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Uluslararası Örgütlerin Ülkelerin Kalkınmalarına Etkileri: Baltık ve Orta Asya Ülkeleri Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 43 - 63, 30.06.2022

Öz

Uluslararası örgütlere üyelik, devletlerin bu örgütlere girerek taahhüt ettikleri kurallar çerçevesinde sürdürülmektedir. Bu kurallara uyum için devletlerin motivasyonu ise, ekonomik kalkınma, hukuksal sorunların çözümü, güç dengesi sağlayabilme, dış politikada ayrıcalık gibi devletlerin soyut veya somut güç kapasitelerine katkı sağlamaktır. Bu çalışma ise, AB ve SCO özelinde uluslararası örgütlerin, Baltık ve Orta Asya ülkeleri örneklerinden hareketle üyelerinin kalkınmalarına ne düzeyde katkı sağladığını karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koymayı hedeflemiştir. Ancak böylesi bir karşılaştırma için benzer koşullarda olan devletlerin durumlarını ele almak gereklidir. Bunun için de SSCB üyesiyken şimdi AB üyesi olan devletler ile eskiden SSCB üyesiyken, şimdi ŞİÖ üyesi devletlerin ekonomik kalkınmışlık seviyesinde bu örgütlerin rolü incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buradan hareketle bir devletin kalkınmışlığı konusunda üyesi olduğu uluslararası örgütlerin etkisi vardır. Ekonomik kalkınmanın desteklenmesi konusunda Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü ile Avrupa Birliği’ni kıyaslamak söz konusu olmamalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Adıbelli, Barış; Memmedov, Asım. Kan Kırmızısı Devrim, Bilim Gönül Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • Arı, Tayyar. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya: Rekabetten İşbiliğine, MKM Yayıncılık, Bursa, 2010.
  • Asian Development Bank. “Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources”, Asian Development Bank, Printed in Hong Kong, China, 2010. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27508/central-asia-atlas.pdf (01.05.2022)
  • BBC. “Rusya-Türkiye: Doğalgaz Hatlarıyla Gelen Ortaklık”, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/ekonomi/2014/12/141202_rusya_turkiye_dogalgaz. (01.05.2022).
  • Bichsel, Christine; Mukhabbatov, Kholnazar; Sherfenidov, Lenzi. “Land, Water, and Ecology”, Ferghana Valley: The Heart of Central Asia, Central Asia, S. Frederick Starr, et. al., (Eds.), M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2011, 253-277.
  • Bilinsky, Yaroslav. Endgame NATO's Enlargement The Baltic States and Ukraine, Praeger, USA, 1999.
  • Budak, Feyzullah. Kırgızistan: Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını, Ocak Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • Bush, George Walker. “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit”, 1990, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-the-congress-the-persian-gulf-crisis-and-the-federal-budget (01.05.2022)
  • Commonwealth of Independent States. “Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States”, 1993, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201819/volume-1819-I-31139-English.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Çatalbaş, Nazım; Yıldırım, Zubeyr. “Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Bütçe Açıklarının Nedenleri: Polonya ve Kırgızistan Örneği”, Sosyoekonomi, 7 (7), 2008, 133-155.
  • Denker, Sami; Karakurt, Oktay. “Avrasya’da Çin-Rus Yakınlaşması ve Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü (SCO)”, Dumlupınar Unüversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Haziran 2002, 1-18.
  • Dikkaya, Mehmet. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya: Dönüşüm ve Uluslararası Ekonomi Politik, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Earle, Beverley. “Bribery and Corruption in Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, and the Commonwealth of Independent States: What is to be Done,” Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 33: Iss. 3, Article 3. 2000, 483-513.
  • Elletson, Harold. Baltic Independence and Russian Foreign Energy Policy, GMB Publishing, London, 2006.
