Laktik Asit Bakterileri Tarafından Üretilen Ekzopolisakkaritler ve Terapötik Etkileri

Yıl 2022, , 412 - 429, 27.12.2022

Duygu Zehir Şentürk Tülin Uçar Ömer Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1224359

Öz

Ekzopolisakaritler, tekrarlanan şeker birimlerinin glikozidik bağ ile bir araya gelmesi ile oluşmuş polimerler olup çok çeşitli mikroorganizma, bitki ve hayvan tarafından üretilebilmektedir. En önemli üreticilerinden biri laktik asit bakterileridir (LAB). Bu polimerler sentezlendikleri hücreye kovalent bağlarla bağlı bulunabileceği gibi, ortama salgılanarak hücreye elektrostatik kuvvetle zayıf bir biçimde de bağlı olabilir. Bulundukları hücreyi düşük su aktivitesi, ozmotik stres, bakteriyofajlar, toksik bileşikler vb. durumlara karşı korumaktadırlar. Sentez mekanizması da dahil olmak üzere ekzopolisakkaritler arasında içerdikleri şeker biriminin çeşit ve sayısı, molekül ağırlığı, yan zincirlerin varlığı, yükü gibi özelliklerle çok çeşitli farklılıklar gözlemlenir ve bu durum çeşitli fonksiyonel özellikte benzersiz yapıda ekzopolisakkaritlerin oluşumunu sağlar. LAB tarafından üretilen ekzopolisakkaritler toksik olmayışı ve biyo-bozunur özelliği başta olmak üzere tekstürel yapı ve organoleptik kaliteyi olumlu yönde etkilediğinden gıda sistemlerinde çok yaygın bir kullanım alanı bulmuştur. Günümüzde ekzopolisakkaritlerin teknolojik özelliklerinin yanı sıra çeşitli çalışmalar ışığında antioksidan, anti-tümör, prebiyotik, yara iyileştirici, anti diyabetik ve kolesterol seviyesini düzenleyici gibi birçok biyolojik fonksiyonu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu derlemede literatürde yer alan çalışmalar eşliğinde ekzopolisakaritlerin yapısı ve sağlık üzerine bazı etkileri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Laktik asit bakterisi, Ekzopolisakkarit, Sağlık

Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Therapeutic Effects

Öz

Exopolysaccharides are polymers formed by the combination of repeated sugar units with glycosidic bonds and can be produced by a wide variety of microorganisms, plants and animals. One of the most important producers is lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These polymers can be covalently bound to the cell in which they are synthesized, or they can be secreted into the environment and be weakly bound to the cell by electrostatic force. They may protect the cell that they are in against factors such as low water activity, osmotic stress, bacteriophages and toxic compounds. Including their synthesis mechanism, a wide variety of differences in the properties of exopolysaccharides such as the type and number of sugar units they contain, molecular weight, the presence of side chains and charge have been reported, and these differences lead to the formation of exopolysaccharides with various functional properties and unique structures. Exopolysaccharides produced by LAB have found a very common uses in food systems because they influence the textural structure and organoleptic quality, especially with their non-toxicity and biodegradable feature. In addition to the technological properties of exopolysaccharides, many biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, prebiotic, wound-healing, antidiabetic and cholesterol level regulation have been revealed in the light of various studies. In this review, the structure of exopolysaccharides and some of their beneficial effects on human health are presented by means of the relevant studies in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lactic acid bacteria, Exopolysaccharide, Health

Kaynakça

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