Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden Paliurus spina-christi tohumlarının antifungal aktivitesi ve fenolik profilleri

Öz

Giriş ve Hedefler Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin üç farklı bölgesinden (Anamur–Mersin, Bayramiç–Çanakkale ve Fethiye–Muğla) toplanan Paliurus spina-christi Mill. tohum ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde içeriği ve antifungal aktivitelerindeki bölgesel farklılıkları raştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntemler Tohum örnekleri ultrasonik destekli etanol ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş; antifungal testler öncesinde çözücü döner buharlaştırıcı (rotary evaporator) yardımıyla tamamen uzaklaştırılmıştır. Toplam fenolik madde içeriği Folin–Ciocalteu yöntemiyle, antifungal aktivite ise disk difüzyon yöntemiyle Penicillium italicum ve Aspergillus niger türlerine karşı değerlendirilmiştir. İstatistiksel değerlendirmelerde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Tukey testi (p < 0.05) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular Bölgeler arasında toplam fenolik madde içeriği açısından anlamlı farklılıklar saptanmış ve en yüksek fenolik içeriğin Fethiye (Muğla) örneklerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Antifungal analizler sonucunda yalnızca Fethiye kökenli ekstraktın P. italicum’a karşı biyolojik olarak anlamlı bir inhibisyon etkisi (net inhibisyon zonu ≥ 5 mm) gösterdiği, tüm ekstraktların A. niger’e karşı etkisinin ise ihmal edilebilir düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca toplam fenolik madde içeriği ile antifungal aktivite arasında doğrudan bir korelasyon saptanmamıştır. Sonuçlar Bulgular, P. spina-christi tohumlarında gözlenen antifungal aktivitenin toplam fenolik miktardan ziyade belirli biyoaktif bileşiklere bağlı olabileceğini göstermekte ve coğrafi kökenin bitkinin biyoaktivitesi üzerindeki kritik etkisini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antifungal aktivite
• coğrafi varyasyon
• disk difüzyon
• Paliurus spina-christi
• toplam fenolik madde

Antifungal activity and phenolic profiles of Paliurus spina-christi seeds from different regions of Türkiye

Öz

Background and Aims This study aims to reveal the regional differences in total phenolic content and antifungal activities of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. seed extracts collected from three distinct regions of Türkiye: Anamur (Mersin), Bayramiç (Çanakkale), and Fethiye (Muğla). Methods Seed samples were subjected to ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction; prior to antifungal assays, the solvent was completely removed using a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antifungal activity against Penicillium italicum and Aspergillus niger was evaluated via the disk diffusion method. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results Significant regional variations were observed in total phenolic content, with Fethiye (Muğla) samples exhibiting the highest concentration. Antifungal assays demonstrated that only the extract from Fethiye showed a biologically meaningful inhibitory effect (net inhibition zone ≥ 5 mm) against P. italicum, while activity against A. niger was negligible for all extracts. Furthermore, no direct correlation was found between total phenolic content and antifungal efficacy. Conclusion These findings suggest that the antifungal activity in P. spina-christi seeds may depend on specific bioactive compounds rather than total phenolic concentration alone, highlighting the significant influence of geographic origin on plant bioactivity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antifungal activity
• disk diffusion
• geographic variation
• Paliurus spina-christi
• total phenolic content

Kaynakça

1. Ahmed, L.T., Abood, K.W., Ghanim, Q., Ibrahim, N.K., Al-Naim, A.S., 2013. Antioxidant activity of Paliurus spina-christi methanolic extract. International Journal of Biotechnology Research, 3, 1–4.
2. Arslan, L., Kaya, E., 2021. Investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(6), 1161–1169.
3. Asensio, E., Vitales, D., Pérez, I., Peralba, L., Viruel, J., Montaner, C., Vallès, J., Garnatje, T., Sales, E., 2020. Phenolic compounds content and genetic diversity at population level across the natural distribution range of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ericaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Plants, 9(9), 1250.
4. Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., Ibnsouda, S.K., 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71–79.
5. Bashir, S., Jabeen, K., Iqbal, S., Javed, S., Naeem, A., 2019. Lantana camara: phytochemical analysis and antifungal prospective. Planta Daninha, 37, e019193526.
6. Benidze, M., Buliskeria, N., Sakvarelidze, N., Bereznyakova, A., Kemertelidze, E., 2024. Chemical composition and biological activity of neutral lipids from the seeds of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Georgian Scientists, 6(3), 118–122.
7. Beram, R.C., Akyol, S., 2025. Fungal endophytes diversity and influencing factors in Liquidambar orientalis Mill. in Türkiye. BioResources, 20(1), 1251–1272.
8. Brantner, A.H., Maleš, Ž., 1999. Quality assessment of Paliurus spina-christi extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66(2), 175–179.