  • European Commission. “HR Key Figures”, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-commission-hr-key-figures_2017_en.pdf. (01.05.2022)
  • European Council. “Presidency Conclusions”, 1999, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/ACFA4C.htm (01.05.2022).
  • European Union. “Facts and Figures on the European Union Economy” 2022, https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/economy_en#measuring_the_eu%E2%80%99s_economy.%20https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/figures/economy_en. (01.05.2022)
  • European Union. “Treaty on European Union (Consolidated version 2016)”, Title V, General Provisions On The Union's External Action And Specific Provisions On The Common Foreign And Security Policy, 2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12016M/TXT&from=EN (01.05.2022).
  • Freedman, Eric. “Theoretical Foundations for Researching in the Roles of the Press in Today’s Central Asia”, After the Czars and Commissars: Journalism in Authoritarian Post-Soviet Central Asia, Eric Freedman; Richard Shafer (Eds.), Michigan State University Press, Michagan, 2011, 1-16.
  • Galliev, Andrei. “Crisis Factor in Kyrgyzstan: The Regional, Clan, and Political Struggle”, Journal of Social and Political Studies, Vol. 11, Issue. 3, 2010, 149-155.
  • Geybullayev, Geybulla; Arnold, Ulli. Kafkasya ve Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerinde Piyasa Ekonomisine Geçiş, Avrupa İlişkileri, Yatırımların Pazarlanması ve Yönlendirilmesi, Fakülte Kitabevi, Isparta, 2006.
  • Gray, Cheryl; Hellman, Joel; Ryterman, Randi. Anticorruption in Transition 2: Corruption in Enterprise-State Interactions in Europe and Central Asia 1999-2002, The World Bank Press, Washington, 2004.
  • Gray, S. Colin. The Geopolitics of Super Power, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky, 1988.
  • Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Agreed by the 8 Member States; The Islamic Republic of Iran becomes 9th member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”, 2021, https://en.mfa.ir/portal/NewsView/652127 (01.05.2022).
  • Jonson, Lena; Allison, Roy. “Central Asian Security: Internal and External Dynamics”, Central Asian Security: The New International Context, Roy Allison, Lena Jonson (Eds.), Brooking Institution Press, Washington, 2001, 1-23.
  • Jude, Anthony. “The Asian Development Bank’s Regional Perspectives, Policies and Issues Regarding Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development in Southeast Asia” Asia's Energy Trends and Developments: Innovation and Alternative Energy Supplies: Volume 1, Mark Hong, Amy Lugg (Eds.), World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2013, 215-237.
  • Kara, Abdulvahap; Yeşilot, Okan. Avrasya’nın Yükselen Yıldızı Kazakistan, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Karakaş Cemal. “Üye Olmadan Entegrasyon Mümkün mü? Türkiye’nin AB Üyeliğinin Hukuki Dayanakları ve Tam Üyelik Alternatifleri”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 4, Sayı 16, 2007, 23-49.
  • King, Gundar J et. al. “Corruption and Economic Development on The Baltic Littoral: Focus on Latvia”, Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2004, 329-345.
  • Kissenger, Henry A. “Russia A partner but not in NATO", The Washington Post, 2001, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/12/07/russia-a-partner-but-not-in-nato/b61cd02f-7d7f-43e8-ae76-2f06e50e2fa2/ (01.05.2022).
  • Krickus, Richard J. The Kaliningrad Question, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Lehti, Marco; Smith, David J. Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences, Routledge, London, 2003.
  • Lejins, Atis. “Joining the EU and NATO: Baltic Security Prospects at the Turn of the 21st Century” The Impact of European Integration Processes on Baltic Security: NATO Fellowship Programme Final Report, Daina Bleiere et al (Eds.), 1999, 5-12. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/ozolina.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Levesque, Jacques. “NATO’s Eastward Enlargement: An Instructive Historical Precedent”, The Future of NATO: Enlargement, Russia, and European Security, Charles Philippe David & Jacques Levesque (Eds.) McGill-Queen’s University Press, London, 1999, 158-167
  • Mackinder, Halford Jhon. “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, April 1904, 421-437.
