Araştırma Makalesi

Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure

Sayı: 12 23 Haziran 2026
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Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure

Öz

Background and Aims To evaluate sunlight-induced surface color changes in commercially available writing papers using CIE XYZ tristimulus values, whiteness (CIE WI), and yellowness (ASTM E313). Methods Paper samples were exposed to natural sunlight for 15, 30, and 45 days. Surface color was measured using CIE XYZ (1931) values, and whiteness and yellowness indices were calculated. Measurements were performed separately on the felt and wire sides and compared with control samples. Results X and Y values showed only minor changes (<±5 units). Differences between the felt and wire sides also remained below this threshold and were therefore considered negligible. In contrast, Z values decreased significantly with exposure (e.g., from 102.77 to 70.50). Whiteness declined over time, with the highest reduction observed in sample A (76.41%) and the lowest in sample E (12.1%). Yellowness increased notably, particularly in sample A (212.82%). Conclusions Sunlight strongly affected Z values, indicating high sensitivity of the blue color components. This behavior may be associated with photodegradation mechanisms such as the degradation of optical brightening agents (OBAs) and the formation of lignin-related chromophores under UV exposure. Whiteness decreased and yellowness increased with exposure, while differences between the felt and wire sides remained minimal. Sample A showed the lowest resistance to photodegradation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Auhorn, W. J., 2006. Chemical Additives, in: Holik, H. (ed) Handbook of Paper and Board, Wiley, Germany, pp. 62-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527608257.ch3.
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  3. Ek, M., Gellerstedt, G., Henriksson, G., 2009. Paper Products Physics and Technology, Volume 4, Walter de Gruyter, Germany.
  4. Dias, P. A. N., Rodrigues, R., Reis, M. S., 2024. Experimental assessment of paper formation conditions and structural two-sidedness and their impacts on curl phenomena. Processes, 12(7), 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071536.
  5. Forsthuber, B., Grüll, G., 2018. Prediction of Wood Surface Discoloration for Applications in the Field of Architecture. Wood science and technology, 52(4), 1093-1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-018-1015-0.
  6. Holik, H., Gamsjäger, N., Westerkamp, A., Schmitt, M. W., Morton, A., Stetter, A., Tietz, M., Feldmann, R., Mirsberger, P, 2006. Paper and Board Manufacturing. Handbook of paper and board, 219-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527608257.ch6.
  7. Hubbe, M. A., Pawlak, J. J., Koukoulas, A. A., 2008. Paper’s Appearance: A Review. BioResources, 3(2), 627-665. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.2.627-665.
  8. Kauppinen, H., Silven, O., 1996. The effect of illumination variations on color-based wood defect classification. In Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 3, 828-832. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1996.547284.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ormancılık (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

23 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

15 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

24 Mayıs 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA
Şahin, H. T., Cengiz Önal, M., & Özkan, U. (2026). Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 1931199. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1931199
AMA
1.Şahin HT, Cengiz Önal M, Özkan U. Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure. AOAD. 2026;(12):1931199. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1931199
Chicago
Şahin, Halil Turgut, Meltem Cengiz Önal, ve Uğur Özkan. 2026. “Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 12: 1931199. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1931199.
EndNote
Şahin HT, Cengiz Önal M, Özkan U (01 Haziran 2026) Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 1931199.
IEEE
[1]H. T. Şahin, M. Cengiz Önal, ve U. Özkan, “Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure”, AOAD, sy 12, s. 1931199, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.53516/ajfr.1931199.
ISNAD
Şahin, Halil Turgut - Cengiz Önal, Meltem - Özkan, Uğur. “Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi. 12 (01 Haziran 2026): 1931199. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1931199.
JAMA
1.Şahin HT, Cengiz Önal M, Özkan U. Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure. AOAD. 2026;:1931199.
MLA
Şahin, Halil Turgut, vd. “Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 12, Haziran 2026, s. 1931199, doi:10.53516/ajfr.1931199.
Vancouver
1.Halil Turgut Şahin, Meltem Cengiz Önal, Uğur Özkan. Optical evaluation of the two-sidedness of bleached kraft papers after sunlight exposure. AOAD. 01 Haziran 2026;(12):1931199. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1931199