Analysis of current beekeeping conditions: A case study in Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 9 - 16, 13.06.2022

Hasan Emre Ünal

https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1057147

Öz

Turkey holds a significant place in the globe in terms of bee colonies and honey production because of the country's unique geographical and climate structure. Ordu province ranks first in Turkey for honey production. This study was carried out by interviewing 60 beekeepers from four different districts who were members of the Ordu province beekeeping cooperative to reveal their current beekeeping situation and to determine the factors affecting the adoption of beehives developed to increase honey production. Descriptive statistics and logistic models were used to analyze the data. One of the important findings of the study was that 93% of the beekeepers interviewed use traditional hives while using box hives at the same time. Traditional wooden hives were found to be used instead of box hives for reasons such as excessive humidity, a cold environment for bees, low production and, increased bee disease. Age groups of beekeepers had negatively influenced the adoption of the box hive. The education levels of the participants were primary and secondary education levels and their average age was calculated as 60.72. However, it was determined that 98.3% of the participating beekeepers received formal training in beekeeping. All participants emphasized that forests are very important for beekeeping. While all the participants stated that honey forests are also a useful and appropriate practice, 96.7% (n=58) stated that they were not adequately informed about honey forests. Therefore, the establishment of honey forests in order to rehabilitate the degraded forests and offer them to the forest villagers and rural people is important in terms of reducing the pressure on forests, protecting biodiversity and sustainable rural development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beekeeper, forestry, Honey production, socio-economic

Sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi için mevcut arıcılık koşullarının analizi: Ordu ili örneği

Öz

Türkiye, sahip olduğu olağanüstü topografik ve iklim yapısının da desteğiyle dünyada arı kolonileri ve bal üretimi açısından çok önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Ordu ili Türkiye'de bal üretiminde ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma Ordu ili arıcılık kooperatifine kayıtlı dört farklı ilçeden 60 arıcı ile görüşülerek mevcut arıcılık durumlarını ortaya koymak ve bal üretimini artırmak için geliştirilmiş arı kovanlarının benimsenmesini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve lojistik modellerle analiz edilmiştir Görüşülen arıcıların %93'ünün aynı anda kutu kovanları kullanırken hala geleneksel kovanları kullanması çalışmanın önemli bulgularından biri olmuştur. Yüksek nem, arılar için ortamın soğuk olması, verimin düşük olması ve arılarda hastalıkların artması gibi nedenlerle kutu kovan yerine ahşaptan yapılmış geleneksel kovanların kullanılmaya devam edildiği görülmüştür. Katılımcıların eğitim düzeyleri ilk ve orta öğretim düzeyinde olup yaş ortalamaları ise 60,72 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bununla birlikte katılımcı arıcıların %98,3'ünün arıcılıkla ilgili resmi olarak bir eğitim aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Tüm katılımcılar ormanların arıcılık için çok önemli olduğuna vurgu yapmıştır. Katılımcıların tamamı bal ormanlarının da faydalı ve uygun bir uygulama olduğunu belirtirken, %96,7'si (n=58) bal ormanları hakkında yeterince bilgilendirilmediklerini ifade etmiştir. Bu nedenle bozulmuş ormanların rehabilite edilerek orman köylülerine ve kırsal kesime sunulması amacıyla bal ormanlarının kurulması, ormanlar üzerindeki baskının azaltılması, biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kırsal kalkınma açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arıcı, ormancılık, Bal üretimi, sosyo-ekonomik