  • McCauley, Robert N.; Chan, Eric. “Hong Kong and Shanghai: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow”, Financial Sector Development in the Pacific Rim, East Asia Seminar on Economics: Volume 18, Takatoshi Ito, Andrew K. Rose (Eds.), University of Chicago Press, 2009, 13-37.
  • McClaule, Martin. Afghanistan and Central Asia, A modern History, Longman, Great Britania, 2002.
  • McNamara, Eoin Michael. “Nordik-Baltık Bölgesinin Güvenliği” NATO Dergisi, 2016 https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2016/03/17/nordik-baltik-boelgesinin-guevenligi/index.html. (01.05.2022)
  • National Commission for Energy Control and Prices. “Annual Report on Electricity and Natural Gas Markets of the Republic of Lithuania to the European Commission”, Vilnius, 2016, https://www.ceer.eu/documents/104400/3736793/C16_NR_Lithuania-EN.pdf/1c379f34-4e09-7311-e715-5974e45eab3f (01.05.2022)
  • Nester, William. “Why Did Napoleon Do It? Hubris, Security Dilemmas, Brinksmanship, and the 1812 Russian Campaign”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol: 24, Issue: 3, 2013, 353-364.
  • Nogayeva, Ainur. Orta Asya’da ABD, Rusya ve Çin: Stratejik Denge Arayışları, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2011.
  • OECD. “Our Global Reach”, 2022, https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ (01.05.2022)
  • OECD. Asset Declarations for Public Officials: A Tool to Prevent Corruption, OECD Publishing, 2011.
  • OECDa. “Gross Domestic Product (GDP)”, 2022, https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm. (01.05.2022).
  • Öztan, Ece. “Baltık Devletleri”, Avrupa Birliği Ansiklopedisi (Birinci Cilt), Desmond Dinan (Ed.), Çev. Hale Akay, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Rislakki, Jukka. The Case for Latvia: disinformation Campaign Against a Small Nation, Rodopi Press, Amsterdam, 2008.
  • Rousselot, Helena. “The Energy Club of the SCO: A (Driving) Element of Regional Integration?”, Relations Internationales, Vol. 145, Issue. 1, 2011, 117-132.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “The Double Puzzle of EU Enlargement Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Decision to Expand to the East”, ECSA Sixth Biennial International Conferance, Pitsburg, 1999, 1-50 https://aei.pitt.edu/2379/1/002531.PDF (01.05.2022)
  • Scholving, Sören. “Geopolitics: An Overview of Concepts and Empirical Examples from International Relations”, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, FIIA Working Paper, 2016, https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/wp91-geopolitics.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Sheppard, David. “Lithuania Becomes First Ex-Soviet State to Buy US Natural Gas” Financial Times, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/33113758-8680-11e7-8bb1-5ba57d47eff7 (01.05.2022).
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The Effects of International Organizations on The Countries Developments: The Case of The Baltic and Central Asia States

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 43 - 63, 30.06.2022

Öz

Membership in international organizations is maintained within the framework of the rules that states undertake by entering these organizations. The motivation of states for compliance with these rules is to contribute to the intangible or tangible power capacities of states such as economic development, solution of legal problems, balance of power, privilege in foreign policy. This study aimed to comparatively reveal the extent to which international organizations, in particular the EU and SCO, contribute to the development of their members, based on the examples of Baltic and Central Asian countries. For this, the role of these organizations in the level of economic development of the SCO member states, which were former members of the USSR, now EU member states and formerly USSR member states, has been tried to be examined. From this point of view, international organizations of which it is a member have an impact on the development of a state. Comparing the SCO and the EU in promoting economic development should not be out of the question.

