Ambiguity on Definitions of Memorate Concept and an Attempt to Definition

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 181 - 211, 30.08.2018

Ahmet Tacetdin Hallaç

https://doi.org/10.34083/akaded.447435

Cited By: 1

Öz

Myth, fairy tales, legends, folk stories, anecdotes, which have
been accepted for a long time in prose narrative tradition, have been studied
with various methods of investigation and they have continued to be expanded. There
is no doubt that a new species called "memorate" has been added to
these species, which have been frequently discussed, in a short time has been
instrumental in the emergence of great differences of opinion. The so-called
"memorate", which is the center of our production, caused problems in
Europe with the inclusion of terminology in 1934 and in American folklore
studies since the 1970s. The concept of "memorate" and "fabulate",
which was invented by Von Sydow and has basic definitions together, is related
to not only what is happening but also what is not and therefore these concepts
have been tried to be defined in various ways for a long time. It is worth
noting that the attempts to draw the boundaries of this definition and
conception partly helped to put the concept on the ground, but a comprehensive
consensus never emerged. The reason is that these two concepts are perceived in
different forms. We think it would be more appropriate to complete this work in
three stages. In this respect, we will examine the emergence of the concept in
the first part and the definitions on this concept, the second part on the
problems of definitions of "memorate" and "fabulate", and
the third part on the basis of all the obtained data and studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Memorate, Fabulate, Personal Experience Narrative

Memorat Kavramının Tanımlarındaki Belirsizlik ve Bir Tanım Denemesi

Öz

Nesir anlatı geleneği içerisinde uzun zamandır kabul
görmüş olan mit, masal, efsane, halk hikayesi, fıkra türleri çeşitli inceleme
metotlarıyla ele alınıp araştırmalar genişletilmeye devam etmiştir. Sık sık ele
alınan bu türlerin yanına, “memorat” adında yeni bir tür eklenmiş olması hiç
şüphe yok ki kısa zamanda büyük görüş ayrılıklarının ortaya çıkmasına vesile
olmuştur. Makalemizin merkezini teşkil eden ve “memorat” adı verilen anlatılar,
1934 senesinde terminolojiye dahil olmasıyla birlikte Avrupa’da, 1970’lerden
itibaren ise Amerika halkbilim çalışmalarında birtakım sorunlara sebep
olmuştur. Von Sydow tarafından ortaya atılan ve beraberinde temel tanımlara
sahip olan “memorat” ve “fabulat” kavramı, yalnızca ne olduğu ile alakalı
değil, ne olmadığı ile alakalı da ifadeler içerdiğinden dolayı uzun müddet
boyunca bu iki kavram çeşitli şekillerde tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu
tanımlama ve kavramın sınırlarını çizme denemeleri kısmen kavramın bir zemine
oturtulmasına fayda sağlamıştır fakat kapsamlı bir mutabakatın kesinlikle
ortaya çıkmadığını da belirtmek gerekir. Bunun sebebi ise bu iki kavramın
farklı şekillerde algılanmasıdır. Bu çalışmayı üç aşama ile tamamlamanın daha
isabetli olacağını düşünmekteyiz. Bu bakımdan ilk kısımda kavramın ortaya
çıkışı ve bu kavram üzerine yapılan tanımları, ikinci kısımda “memorat” ve
“fabulat” kavramlarına ait tanımlardaki sorunları ele alacağız ve üçüncü
kısımda ise elde edilen bütün veriler ve çalışmalar ışığında bir tanım
denemesinde bulunacağız.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Memorat, Fabulat, Şahsi Tecrübe Hikayesi

