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Hikikomori: The Problematic of Escape and Isolation of The Modern Culture from Social Reality to Digital Orientations

Yıl 2017, , 19 - 30, 01.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2017.2.002.x

Öz

This paper deals with the phenomenon Hikikomori that has risen especially in Japan and other far-east countries and has acquired a global dimension each passing day. Hikikomori, which defines those who lock themselves in their room and who never go out of the room under the influence of socialisation factors such as education, occupation and family, can be interpreted as a symptom of technology and competition-based modern culture; so much so that today numerous parents even in Turkey complain about their children who are isolated to their world, who cannot communicate, who do not take responsibility and who lose themselves in technology-related orientations such as virtual identities in social networks, computer games, electronic consumption and online gambling. The case of Hikikomori that has been increased among the youth indicates both withdrawal and disengagement from external world. This article that aims to examine the causes as well as results of Hikikomori analyses the Japanese society-centred question as a sort of common trend that touches upon the contemporary world beyond locality. That is why, although essential references of this qualitative study is based on the far-eastern texts and films, its arguments and findings are about the liquid and fragile modernity that covers Turkish society.

Kaynakça

  • Agerholm, H. (2016). “Half a million young people in Japan barely leave their homes”. Independent. 25 Eylül 2016. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/young-people-japan-hikikomori- anxiety-a7329396.html.
  • BBC (2013). Hikikomori: Your stories about refusing to leave bedrooms, 18 Temmuz 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23255526
  • Benedict, R. (2005). Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bowker, M. H. (2016). Ideologies of Experience: Trauma, Failure, Deprivation, and the Abandonment of the Self. New York ve Oxon: Routledge.
  • Brinton, Mary (2011). Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Demir, Sertaç T. (2016). Dijital Aşklar: Sanallık ve Gerçeklik Arasında Bedenin, Mekânın ve İletişimin Tasarımı. TRT Akademi, 1 (2), 508–527.
  • Doi, T. (1981). The Anatomy of Dependence: The Key Analysis of Japanese Behavior. Tokyo: Kodansha International
  • Dziesinski, Michael J. (2003). Hikikomori: Investigations into the phenomenon of acute social withdrawal in contemporary Japan. (Research Paper), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Manoa.
  • Hein, P. (2009). How the Japanese Became Foreign to Themselves: The Impact of Globalization on the Private and Public Spheres in Japan. Münster: LIT Verlag.
  • Horiguchi, Sachiko (Ed.). (2013). Mental Health and Theraphy in Japan: Conceptions Practices and Challenges. Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Horiguchi, Sachiko (Eds). (2012). Hikikomori: How Private Isolation Caught the Public Eye. A Sociology of Japanese Youth: From Returnees to NEETs. London and New York: Routledge, 122- 138.
  • Kaneko, S. (2006). Japan’s Socially Withdrawn Youths and Time Constraints in Japanese Society, Time and Society, 15 (2-3): 233-249.
  • Leonardsen, D. (2010). Crime in Japan: Paradise Lost?. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare (2007) 10-dai, 20-dai wo chuushin to shita ‘hikikomori’ wo meguru http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/2003/07/tp0728-1.html. seishin hoken katsudou no gaidorain
  • Nakagaito, M. (2004). Hikikomoro wo umu shakai [The Society which generates social withdrawal], Japanese Journal of Addiction & Family, 21 (1): 17-26.
  • Nobel, J. (2010). Japan’s ‘Lonely Deaths’: A Business Opportunity, Time, 6 Nisan 2010, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1976952,00.html?xid=rss-topstories
  • Ronald, Richard ve Alexy, Allison (2011). Home and Family in Japan: Continuity and Transformation. Oxon ve New York: Routledge.
  • Rosen, Larry D. (2012). iDisorder: Understanding Our Obsession with Technology and Overcoming Its Hold on Us. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Saito, T. (1998). Shakaiteki Hikikomori: Owaranai Shishunki (Social Withdrawal: Ongoing Adolescence). Tokyo: PHP.
  • Saito, T. (2003). Hikikomori bunkaron [Cultural Theory of Hikikomori]. Tokto: Kinokuniya Shoten.
  • Sennett, R. (2003). Respect: The Formation of Character in a World of Inequality. London, New York, Victoria, Toronto, New Delhi, Auckland and Rosebank, Penguin Books.
  • Shimoyachi N. (2003). Group seeks care for socially withdrawn, 22 Nisan 2003, The Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/04/22/national/group-seeks-care-for-socially- withdrawn/#.WKgda_mLTcc
  • Teo, A. R. (2010). A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56 (2), 178–185.
  • Yong, R. and Kaneko, Y. (2016). Hikikomori, a Phenomenon of Social Withdrawal and Isolation in Young Adults Marked by an Anomic Response to Coping Difficulties: A Qualitative Study Exploring Individual Experiences from First- and Second-Person Perspectives. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 1-20.

