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İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 127 - 141, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1130967

Öz

Bu çalışmada; iğne yapraklı orman ağaçları tohum ve kozalaklarında zarara yol açan böcek listesinin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Gerek tohum ticareti gerekse orman ürünlerinde ülkeler arası ticaretin ivme kazanması birçok zararlının dünya genelinde daha da yayılmasına yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca, iklim değişikliğinin etkisi ile birçok tür yeni yayılış alanları bularak, istila alanlarını ve zarar boyutunu artırabilecektir. Bu nedenle, ağaçların kozalak gibi generatif organlarında olumsuz etki gösteren türlerin bilinmesi kaliteli tohum elde edilebilmesi açısından ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Yerli ve yabancı çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre birçok ağaç türünde tohum ve kozalaklarda zarar yapan türler listelenmiştir. Buna göre; 12’si Türkiye odunsu florasındaki doğal iğne yapraklı orman ağacı türü olmak üzere, toplam 82 odunsu taksonda 71 tohum ve kozalak zararlısı listelenmiştir. Bu zararlıların 57’si konofag, 14’ü ise seminifag böcek türü olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bazı zararlı türlerinin birden çok ağaç türünde zarara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Ağaç türü çeşitliliği açısından zarar spektrumu en geniş türler sırasıyla; Hemiptera takımından Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (1910) (38 ağaç türü), Lepidoptera takımından Dioryctria abietella’yı (16 ağaç türü), 6’şar tür ile Dioryctria abietivorella, D. mendacella ve D. rubella takip etmektedir. En fazla tohum ve kozalak zararlısı 18 farklı herbivor türü ile Picea abies (L.) Karst. türünde tespit edilmiştir. Bu türü 9 zararlı ile Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, 7 türle Picea glauca (Moench) Voss ve Pinus sylvestris L. subsp. hamata (Steven), 6 türle Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P. ve Pinus strobus L., 5 tür ile Abies alba Mill, Cedrus libani A. Rich ve Pinus pinaster Aiton, 4’er türle Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L., Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, Pinus nigra Arnold ve Cupresus sempervirens L. takip etmiştir. Bu araştırmada ayrıca, ağaç türlerine en fazla zarar yapan türlerin mücadelesi üzerinde de durulmuştur. İklim değişimi etkilerinin her geçen gün daha şiddetli hissedildiği günümüz koşullarında plantasyon ve gençleştirme başarısı üzerinde dayanıklı klon, genotip ve popülasyonlarının seçim ve kullanımı daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu da geleceğin ıslah çalışmalarında resistant ıslahının daha yoğun ve etkin bir araç olarak kullanımını gündeme getirebilecektir.

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Seeds and cone pests on conifer species

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 127 - 141, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1130967

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to create a list of insects that cause damage to the seeds and cones of coniferous forest trees. The acceleration of international trade in both seed trade and forest products leads to the spread of many pests around the world. In addition, with the effect of climate change, many species will be able to find new distribution areas and increase the invasion areas and the extent of damage. For this reason, knowing the species that negatively affect the generative organs of trees such as cones is of particular importance in terms of obtaining quality seeds. According to the results obtained from domestic and foreign literature studies, the species that damage seeds and cones in many tree species are listed. Accordingly, 71 seed and cone pests were listed in a total of 82 woody taxa, 12 of which are natural coniferous forest tree species in the woody flora of Turkey. Of these pests, 57 were identified as conofag and 14 as seminiphag insect species. It has been determined that some pest species cause damage to more than one tree species. In terms of tree species diversity, the species with the widest damage spectrum are respectively; Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (1910) (38 tree species) from Hemiptera, Dioryctria abietella (16 tree species) from Lepidoptera are followed by Dioryctria abietivorella, D. mendacella and D. rubella with 6 species each. The highest number of seed and cone pests were detected in 18 different herbivores and Picea abies (L.) Karst. species. This species includes Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco with 9 species, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Pinus sylvestris L. subsp. hamata (Steven) with 7 species, Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P. and Pinus strobus L., with 6 species, Abies alba Mill, Cedrus libani A. Rich and Pinus pinaster Aiton with 5 species, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L., Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, Pinus nigra Arnold and Cupressus sempervirens L. followed with 4 species each. This study also focused on the control of the species that cause the most damage to tree species. In today's conditions, where the effects of climate change are felt more and more severely, selection and use of resistant clones, genotypes and populations have become more important on plantation and rejuvenation success. This brings the use of resistant breeding as a more intensive and effective tool in future breeding studies.