Kaynakça

• Badone, Ellen. (2004). “Death Omens in a Breton Memorate”. Death, Mourning, and Burial: A Cross-Cultural Reader. A. C. Robben (ed.). Malden & Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 65-70.
• Baker, Roland. L. (2007). “Folk Narrative”. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. A. R. Cayton, R. Sisson, & C. Zacher (ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 397-400.
• Barber, Paul. (1997). “Transformation”. Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music and Art. Thomas. A. Green (ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 803-805.
• Barnouw, Victor. (1977). Wisconsin Chippewa Myths & Tales and Their Relation to Chippewa Life. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin.
• Bennett, Gillian. (1985, April). Aspects of supernatural Belief, Memorate and Legend in a Contemporary Urban Environment. Doktora Tezi. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Department of English Language.
• Bennett, Gillian. (1988). “Legend: Performance and Truth”. Monsters with Iron Teeth: Perspectives on Contemporary Legend. Gillian Bennett ve Paul Smith (ed.). 3: 12-36.
• Blehr, Otto. (1967). “The Analysis of Folk Belief Stories and its Implications for Research on Folk Prose”. Fabula. (9): 259-263.
• Boas, Franz. (1940). Race, Language and Culture. New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Bremmer, Jan N. (1987). The Early Greek Concept of the Soul. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Christiansen, Reidar Thoralf. (1958). The Migratory Legends: A Proposed List of Types with a Systematic Catalogue of the Norwegian Variants (Cilt Folklore Fellows Communications, 175). Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.
• Colombo, John Robert. (1992). UFOs Over Canada: Personal Accounts of Sightings and Close Encounters. Toronto: Hounslow Press.
• Colombo, John Robert. (1995). Ghost Stories of Ontario. Toronto: Hounslow Press.
• Colombo, John Robert. (1996). Haunted Toronto. Toronto: Hounslow Press.
• Çobanoğlu, Özkul. (2015). Türk Halk Kültüründe Memoratlar ve Halk İnançları. Ankara: Akçağ.
• Danesi, Marcel. (2008). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
• Dégh, Linda. (2001). Legend and Belief: Dialectics of a Folklore Genre. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
• Dégh, Linda. (1985). “Dial a Story, Dial an Audience: Two Rural Women Narrators in an Urban Setting”. Women's Folklore, Women's Culture. Rosan A. Jordan ve
• Susan J. Kalčik (ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
• Dixon-Kennedy, Mike. (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
• Ellis, Bill. (1988). “The Fast Food Ghost: A Study in the Supematural's Capacity to Survive Secularization”. Monsters with Iron Teeth: Perspectives on Contemporary Legend. Gillian. Bennett ve Paul. Smith (ed.), 3: 37-78.
• Ellis, Bill. (1997). “Dite”. Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art (Cilt 1). Thomas. A. Green (ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
• Fromm, Erich. (1992). Rüyalar, Masallar, Mitoslar (Sembol Dilinin Çözümlenmesi). A. Arıtan, ve K. H. Ökten (Çev.) İstanbul: Arıtan Yayınevi.
• Gabbert, Lisa. (2000). “Religious Belief and Everyday Knowledge: A Functional Analysis of the Legend Dialectic”. Contemporary Legend, 3: 108-126.
• Graham, Joe. (1981). “The Caso: An Emic Genre of Folk Narrative”. And Other Neighborly Names: Social Process and Cultural Image in Texas Folklore. Richard Bauman ve R. D. Abrahams (ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 11-43.
• Granberg, Gunnar. (1935). “Memorat und Sage: Einige methodische Gesichtspunkte”. Saga och Sed, 120-127.
• Granberg, Gunnar. (2002). “Memoraat ja muistend ‘Mõned metodoloogilised vaatepunktid’". Mäetagused, 20: 44-50.
• Haavio, Martti. (1942). Suomalaiset kodinhaltiat. Porvoo: WSOY.
• Hallaç, Ahmet Tacetdin. (2017). Memorat Türü ve Adana Memoratları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aksaray : Aksaray Üniversitesi.
• Hallissy, Margaret. (2006). Reading Irish-American Fiction: The Hyphenated Self. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Halpert, Herbert. (1971). “Definition and Variation in Folk Legend”. American Folk Legend A Symposium. Wayland D. Hand (ed.). University of California Press. 47-54.
• Hartmann, Elisabeth. (1936). Die Trollvorstellungen in den Sagen und Märchen der skandinavischen Völker. Stuttgart-Berlin: W. Kohlhammer.
• Hazard, Paul. (1973). Batı Düşüncesinde Büyük Değişme (La crise de la Conscience Europeenne). Erol Güngör (çev.). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi
• Honko, Lauri. (1964). “Memorates and the Study of Folk Beliefs”. Journal of the Folklore Institute, 1(1/2): 5-19.
• Honko, Lauri. (1989). “Folkloristic Theories of Genre”. Studia Fennica, 33: 13-29.
• Hultkrantz, Åke. (1979). “Discussion”. Science of Religion. Studies in Methodology, Religion and Reason: Method and Theory in the Study and Interpretation of Religion. Lauri Honko (ed.). Hague: Walter De Gruyter. 80-86.