Hikikomori: Toplumsal Gerçeklikten Dijital Yönelimlere Modern Kültürün Kaçış ve İzolasyon Sorunsalı

Yıl 2017, , 19 - 30, 01.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2017.2.002.x

Öz

Bu çalışma, özellikle Japonya ve diğer Uzak Doğu ülkelerinde yükselen ve her geçen küresel boyut kazanan hikikomori fenomenini ele almaktadır. Eğitim, meslek ve aile gibi toplumsallaşma faktörlerinin etkisi altında odalarına kapanan ve yıllarca oradan çıkmayan bireyleri tanımlayan hikikomori, teknoloji ve rekabet temelli modern kültürün bir semptomu olarak yorumlanabilir. Öyle ki bugün Türkiye’de bile sayısız ebeveyn, kendi dünyalarında izole olan, insanlarla iletişime geçemeyen, sorumluluk almayan ve sosyal ağlarda sanal kimlikler edinip; bilgisayar oyunları, elektronik tüketim ve online kumar gibi teknoloji eksenli yönelimler içinde kaybolan çocuklarından şikayet etmektedir. Sayısı özellikle gençler arasında artan hikikomori vakası, hem geri çekilmeyi hem de dış dünyadan kopuşu ifade etmektedir. Hikikomori’nin sonuçları kadar nedenlerini de sorgulamayı amaçlayan bu makale, söz konusu Japon toplumu sorunsalını yerelliğin ötesinde çağdaş dünyaya dokunan bir tür yaygın trend olarak analiz etmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu nitel çalışmanın temel referansları her ne kadar Uzak Doğu’ya ait metin ve filmlere dayandırılsa da, argüman ve çıkarımları, içinde Türk toplumunun da olduğu akışkan ve kırılgan moderniteye dairdir.

Kaynakça

  • Agerholm, H. (2016). “Half a million young people in Japan barely leave their homes”. Independent. 25 Eylül 2016. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/young-people-japan-hikikomori- anxiety-a7329396.html.
  • BBC (2013). Hikikomori: Your stories about refusing to leave bedrooms, 18 Temmuz 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23255526
  • Benedict, R. (2005). Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bowker, M. H. (2016). Ideologies of Experience: Trauma, Failure, Deprivation, and the Abandonment of the Self. New York ve Oxon: Routledge.
  • Brinton, Mary (2011). Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Demir, Sertaç T. (2016). Dijital Aşklar: Sanallık ve Gerçeklik Arasında Bedenin, Mekânın ve İletişimin Tasarımı. TRT Akademi, 1 (2), 508–527.
  • Doi, T. (1981). The Anatomy of Dependence: The Key Analysis of Japanese Behavior. Tokyo: Kodansha International
  • Dziesinski, Michael J. (2003). Hikikomori: Investigations into the phenomenon of acute social withdrawal in contemporary Japan. (Research Paper), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Manoa.
  • Hein, P. (2009). How the Japanese Became Foreign to Themselves: The Impact of Globalization on the Private and Public Spheres in Japan. Münster: LIT Verlag.
  • Horiguchi, Sachiko (Ed.). (2013). Mental Health and Theraphy in Japan: Conceptions Practices and Challenges. Critical Issues in Contemporary Japan. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Horiguchi, Sachiko (Eds). (2012). Hikikomori: How Private Isolation Caught the Public Eye. A Sociology of Japanese Youth: From Returnees to NEETs. London and New York: Routledge, 122- 138.
  • Kaneko, S. (2006). Japan’s Socially Withdrawn Youths and Time Constraints in Japanese Society, Time and Society, 15 (2-3): 233-249.
  • Leonardsen, D. (2010). Crime in Japan: Paradise Lost?. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare (2007) 10-dai, 20-dai wo chuushin to shita ‘hikikomori’ wo meguru http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/2003/07/tp0728-1.html. seishin hoken katsudou no gaidorain
  • Nakagaito, M. (2004). Hikikomoro wo umu shakai [The Society which generates social withdrawal], Japanese Journal of Addiction & Family, 21 (1): 17-26.
  • Nobel, J. (2010). Japan’s ‘Lonely Deaths’: A Business Opportunity, Time, 6 Nisan 2010, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1976952,00.html?xid=rss-topstories
  • Ronald, Richard ve Alexy, Allison (2011). Home and Family in Japan: Continuity and Transformation. Oxon ve New York: Routledge.
  • Rosen, Larry D. (2012). iDisorder: Understanding Our Obsession with Technology and Overcoming Its Hold on Us. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Saito, T. (1998). Shakaiteki Hikikomori: Owaranai Shishunki (Social Withdrawal: Ongoing Adolescence). Tokyo: PHP.
  • Saito, T. (2003). Hikikomori bunkaron [Cultural Theory of Hikikomori]. Tokto: Kinokuniya Shoten.
  • Sennett, R. (2003). Respect: The Formation of Character in a World of Inequality. London, New York, Victoria, Toronto, New Delhi, Auckland and Rosebank, Penguin Books.
  • Shimoyachi N. (2003). Group seeks care for socially withdrawn, 22 Nisan 2003, The Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/04/22/national/group-seeks-care-for-socially- withdrawn/#.WKgda_mLTcc
  • Teo, A. R. (2010). A New Form of Social Withdrawal in Japan: A Review of Hikikomori. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56 (2), 178–185.
  • Yong, R. and Kaneko, Y. (2016). Hikikomori, a Phenomenon of Social Withdrawal and Isolation in Young Adults Marked by an Anomic Response to Coping Difficulties: A Qualitative Study Exploring Individual Experiences from First- and Second-Person Perspectives. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 1-20.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sertaç Timur Demir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, S. T. (2017). Hikikomori: Toplumsal Gerçeklikten Dijital Yönelimlere Modern Kültürün Kaçış ve İzolasyon Sorunsalı. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 8(27), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2017.2.002.x