Kaynakça

  • Adıbelli, Barış; Memmedov, Asım. Kan Kırmızısı Devrim, Bilim Gönül Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • Arı, Tayyar. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya: Rekabetten İşbiliğine, MKM Yayıncılık, Bursa, 2010.
  • Asian Development Bank. “Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources”, Asian Development Bank, Printed in Hong Kong, China, 2010. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27508/central-asia-atlas.pdf (01.05.2022)
  • BBC. “Rusya-Türkiye: Doğalgaz Hatlarıyla Gelen Ortaklık”, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/ekonomi/2014/12/141202_rusya_turkiye_dogalgaz. (01.05.2022).
  • Bichsel, Christine; Mukhabbatov, Kholnazar; Sherfenidov, Lenzi. “Land, Water, and Ecology”, Ferghana Valley: The Heart of Central Asia, Central Asia, S. Frederick Starr, et. al., (Eds.), M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2011, 253-277.
  • Bilinsky, Yaroslav. Endgame NATO's Enlargement The Baltic States and Ukraine, Praeger, USA, 1999.
  • Budak, Feyzullah. Kırgızistan: Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını, Ocak Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • Bush, George Walker. “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit”, 1990, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-the-congress-the-persian-gulf-crisis-and-the-federal-budget (01.05.2022)
  • Commonwealth of Independent States. “Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States”, 1993, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201819/volume-1819-I-31139-English.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Çatalbaş, Nazım; Yıldırım, Zubeyr. “Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Bütçe Açıklarının Nedenleri: Polonya ve Kırgızistan Örneği”, Sosyoekonomi, 7 (7), 2008, 133-155.
  • Denker, Sami; Karakurt, Oktay. “Avrasya’da Çin-Rus Yakınlaşması ve Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü (SCO)”, Dumlupınar Unüversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Haziran 2002, 1-18.
  • Dikkaya, Mehmet. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya: Dönüşüm ve Uluslararası Ekonomi Politik, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Earle, Beverley. “Bribery and Corruption in Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, and the Commonwealth of Independent States: What is to be Done,” Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 33: Iss. 3, Article 3. 2000, 483-513.
  • Elletson, Harold. Baltic Independence and Russian Foreign Energy Policy, GMB Publishing, London, 2006.
  • European Commission. “HR Key Figures”, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-commission-hr-key-figures_2017_en.pdf. (01.05.2022)
  • European Council. “Presidency Conclusions”, 1999, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/ACFA4C.htm (01.05.2022).
  • European Union. “Facts and Figures on the European Union Economy” 2022, https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/economy_en#measuring_the_eu%E2%80%99s_economy.%20https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/figures/economy_en. (01.05.2022)
  • European Union. “Treaty on European Union (Consolidated version 2016)”, Title V, General Provisions On The Union's External Action And Specific Provisions On The Common Foreign And Security Policy, 2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12016M/TXT&from=EN (01.05.2022).
  • Freedman, Eric. “Theoretical Foundations for Researching in the Roles of the Press in Today’s Central Asia”, After the Czars and Commissars: Journalism in Authoritarian Post-Soviet Central Asia, Eric Freedman; Richard Shafer (Eds.), Michigan State University Press, Michagan, 2011, 1-16.
  • Galliev, Andrei. “Crisis Factor in Kyrgyzstan: The Regional, Clan, and Political Struggle”, Journal of Social and Political Studies, Vol. 11, Issue. 3, 2010, 149-155.
  • Geybullayev, Geybulla; Arnold, Ulli. Kafkasya ve Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerinde Piyasa Ekonomisine Geçiş, Avrupa İlişkileri, Yatırımların Pazarlanması ve Yönlendirilmesi, Fakülte Kitabevi, Isparta, 2006.
  • Gray, Cheryl; Hellman, Joel; Ryterman, Randi. Anticorruption in Transition 2: Corruption in Enterprise-State Interactions in Europe and Central Asia 1999-2002, The World Bank Press, Washington, 2004.
