Araştırma Makalesi
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Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye

Yıl 2024, , 26 - 32, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424

Öz

As the negative effects of climate change are amplified, the agriculture sector is becoming more fragile. Food security is under risk because agriculture is highly dependent on climatic conditions and availability of water resources all over the world. For this reason, the concepts of virtual water and water footprint have begun to gain importance as decision-support tools for the effective and efficient use of water. However, there is a gap in the literature, where few studies focus on virtual water trade. Given the increasing stress caused by reasons such as the scarcity of water resources and climate change, this concept is likely to gain serious attention in the coming years. Türkiye is a water-stressed country whose water resources are decreasing due to the impact of climate change. More effective water management is needed to meet the increasing demand. In this study, virtual water was determined for Türkiye's agricultural export, and it was observed that crops with high water footprint but low economic returns were also exported in large amounts. It was revealed that the virtual amount of water exported by the evaluated crops was 5.9 billion m3 annually. This value is high enough to meet the domestic water needs of a metropolitan city like Istanbul for seven years. It is evident that water footprint and virtual water concepts would help decision makers to support optimized water consumption and sustainable water management.

Kaynakça

  • [1] World Food Program. (2023). “Who We Are”. Access date: 14.12.2023. URL: https://www.wfp.org/who-we-are.
  • [2] World Bank. (2022). “What You Need to Know About Food Security and Climate Change”. Access date: 08.11.2023. URL: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/10/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-food-security-and-climate-change
  • [3] IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp.
  • [4] Cüce, H. (2023). Climate Change-related natural disasters: environmental effects and sustainable monitoring. International Journal of Environmental Trends, 7(2), 113-125.
  • [5] Cüce, H. (2018). Circular environmental policies in the industrial production. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(2) 111-122.
  • [6] FAO. (2022). “Water Use”. Access date: 19.03.2024. URL: https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/overview/methodology/water-use.
  • [7] Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. General Directorate of Water Management. (2016). ClimaHydro Project. Project Final Report.
  • [8] State Hydraulic Works (SHW). (2022). “Soil Water Resources”. Last access: 05.09.2023. URL: https://www.dsi.gov.tr/Sayfa/Detay/754#:~:text=%C3%9Clkemizde%20ki%C5%9Fi%20ba%C5%9F%C4%B1na%20d%C3%BC%C5%9Fen%20kullan%C4%B1labilir,ise%201%20346%20m3%20olmu%C5%9Ftur.
  • [9] Malin Falkenmark, J.L. (1989). Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches. Aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development. Natural Resources Forum, 258-267.
  • [10] Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007). Human appropriation of natural capital: Comparing ecological footprint and water footprint analysis. Value of Water Research Report Series. No. 23.
  • [11] Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M., Mekonnen, M.M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. London, UK: Earthscan.
  • [12] Water Footprint Network. (2024). “What Is Water Footprint?” Access date: 23.03.2024. URL: https://waterfootprint.org/en/water-footprint/what-is-water-footprint/
  • [13] Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) Virtual Water Trade. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Value of Water Research Series, 12.
  • [14] Hoekstra, A.Y., Hung, P.Q. (2005). Globalization of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Change, 15(1), 45-56.
  • [15] WWF Türkiye. (2014). “Türkiye’s Water Risks Report”. Access date: 23.01.2024. URL: http://awsassets.wwftr.panda.org/downloads/Türkiyenin_su_riskleri__raporu_web.pdf.
  • [16] UN Comtrade. (2021). Access date: 27.12.2023. URL: https://comtradeplus.un.org/
  • [17] Water Footprint Statistics (WaterStat). Access date: 30.03.2024 URL: https://wbwaterdata.org/dataset/waterstat-water-footprint-statistics/resource/d0b18086-90ca-45a3-8e01-edc9daf60aa7?view_id=5c6856b4-cf01-4bd0-ab5c-94dc92a7df15
  • [18] Mekonnen, M.M. Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
  • [19] Al-Badri, B.H. Mohammad, M., Khalid, J.O. (2023). The water footprint and virtual water and their effect on food security in Iraq. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1222 012023.
  • [20] Uçar Islam, B. (2023). Food Export and Virtual Water Trade of Türkiye in the Context of Climate Change. Master’s Thesis. Ankara University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • [21] TURKSTAT. (2023). Access date: 01.04.2024 URL: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.

Türkiye'nin Tarımsal Sanal Su İhracatının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, , 26 - 32, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424