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  • Strong, W.B., 2006. Seasonal changes in seed reduction in lodgepole pine cones caused by feeding of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 138(6), 888-896.
  • Strong, W.B., Bates, S.L., Stoehr, M.U., 2001. Feeding by Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) reduces seed set in lodgepole pine (Pinaceae). The Canadian Entomologist, 133(6), 857-865.
  • Suwa, M., 1971. Notes on the genus Lasiomma Stein in Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Kontya, 39, 28-36.
  • Sweeney, J.D., Miller, G.E., Ruth, D.S., 1990. Sampling seed and cone insects in spruce. Information Report-Newfoundland and Labrador Region, Forestry Canada NX-274, 63-75.
  • Şad, H.C., 1969. Antalya Orman Başmüdürlüğü Mıntakasında İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi son sınıf öğrencileri ile yapılan ekskürsiyondan notlar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 225-240.
  • Takács, S., Hardin, K., Gries, G., Strong, W., Bennett, R., 2008. Vibratory communication signal produced by male western conifer seed bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 140(2), 174-183.
  • Tamburini, M., Maresi, G., Salvadori, C., Battisti, A., Zottele, F., Pedrazzoli, F., 2012. Adaptation of the invasive western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis to Trentino, an Alpine region (Italy).
  • Tauer, C.G., Eikenbary, R.D., LeHar, G.M. 1983. Light Trapping Cone and Seed Insects (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae and Pyralidae) of Pine in Southeastern Oklahoma. Environmental Entomology, 12(3), 753-757.
  • Taylor, S.J., Tescari, G., Villa, M., 2001. A Nearctic pest of Pinaceae accidentally introduced into Europe: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in northern Italy. Entomological News, 112(2), 101-103.
  • Thor, M., Nohrstedt, H.O., Weslien, J., 1997. Possible environmental effects of stump treatment with borate, Phlebiopsis gigantea and urea—a literature study. Skog- forsk, Report 1/1997, 60 pp. ISSN 1103-6648.
  • Tian H., Yan A., 1989., A study on the splendid knot-horn moth (Diocrytria rubella Hampson). Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 13(1), 54–63.
  • Tigabu, M., Odén, P.C., Shen, T.Y., 2004. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of internal insect infestation in Picea abies seed lots. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34(1), 76-84.
  • Timonin, M.I., Fogal, W.H., Lopushanski, S.M., 1980. Possibility of using white and green muscardine fungi for control of cone and seed insect pests. The Canadian Entomologist, 112(8), 849-854.
  • Tosun, İ., 1977. Akdeniz Bölgesi İğne Yapraklı Ormanlarında Zarar Yapan Böcekler ve Önemli Türlerin Parazit Ve Yırtıcıları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Orman Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Sıra No: 612, Seri No: 24, İstanbul, S. 201.
  • Tovar, D.C., Montiel, J.T. M., Bolanos, R.C., Yates, H.O., Lara, J.F., 1995. Insectos forestales de México. US Department of Agriculture.
  • Trägårdh, I., 1917. Investigations into the insects injurious to the spruce and pine cones. Meddelanden från Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt, 13-14, 1141-1214.
  • Triggiani, O., 2016. Osservazioni sulla bioetologia della Dioryctria pineae (Stgr.) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) e sul suo parassitoide Elachertus geniculatus (Ratz.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Entomologica 21, 141-153.
  • Tripp, H.A., 1954. The instars of a maggot (Pegohylemyia) inhabiting white spruce cones. Canadian Entomologist, 86, 185-189.
  • Tripp, H.A., Hedlin, A.F., 1956. An ecological study and damage appraisal of white spruce cone insects. Forestry Chronicle, 32, 400-410.
  • Trudel, R., Bauce, É., Guertin, C., Cabana, J., 1999. Performance of the fir coneworm Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote) as affected by host species and presence or absence of seed cones. Agricultural and forest entomology, 1(3), 189-194.
  • Turgeon, J.J., Roques, A., Groot, P.D., 1994. Insect Fauna of Coniferous Seed Cones: Diversity, Host Plant Interactions, And Management. Annual Review Of Entomology, 39(1), 179-212.
  • Turgeon, J.J., Sweeney, J.D., 1993. Hosts and distribution of spruce cone maggots (Strobilomyia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and first record of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 125(4), 637-642.
  • Udval, B., Batkhuu, N.O., 2013. Seed and Cone Characteristics of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) From Diverse Seed Sources in Northern Mongolia. Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 16(1), 57-62.
  • Vanin, S., Uliana, M., Bonato, L., Maistrello, L., 2005. Nuove segnalazioni di Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera, Coreidae) nell’Italia nord-orientale. Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori, 30, 149.
  • Wainhouse, D., Inward, D.J.G., Morgan, G., 2014. Modelling Geographical Variation in Voltinism of Hylobius abietis Under Climate Change And Implications for Management. Agric. For. Entomol. 16, 136–146.
  • Wang, P.Y., Sung, S.M. 1985. Revision of Chinese coneworms Dioryctria of the sylvestrella group (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 28(3), 302-313.
  • Wang, R.L., 1997. Chemical control of cone pests of Pinus taiwanensis. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology 17(5), 42-46.
  • Werner, D.J., 2011. Die Amerikanische Koniferen-Samen-Wanze Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) als Neozoon in Europa und in Deutschland: Ausbreitung un Biologie. Entomologie heute 23, 31-68.
  • Weslien, J., 1999. Biological Control of the Spruce Coneworm Dioryatria abietella: Spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis Reduced Damage in a Seed Orchard. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14(2), 127-130.
  • Whitehouse, C.M., Roe, A.D., Strong, W.B., Evenden, M.L., Sperling, F.A.H., 2011. Biology and management of North American cone-feeding Dioryctria species. The Canadian Entomologist. 10.4039/n10-045.
  • Wiersma, N., 1978. Cone and seed insects in Europe. In: Proceedings Flowering and seed development in trees: a symposium, Mississippi State University, May 15-18, America, pp. 291304.
  • Yakovlev, B.P., 1960. On Hylemyia laricicola Karl (Diptera, Anthomyidae) injuring cones and seeds of the fir-tree in Karelia. Efntomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 39, 802-805.
  • Yüksel, B., 1996. Türkiye’de Doğu ladini (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.)’nde zarar yapan böcekler ve bazı türlerin yırtıcı ve parazitleri üzerine araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. Zahradnik, T.D., 2012. Exploitation of electromagnetic radiation as a foraging cue by conophagous insects (Doctoral dissertation, Science: Biological Sciences Department).
  • Zocca, A., Zanini, C., Aimi, A., Frigimelica, G., La Porta, N., & Battisti, A., 2008. Spread of plant pathogens and insect vectors at the northern range margin of cypress in Italy. Acta oecologica, 33(3), 307-313.
  • Zocchi, R., 1961. Contributo alla conoscenza degli Insetti delle piante forestali. V. Il Gen. Dioryctria Zell. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Italia. Redia 46, 9-11.
  • Zwolinski, J.B., Grey, D.C., Mather, J.A., 1989. Impact of pine woolly aphid, Pineus pini (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on cone development and seed production of Pinus pinaster in the southern Cape." South African Forestry Journal, 148(1), 1-6.
Toplam 174 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ergin Yilmaz 0000-0003-1471-3741