  • Gray, S. Colin. The Geopolitics of Super Power, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky, 1988.
  • Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Agreed by the 8 Member States; The Islamic Republic of Iran becomes 9th member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”, 2021, https://en.mfa.ir/portal/NewsView/652127 (01.05.2022).
  • Jonson, Lena; Allison, Roy. “Central Asian Security: Internal and External Dynamics”, Central Asian Security: The New International Context, Roy Allison, Lena Jonson (Eds.), Brooking Institution Press, Washington, 2001, 1-23.
  • Jude, Anthony. “The Asian Development Bank’s Regional Perspectives, Policies and Issues Regarding Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development in Southeast Asia” Asia's Energy Trends and Developments: Innovation and Alternative Energy Supplies: Volume 1, Mark Hong, Amy Lugg (Eds.), World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2013, 215-237.
  • Kara, Abdulvahap; Yeşilot, Okan. Avrasya’nın Yükselen Yıldızı Kazakistan, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Karakaş Cemal. “Üye Olmadan Entegrasyon Mümkün mü? Türkiye’nin AB Üyeliğinin Hukuki Dayanakları ve Tam Üyelik Alternatifleri”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 4, Sayı 16, 2007, 23-49.
  • King, Gundar J et. al. “Corruption and Economic Development on The Baltic Littoral: Focus on Latvia”, Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2004, 329-345.
  • Kissenger, Henry A. “Russia A partner but not in NATO", The Washington Post, 2001, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/12/07/russia-a-partner-but-not-in-nato/b61cd02f-7d7f-43e8-ae76-2f06e50e2fa2/ (01.05.2022).
  • Krickus, Richard J. The Kaliningrad Question, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Lehti, Marco; Smith, David J. Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences, Routledge, London, 2003.
  • Lejins, Atis. “Joining the EU and NATO: Baltic Security Prospects at the Turn of the 21st Century” The Impact of European Integration Processes on Baltic Security: NATO Fellowship Programme Final Report, Daina Bleiere et al (Eds.), 1999, 5-12. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/ozolina.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Levesque, Jacques. “NATO’s Eastward Enlargement: An Instructive Historical Precedent”, The Future of NATO: Enlargement, Russia, and European Security, Charles Philippe David & Jacques Levesque (Eds.) McGill-Queen’s University Press, London, 1999, 158-167
  • Mackinder, Halford Jhon. “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, April 1904, 421-437.
  • McCauley, Robert N.; Chan, Eric. “Hong Kong and Shanghai: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow”, Financial Sector Development in the Pacific Rim, East Asia Seminar on Economics: Volume 18, Takatoshi Ito, Andrew K. Rose (Eds.), University of Chicago Press, 2009, 13-37.
  • McClaule, Martin. Afghanistan and Central Asia, A modern History, Longman, Great Britania, 2002.
  • McNamara, Eoin Michael. “Nordik-Baltık Bölgesinin Güvenliği” NATO Dergisi, 2016 https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2016/03/17/nordik-baltik-boelgesinin-guevenligi/index.html. (01.05.2022)
  • National Commission for Energy Control and Prices. “Annual Report on Electricity and Natural Gas Markets of the Republic of Lithuania to the European Commission”, Vilnius, 2016, https://www.ceer.eu/documents/104400/3736793/C16_NR_Lithuania-EN.pdf/1c379f34-4e09-7311-e715-5974e45eab3f (01.05.2022)
  • Nester, William. “Why Did Napoleon Do It? Hubris, Security Dilemmas, Brinksmanship, and the 1812 Russian Campaign”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol: 24, Issue: 3, 2013, 353-364.
  • Nogayeva, Ainur. Orta Asya’da ABD, Rusya ve Çin: Stratejik Denge Arayışları, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2011.
  • OECD. “Our Global Reach”, 2022, https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/ (01.05.2022)
  • OECD. Asset Declarations for Public Officials: A Tool to Prevent Corruption, OECD Publishing, 2011.
