energy consumption. Small-Scale Forestry 11(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-011-9169-8
38. Spinelli, R., Magagnotti, N., Facchinetti, D., 2013. Logging companies in the European mountain: an example from the Italian Alps. International Journal of Forest Engineering 24(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2013.838376
39. Spinelli, R., Magagnotti, N., Pari, L., De Francesco, F., 2015. A comparison of tractor-trailer units and high-speed forwarders used in Alpine forestry. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 30(5), 470–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2015.1012113
40. Stańczykiewicz, A., Leszczyński, K., Sowa, J.M., Kulak, D., Szewczyk, G., 2016. The efficiency of timber harvesting using HYPRO 450 processor combined with a farm tractor. From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering, Warszawa, Poland, 330 p.
41. Szewczyk, K., Iwanicki, P., 2019. Ocena przydatności maszyn podczas zrywki drewna w drzewostanach sosnowych na podstawie podstawowych wskaźników pracy (Evaluating the suitability of machinery use during skidding of wood in pine stands. based on basic work indicators). Leśne Prace Badawcze 80(3), 219−226. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0020
42. Wang, J., Long, C., McNeel, J., Baumgras, J., 2004. Productivity and cost of manual felling and cable skidding in central Appalachian hardwood forests. Forest Production Journal, 54, 45–51.
43. Zečić, Ž., Vusić, D., Prka, M., Klepac, S., 2010. Utjecaj nagiba traktorskog puta na proizvodnost traktora Timberjack 240C pri privlačenju drvnih sortimenata u prebornim šumama. Šumarski list, 134(3-4), 103-113.