Öz

İklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkileri arttıkça tarım sektörü daha da kırılgan hale gelmektedir. Tarımın tüm dünyada büyük ölçüde iklim koşullarına ve su kaynaklarına bağımlı olması nedeniyle gıda güvencesi tehlikeye girmektedir. Bu nedenle suyun etkin ve verimli kullanılmasında karar destek araçları olarak sanal su ve su ayak izi kavramları önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Ancak literatürde bu konuyla ilgili çalışmalar halen yetersizdir; çok az çalışma sanal su ticaretine odaklanmaktadır. Ancak su kaynaklarının kıtlığı ve iklim değişikliği gibi nedenlerin yarattığı stresin giderek arttığı göz önüne alındığında, bu kavramın önümüzdeki yıllarda ciddi anlamda ilgi görmesi muhtemeldir. Türkiye açısından bakıldığında da literatürde çok az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Türkiye, su stresi yaşayan ve iklim değişikliğinin etkisiyle su kaynakları azalan bir ülkedir. Artan talebi karşılamak için daha etkili bir su yönetimine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin tarımsal ihracatının sanal su içeriği değerlendirilmiş ve su ayak izi yüksek ancak ekonomik getirisi düşük olan ürünlerin de büyük miktarlarda ihraç edildiği görülmüştür. Değerlendirilen ürünlerle birlikte ihraç edilen sanal su miktarının yıllık 5.9 milyar m3 olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu değer İstanbul gibi bir metropolün yedi yıllık evsel su ihtiyacını karşılayabilecek düzeydedir. Bu durum, su ayak izi ve sanal su kavramlarının ticari uygulamalarda dikkate alınması durumunda ülkenin su kaynaklarının verimliliği açısından çarpıcı sonuçlar elde edeceğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] World Food Program. (2023). “Who We Are”. Access date: 14.12.2023. URL: https://www.wfp.org/who-we-are.
  • [2] World Bank. (2022). “What You Need to Know About Food Security and Climate Change”. Access date: 08.11.2023. URL: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/10/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-food-security-and-climate-change
  • [3] IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp.
  • [4] Cüce, H. (2023). Climate Change-related natural disasters: environmental effects and sustainable monitoring. International Journal of Environmental Trends, 7(2), 113-125.
  • [5] Cüce, H. (2018). Circular environmental policies in the industrial production. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(2) 111-122.
  • [6] FAO. (2022). “Water Use”. Access date: 19.03.2024. URL: https://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/overview/methodology/water-use.
  • [7] Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. General Directorate of Water Management. (2016). ClimaHydro Project. Project Final Report.
  • [8] State Hydraulic Works (SHW). (2022). “Soil Water Resources”. Last access: 05.09.2023. URL: https://www.dsi.gov.tr/Sayfa/Detay/754#:~:text=%C3%9Clkemizde%20ki%C5%9Fi%20ba%C5%9F%C4%B1na%20d%C3%BC%C5%9Fen%20kullan%C4%B1labilir,ise%201%20346%20m3%20olmu%C5%9Ftur.
  • [9] Malin Falkenmark, J.L. (1989). Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches. Aspects of vulnerability in semi-arid development. Natural Resources Forum, 258-267.
  • [10] Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007). Human appropriation of natural capital: Comparing ecological footprint and water footprint analysis. Value of Water Research Report Series. No. 23.
  • [11] Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M., Mekonnen, M.M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. London, UK: Earthscan.
  • [12] Water Footprint Network. (2024). “What Is Water Footprint?” Access date: 23.03.2024. URL: https://waterfootprint.org/en/water-footprint/what-is-water-footprint/
  • [13] Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) Virtual Water Trade. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Value of Water Research Series, 12.
  • [14] Hoekstra, A.Y., Hung, P.Q. (2005). Globalization of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade. Global Environmental Change, 15(1), 45-56.
  • [15] WWF Türkiye. (2014). “Türkiye’s Water Risks Report”. Access date: 23.01.2024. URL: http://awsassets.wwftr.panda.org/downloads/Türkiyenin_su_riskleri__raporu_web.pdf.
  • [16] UN Comtrade. (2021). Access date: 27.12.2023. URL: https://comtradeplus.un.org/
  • [17] Water Footprint Statistics (WaterStat). Access date: 30.03.2024 URL: https://wbwaterdata.org/dataset/waterstat-water-footprint-statistics/resource/d0b18086-90ca-45a3-8e01-edc9daf60aa7?view_id=5c6856b4-cf01-4bd0-ab5c-94dc92a7df15
  • [18] Mekonnen, M.M. Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
  • [19] Al-Badri, B.H. Mohammad, M., Khalid, J.O. (2023). The water footprint and virtual water and their effect on food security in Iraq. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1222 012023.
  • [20] Uçar Islam, B. (2023). Food Export and Virtual Water Trade of Türkiye in the Context of Climate Change. Master’s Thesis. Ankara University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • [21] TURKSTAT. (2023). Access date: 01.04.2024 URL: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Buse Uçar 0000-0002-1492-4605

Gökşen Çapar 0000-0002-4636-9343

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Uçar, B., & Çapar, G. (2024). Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye. Akademik Gıda(Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424
AMA Uçar B, Çapar G. Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye. Akademik Gıda. Eylül 2024;(Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı):26-32. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424
Chicago Uçar, Buse, ve Gökşen Çapar. “Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye”. Akademik Gıda, sy. Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı (Eylül 2024): 26-32. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424.
EndNote Uçar B, Çapar G (01 Eylül 2024) Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye. Akademik Gıda Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı 26–32.
IEEE B. Uçar ve G. Çapar, “Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye”, Akademik Gıda, sy. Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı, ss. 26–32, Eylül 2024, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424.
ISNAD Uçar, Buse - Çapar, Gökşen. “Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye”. Akademik Gıda Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı (Eylül 2024), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424.
JAMA Uçar B, Çapar G. Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye. Akademik Gıda. 2024;:26–32.
MLA Uçar, Buse ve Gökşen Çapar. “Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye”. Akademik Gıda, sy. Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı, 2024, ss. 26-32, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1554424.
Vancouver Uçar B, Çapar G. Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye. Akademik Gıda. 2024(Yeşil Dönüşüm Özel Sayısı):26-32.

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