  • OECDa. “Gross Domestic Product (GDP)”, 2022, https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm. (01.05.2022).
  • Öztan, Ece. “Baltık Devletleri”, Avrupa Birliği Ansiklopedisi (Birinci Cilt), Desmond Dinan (Ed.), Çev. Hale Akay, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Rislakki, Jukka. The Case for Latvia: disinformation Campaign Against a Small Nation, Rodopi Press, Amsterdam, 2008.
  • Rousselot, Helena. “The Energy Club of the SCO: A (Driving) Element of Regional Integration?”, Relations Internationales, Vol. 145, Issue. 1, 2011, 117-132.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “The Double Puzzle of EU Enlargement Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Decision to Expand to the East”, ECSA Sixth Biennial International Conferance, Pitsburg, 1999, 1-50 https://aei.pitt.edu/2379/1/002531.PDF (01.05.2022)
  • Scholving, Sören. “Geopolitics: An Overview of Concepts and Empirical Examples from International Relations”, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, FIIA Working Paper, 2016, https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/wp91-geopolitics.pdf (01.05.2022).
  • Sheppard, David. “Lithuania Becomes First Ex-Soviet State to Buy US Natural Gas” Financial Times, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/33113758-8680-11e7-8bb1-5ba57d47eff7 (01.05.2022).
  • Smith, David J. “Editor’s Introduction: The Baltic States and Their Region: New Europe or Old?”, The Baltic States and Their Region New Europe or Old, David J. Smith (Ed). Rodopi Press, Netherlands, 2005, 1-10.
  • The Treaty of Rome. “Article 237”, 1957 March, https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf. (01.05.2022)
  • The World Bank. “GDP Per Capita (constant 2015 US$) - Estonia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Latvia”, 2015, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?end=1995&locations=EE-KZ-LT-KG-TJ-LV-UZ&start=1995&view=bar (01.05.2022)
  • The World Bank. “GDP per capita (constant 2020 US$) - Estonia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Latvia, Uzbekistan”, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?end=2020&locations=EE-KZ-LT-KG-TJ-LV-UZ&start=2020&view=bar (01.05.2022).
  • Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index”, 2001, https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2000 (01.05.2022)
  • Transparency International. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2016”, 2017, https://www.transparency.org/en/news/corruption-perceptions-index-2016 (01.05.2022)
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. “Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kırım Savaşı”, Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı Yayın Nu. 84. Ankara, 2006, https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/cdn/file/download?fileId=110 (01.05.2022).
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Avrupa Birliği'nin Genişlemesi”, 2020, https://www.ab.gov.tr/109.html (01.05.2022)
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Ülke Künyesi”, 2022, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/litvanya-kunyesi.tr.mfa (01.05.2022)
  • Ubiria, Grigol. Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations, Routledge, London, 2016.
  • Uhlin, Anders. Post-Soviet Civil Society: Democratization in Russia and the Baltic States, Routledge Press, New York, 2006.
  • Wright, Patrick. Iron Curtain, From Stage to Cold War, Oxford Unıversity Press, Oxford, 2007.
  • Zaneta, Ozolina. “European security and defence Policy. The Latvian Perspective”, New Security Issues in Northern Europe: The Nordic and Baltic States and the ESDP, Clive Archer (Ed.), Routledge, Oxon, 2008, 113-138.
  • Zhumakunova, Tolkun; Abdiyeva, Raziyahan. “Kırgızistan’da Devlet Borçları ve Borç Yönetimi”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(2), 2021, 1070-1082.
  • Zielonka, Jan. Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford University Press. New York, 2006.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Gürdal 0000-0001-5110-6524

Selim Kanat 0000-0003-2663-3757

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürdal, E., & Kanat, S. (2022). The Effects of International Organizations on The Countries Developments: The Case of The Baltic and Central Asia States. Academic Knowledge, 5(1), 43-63.

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