Kaynakça

• Abebe, W., Puskur, R., Karippai, R. S. 2008. Adopting improved box hive in Atsbi Wemberta district of Eastern Zone, Tigray Region: Determinants and financial benefits: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net /publication/283905054
• Adam, Y. O., & El Tayeb, A. M. 2014. Forest dependency and its effect on conservation in Sudan: A case of Sarf-Saaid Reserved Forest in Gadarif state. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo. 60 (3): 107. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net / publication/266237405
• Ahikiriza, E. 2016.Beekeeping as an alternative source of livelihood in Uganda: Master’s thesis, Ghent University.
• Altunel, T., & Olmez, B. 2019. Beekeeping as a rural development alternative in Turkish Northwest. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 17 (3): 6017-29. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1703_60176029
• Baiyegunhi, L., Oppong, B., & Senyolo, M. 2016. Socio-economic factors influencing mopane worm (Imbrasia belina) harvesting in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of forestry research. 27 (2): 443-52. doi: 10.1007/s11676-015-0168-z
• Bradbear, N. 2009. Non-wood forest products 19, Bees and their role in forest livelihoods; a guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of their products. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i0842e/i0842e00.htm.
• Çakmak, İ., & Seven Çakmak, S. 2016. Beekeeping and recent colony losses in Turkey. Uludag Bee Journal. 16 (1). doi: 10.31467/uluaricilik.379276
• DKMP. 2012. Ordu İli Doğa Turizmi Master Planı. Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü. Ordu. Retrieved from https://docplayer.biz.tr/3716978-Ordu-ili-doga-turizmi-master-plani-2013-2023.html
• Erbas, B. C., Xie, J., Arikan, E., & Nemova, V. I. 2015. Valuing forest products and services in Turkey: a pilot study of Bolu forest area. The World Bank. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/445641468189574599
• FAO. 2018. Why Bees Matter: The importance of bees and other pollinators for food and agriculture. Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/I9527EN/
• FAO. 2019. The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. FAO. Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/ca3129en.pdf
• Getachew, A., Assefa, A., Gizaw, H., Adgaba, N., Assefa, D., Tajebe, Z., & Tera, A. 2015. Comparative analysis of colony performance and profit from different beehive types in southwest Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research. 3 (1): 178-85. Retrieved from https:// researchgate.net/publication/270393546
• Hussain, J., Zhou, K., Akbar, M., Raza, G., Ali, S., Hussain, A., Abbas, Q., Khan, G., Khan, M., & Abbas, H. 2019. Dependence of rural livelihoods on forest resources in Naltar Valley, a dry temperate mountainous region, Pakistan. Global Ecology and Conservation. 20 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00765
• IPBES. 2016. The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Ngo HT, editors. Boon, Germany: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311486448
• Jain, P., & Sajjad, H. 2016. Household dependency on forest resources in the Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), India: Implications for management. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 35 (1): 60-74. Doi: 10.1080/10549811.2015.1099108
• Kalanzi, F., Nansereko, S., Buyinza, J., Kiwuso, P., Turinayo, Y., Mwanja, C., Niyibizi, G., Ongerep, S., Sekatuba, J., & Mujuni, D. 2015. Socio-economic analysis of beekeeping enterprise in communities adjacent to Kalinzu forest, Western Uganda. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286453409
• Kangas, A., Laukkanen, S., & Kangas, J. 2006. Social choice theory and its applications in sustainable forest management—a review. Forest Policy and economics. 9 (1): 77-92. Doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.02.004
• KB. 2017. Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018 Hayvancılık Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. Retrieved from https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/
• Kebede, T., & Lemma, T. 2007. Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 19 (11). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297781245
• Kidu, G., Gebremedhin, B., Birhane, E., Kassa, H., 2017. Does communal forest intervention management enhance forest benefits of smallholder farmers? Evidence from Hugumbirda forest, Tigray, Ethiopia, Journal of Sustaınable Forestry, 36(3): 264–276. DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2017.1296775
• Kluser, S., Neumann, P., Chauzat, M.-P., Pettis, J. S., Peduzzi, P., Witt, R., Fernandez, N., & Theuri, M. 2010. Global honey bee colony disorders and other threats to insect pollinators. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/unep/documents
• Kopec, K. and Lori Ann B. 2017. Pollinators in peril: a systematic status review of North American and Hawaiian native bees: Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/native_pollinators