Sezgin Ayan 0000-0001-8077-0512

Sabri Ünal 0000-0002-3026-0597

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yilmaz, E., Ayan, S., & Ünal, S. (2022). İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1130967
AMA Yilmaz E, Ayan S, Ünal S. İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları. AOAD. Aralık 2022;8(2):127-141. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1130967
Chicago Yilmaz, Ergin, Sezgin Ayan, ve Sabri Ünal. “İğne Yapraklı Orman ağaçlarında Tohum Ve Kozalak zararlıları”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 127-41. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1130967.
EndNote Yilmaz E, Ayan S, Ünal S (01 Aralık 2022) İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 2 127–141.
IEEE E. Yilmaz, S. Ayan, ve S. Ünal, “İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları”, AOAD, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 127–141, 2022, doi: 10.53516/ajfr.1130967.
ISNAD Yilmaz, Ergin vd. “İğne Yapraklı Orman ağaçlarında Tohum Ve Kozalak zararlıları”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/2 (Aralık 2022), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1130967.
JAMA Yilmaz E, Ayan S, Ünal S. İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları. AOAD. 2022;8:127–141.
MLA Yilmaz, Ergin vd. “İğne Yapraklı Orman ağaçlarında Tohum Ve Kozalak zararlıları”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 127-41, doi:10.53516/ajfr.1130967.
Vancouver Yilmaz E, Ayan S, Ünal S. İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları. AOAD. 2022;8(2):127-41.