• Ivanits, Linda J. (1989). Russian Folk Belief. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
• Jolles, Andre. (2017). Simple Forms. P. J. Schwartz (Çev.) London: Verso Books.
• Kiefer, Emma Emily. (1947). Albert Wesselski and Recent Folktale Theories. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications.
• Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. (1989). “Authoring Lives”. Journal of Folklore Research, 26(2): 123-149.
• Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. (1998). “Folklore's Crisis”. The Journal of American Folklore, 111(441): 281-327.
• Kluckhohn, Clyde. (1945). “The Personal Document in Anthropological Science”. The Use of Personal Documents in History, Anthropology, and Sociology. New York: Social Science Research Council. 79-173.
• Korom, Frank J. (1997). “Language, Belief, and Experience in Bengali Folk Religion”. Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies. Eli Franco, & Karin Preisendanz (ed.). Amsterdam – Atlanta: Rodopi. 567-586.
• Kvideland, Reimund. (1990). “Christian Memorates in Norwegian Revival Movements”. Storytelling in Contemporary Societies. Lutz. Röhrich ve S. Wienker-Piepho (ed.). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen. 61-70.
• Kvideland, Reimund, ve Sehmsdorf, Henning K. (1999). Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Labov, William. (2011). “Narratives of Personal Experience”. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences. P. C. Hogan (ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 546-548.
• Mullen, Patrick B. (1971). “The Relationship Folk Belief and Legend”, The Journal of American Folklore. 84(334): 406-413.
• Mullen, Patrick B. (1978). I Heard the Old Fisherman Say: Folklore of the Texas Gulf Coast. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press.
• Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1988).” German Sage and English Legend: Terminology and Conceptual Problems”. Monsters with Iron Teeth: Perspectives on Contemporary Legend. Gillian Bennett ve Paul Smith (ed.), 3: 79-87.
• Nietzsche, Friedrich. (2003). Nietzsche: The Gay Science: With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs. B. Williams (ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• O'Connor, Anne. (2005). The Blessed and the Damned Sinful Women and Unbaptised Children in Irish Folklore. Bern/Oxford: Peter Lang.
• Olson, Laura. J. ve Adonyeva, Svetlana. (2012). The Worlds of Russian Village Women: Tradition, Transgression, Compromise. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
• On the Field and Work of a Journal of American Folk-Lore. (1888). The Journal of American Folklore, 1(1): 3-7.
• Pehlivan, Gürol. (2009). “Dinî Şahsiyetler Hakkında Oluşan Anlatılar”. Milli Folklor, 21(83): 88-96.
• Pentikäinen, Juha. (1973). “Belief, Memorate and Legend”. Folklore Forum, 6(4), 217-241.
• Pentikäinen, Juha. (1977). “Religio-Anthropological Depth Research”. The Concept and Dynamics of Culture. B. Bernardi (ed.). The Hague: Mouton Publishers. 569-589.
• Pentikäinen, Juha. (1997). “Memorate”. Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art (Cilt 2). ABC-CLIO. 553-554.
• Propp, Vladimir IAkovlevich. (2012). The Russian Folktale. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
• Rosenberg Bruce A. (1991). Folklore & Literature Rival Siblings. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
• Röhrich, Lutz. (1971). Sage. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. doi:10.1007/978-3-476-98777-8
• Simpson, Jacqueline ve Roud, Stephen. (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Slotkin, Edgar. M. (1988). “Legend Genre as a Function of Audience”. Monsters with Iron Teeth: Perspectives on Contemporary Legend. Gillian Bennett ve Paul Smith (ed.), 3: 89-112.
• Sokolov, Boris ve Sokolov, Iurii. (1915). Skazki i pesni Belozerskogo kraia. Moscow: A. I. Snegirevoi.
• Stahl, S. K. (1977). “The Oral Personal Narrative in Its Generic Context”. Fabula, 18(1): 18–39.
• Stahl, S. K. (1989). Literary Folkloristics and the Personal Narrative. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Sweterlitsch, R. (1996). “Memorate”. American Folklore An Encylopedia. Jan Harold Brunvand (ed.) New York & London: Garland Publishing. 990-992.
• Sydow, Carl. Wilhelm. (1977). Selected Papers on Folklore. New York: Arno Press.
• Şeşen, Ramazan. (2013). İbn Fadlan Seyahatnamesi ve Ekleri. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.
• Tanyu, Hikmet. (1968). Türklerde Taşla İlgili İnançlar. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Thursby Jacqueline S. (2006). Story: A Handbook. Westport: Greenwood Press.
• Walker, Janelle L. (1995). “A Perspective on the Use of Personal Texts in Folklore”. The Folklore Historian Journal of the Folklore and History Section of the American Folklore Society, 12: 29-38