• Lepetu, J., Alavalapati, J., & Nair, P. 2009. Forest dependency and its implication for protected areas management: a case study from Kasane Forest Reserve, Botswana. International Journal of Environmental Research. 3 (4): 525-36. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279596716
• Lunyamadzo, M. G. 2016. Performance and contribution of beekeeping enterprises to livelihood in Songea district: Sokoine University of Agriculture.
• Martynova, M., Sultanova, R., Khanov, D., Talipov, E., Sazgutdinova, R., 2020. Forest Management Based on the Principles of Multifunctional Forest Use, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2020.1734025.
• Masozera, M. K., & Alavalapati, J. R. 2004. Forest dependency and its implications for protected areas management: a case study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 19 (4): 85-92. Doi: 10.1080/14004080410034164
• Minja, G. S., & Nkumilwa, T. J. 2016. The role of beekeeping on forest conservation and poverty alleviation in Moshi Rural District, Tanzania. European Scientific Journal. 12 (23). Doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n23p366
• Mmasa, J. J. 2007..Economic analysis of honey production and marketing in Hai district, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture.
• Mwakatobe, A., Ntalwila, J., Kohi, E., Kipemba, N., & Mrisha, C. 2016. Income generation promote the participation of youth and women in beekeeping activities in Western Tanzania. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 4 (4): 718-21. Retrieved from https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartJ
• Nieto, A., Roberts, S. P. M., Kemp, J., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., García Criado, M., Biesmeijer, J. C., Bogusch, P., Dathe, H. H., De la Rúa, P., De Meulemeester, T., Dehon, M., Dewulf, A., Ortiz-Sánchez, F. J., Lhomme, P., Pauly, A., Potts, S. G., Praz, C., Quaranta, M., Radchenko, V. G., Scheuchl, E., Smit, J., Straka, J., Terzo, M., Tomozii, B., Window, J., & and Michez, D. 2014. European red list of bees. Publication Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist
• OGM. 2013. Bal Ormanları Eylem Planı 2013-2017. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Bal%20Orman%C4%B1%20Eylem%20Plan%C4%B1
• OGM. 2019. Bal Ormanı Eylem Planı (2018-2023). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Dokumanlar/Bal%20Orman%C4%B1%20Eylem%20Plan%C4%B1%20(2018-2023).pdf
• OGM.(2020). İllere Göre Orman Varlığı. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Retrieved from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ormanlarimiz/Illere-Gore-Orman-Varligi.aspx.
• Okoye, C.U. and Agwu, A. E., 2008. Factors Affecting Agroforestry Sustainability in Bee Endemic Parts of Southeastern Nigeria, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 26(2): 132-154, DOI: 10.1080/10549810701879685
• OTB. 2020. Ordu Ticaret Borsası Arıcılık Raporu. Ordu Ticaret Borsası. Retrieved from https://www.ordutb.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Aricilik-Raporu.pdf
• Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. 2010. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 25 (6): 345-53. Doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
• Potts, S. G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., Ngo, H., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T., Dicks, L., Garibaldi, L., Settele, J., Vanbergen, A. J., & Aizen, M. A. 2016. Summary for policymakers of the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) on pollinators, pollination and food production. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329503936
• Rossi, R. 2018. The EU’s beekeeping sector. Webiste:” European Parliamentary Research Service Blog”, Retrieved from https://epthinktank.eu/2017/10/24/the-eus-beekeeping-sector
• Semerci, A. 2017. Türkiye arıcılığının genel durumu ve geleceğe yönelik beklentiler. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 22 (2): 107-18. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/375126
• Shenkute, A., Getachew, Y., Assefa, D., Adgaba, N., Ganga, G., & Abebe, W. 2012. Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. 4 (19): 528-41. Doi: 10.5897/JAERD12.088
• Tieguhong, J. C., & Nkamgnia, E. M. 2012. Household dependence on forests around lobeke National Park, Cameroon. The International Forestry Review. 14 (2): 196-212. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255800338 Tirado, R., Simon, G., & Johnston, P. 2013. A review of factors that put pollinators and agriculture in Europe at risk. Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Report, 44p. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267639396
• TKDK. 2016. Arıcılık Sektör Toplantısı Sonuç Raporu. Retrieved from https://www.tkdk.gov.tr/Content/File/Yayin/Rapor/Aricilikv2.pdf
• TUİK. 2020. Arıcılık İstatistikleri. Retrieved from https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/aricilik/Belgeler/istatistik/02.03.2020
• Uisso, .A.J., Chirwa, P. W., Ackerman, P.A., Mbwambo, L. 2018. Forest management and conservation before and after the introduction of village participatory land use plans in the Kilosa district REDD+ initiative, Tanzania, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 38(2): 97-115, DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2018.1527232