9. Brantner, A., Maleš, Ž., Pepeljnjak, S., Antolić, A., 1996. Antimicrobial activity of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (Christ’s thorn). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52, 119–122.
10. Burda, S.G., Marcela, P.I., Mihaiescu, D.E., Iliescu, A.F., 2006. Partial research on the morphology, physiology and phytochemical composition of the seeds of Paliurus spina-christi Miller (Rhamnaceae) under various pre-germination treatments. Analele Științifice ale Universității “Al. I. Cuza” din Iași, 52, 43–48.
11. Casavecchia, S., Biscotti, N., Pesaresi, S., Biondi, E., 2015. The Paliurus spina-christi dominated vegetation in Europe. Biologia, 70(7), 879–892.
12. Ceylan, Ş., Harşıt, B., Saral, Ö., Özcan, M., Demir, İ., 2020. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of plant extracts of Hypericum montbretii, Hypericum bupleuroides and Paliurus spina-christi in Artvin–Giresun region of Turkey. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 14(2), 45–52.
13. Dalakishvili, T.M., Gusakova, S.D., Chachanidze, N.I., Kuparadze, K.G., Kemertelidze, É.P., 1985. Lipids of the seeds of Paliurus spina-christi. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 21, 300–303.
14. Do, Q.D., Angkawijaya, A.E., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Huynh, L.H., Soetaredjo, F.E., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y.H., 2014. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296–302.
15. Kanashiro, A.M., Akiyama, D.Y., Kupper, K.C., Fill, T.P., 2020. Penicillium italicum: an underexplored postharvest pathogen. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 606852.
16. Khan, S., Khan, A., Shah, S., Shah, S., Hussain, S., Ayaz, M., Ayaz, S., 2013. Heavy metals content, phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluation of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(1), 154–161.
17. Omojokun, O.S., Oboh, G., Ademiluyi, A.O., 2018. Effects of drying on cholinesterases and ACE inhibitory potential of Loranthus bengwensis leaves. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 42(4), e12510.
18. Reninta, R., Nawfetrias, W., Tanjung, A., Utami, R.N., Handayani, D.P., Pinardi, D., 2022. Effect of extraction method on the flavonoid content of Phyllanthus niruri L. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1114(1), 012073.
19. Savran, A., Kul, A.R., Kubilay, S., Selçuk, N.Ç., 2020. Adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto Paliurus spina-christi fruits and seeds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 28562–28574.
20. Selçuk, N.Ç., Kubilay, S., Savran, A., Kul, A.R., 2017. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of methylene blue onto Paliurus spina-christi fruits and seeds. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(5), 53–63.
21. Slinkard, K., Singleton, V.L., 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49–55.
22. Yenigün, S., Başar, Y., Yılmaz, S., Demirtaş, İ., Özen, T., 2024. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of Paliurus spina-christi leaf and seed extracts: PASS predictions and in silico studies. Current Perspectives on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7(2), 96–106.
23. Yuca, H., Karakaya, S., Güvenalp, Z., 2023. Anatomy of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (Blackthorn) (Rhamnaceae). Pharmata, 3(4), 78–83.
24. Zengin, G., Fernández-Ochoa, Á., Cádiz-Gurrea, M.D.L.L., Leyva-Jiménez, F.J., Segura-Carretero, A., Elbasan, F., Mahomoodally, M.F., 2023. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of different extracts of Paliurus spina-christi. Antioxidants, 12(2), 255.
25. Zhao, Y., Yan, N., Feng, M.W., 2012. Bark extractives-based phenol–formaldehyde resins from beetle-infested lodgepole pine. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 27(18–19), 2112–2126.
26. Zhu, G., Shi, X., Wang, S., Wang, B., Laborda, P., 2022. Antifungal mechanism and efficacy of kojic acid for the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 845698.
27. Zor, M., Aydın, S., Güner, N.D., Başaran, N., Başaran, A.A., 2017. Antigenotoxic properties of Paliurus spina-christi fruits and their active compounds. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1–10.