BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Effect of Processing on Flavonoid Content of Fruits and Vegetables

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6, 41 - 46, 01.12.2009

Öz

Fruits and vegetables are consumed in various forms such as fresh, juice, canned, frozen or dried forms, or they are processed into jams. Recently, antioxidants and especially flavonoid contents of fruits and vegetables have been investigated comprehensively because of the beneficial effects of these constituents on human health. The chemical changes of these compounds during fruits and vegetables processing have also been reported in various scientific studies. In this present study, chemical changes of flavonoids during fruit and vegetable processing were reviewed

Kaynakça

  • Lindley, M.G., 1998. The impact of food processing on antioxidants in vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables. Trends in Food Science and Technology 9: 336-340.
  • Shui, G., Wong, S.P., Leong, L.P., 2004. Characterization of antioxidants and change of antioxidant levels during storage of Manilkara zapota L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (26): 7834-7841.
  • Seybold, C., Fröhlich, K., Bitsch, R., Otto, K., Böhm, V., 2004. Changes in contents of carotenoids and vitamin E during tomato processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52: 7005-7010.
  • Hollman, P.C.H., Hertog, M.G.L., Katan, M.B., 1996. Analysis and health effects of flavonoids. Food Chemistry 57(1): 43-46.
  • Shahidi, F., Naczk, M., 2003. Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Watanabe, M., Ayugase, J., 2008. Anti-stress effects of flavonoids from buckwheat sprouts in mice subjected to restraint stress. Food Science and Technology Research 14(3): 253-260.
  • Robards, K., Prenzler, P.D., Tucker, G., Swatsitang, P., Glover, W., 1999. Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits. Food Chemistry 66 (4): 401-436.
  • Justesen, U., Knuthsen, P., Leth, T., 1998. Quantitative analysis of flavonols, flavones, and flavonones in fruits, vegetables and beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with photo- diode array and massspectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A 799: 101-110.
  • Robards, K., Antolovich, M., 1997. Analytical chemistry of fruit bioflavonoids: A review. The Analyst 3: 122-130.
  • Peterson, J., Dwyer, J., 1998. Flavonoids, dietary occurence and biochemical activity. Nutrition Research 18 (12): 1995-2018.
  • Shi, H., Noguchi, N., Niki, E., 2001. Introducing Natural Antioxidants. In Antioxidants in Food, Practical Applications, Edited by J. Pokorny, N. Yanishlieva, M. Gordon, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 147p.
  • Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R., Bobilya, D.J., 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13: 572–584.
  • Sivam, G., 2002. Analysis of Flavonoids. In Methods of Analysis for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Edited by W.J. Hurst, CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, 34p.
  • Rasmussen, S.E., 2004. Cardiovascular Disease. In Functional Foods, Flavonoids and potential, anti-proliferative
  • Kawamoto, E., Sakai, Y., Okamura, Y., Yamamoto, Y., 2004. Effects of boiling on the antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of onion. Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology 50: 171–176.
  • Aoyama, S., Yamamoto, Y., 2007. Antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) and the effect of thermal treatment. Food Science and Technology Research 13: 67–72.
  • Gorinstein, S., Jastrzebski, Z., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Namiesnik, J., Najman, K. Park, Y.S., Heo, B.G., Cho, J.Y., Bae, J.H., 2009. Comparative control of the bioactivity of some frequently consumed vegetables subjected to different processing conditions. Food Control 20: 407–413.
  • Lee, S.U., Lee, J.H., Choi, S.H., Lee, J.S., Ohnisi- Kameyama, M., Kozukue, N., Levin, C.E., Friedman, M., 2008. Flavonoid content in fresh, home-processed, and light-exposed onions and in dehydrated commercial onion products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (18): 8541- 8548.
  • Hirota, S., Shimoda, T., Takahama, U., 1998. Tissue and spatial distribution of flavonol and peroxidase in onion bulbs and stability of flavonol glucosides during boiling of the scales. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 3497–3502.
  • Ewald, C., Fjelkner-Modig, S., Johansson, K., Sjöholm, I., Akesson, B., 1999. Effect of processing on major flavonoidsin processed onions, green beans, and peas. Food Chemistry 64: 231-235.
  • Asami, D.K., Hong, Y., Barrett, D.M., Mitchell, A.E., 2003. Processing-induced changes in total phenolics and procyanidins in clingstone peaches. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83: 56-63.
  • Gil M.I., Ferreres F., Tomás-Barberán F.A., 1999. Effect of postharvest storage and processing on the antioxidant constituents (flavonoids and vitamin C) of fresh cut spinach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 2213–2217.
  • Takeoka, G.R., Dao, L., Flessa, S., Gillespie, D.M., Jewell, W.T., Huebner, B., Bertow, D., Ebeler, S.E., 2001. Processing effects on lycopene content and antioxidant activity of tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 3713-3717.
  • Sahlin, E., Savage, G.P., Lister, C.E., 2004. Investigation of the antioxidant properties of tomatoes after processing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17: 635-647.
  • Goula, A.M., Adamopoulos, K.G., 2005. Stability of lycopene during spray drying of tomato pulp. LWT 38: 479-487.
  • Goula, A.M., Adamopoulos, K.G., Chatzitakis, P.C., Nikas, V.A., 2006. Prediction of lycopene degradation during a drying process of tomato pulp. Journal of Food Engineering 74 (1): 37-46.
  • Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P., 2006. Effect of semi- drying on the antioxidant components of tomatoes. Food Chemistry 94: 90-97.
  • Chang, C.H., Lin, H.Y., Chang, C.Y., Liu, Y.C., 2006. Comparisons on the antioxidant properties of fresh, freeze-dried and hot-air-dried tomatoes. Journal of Food Engineering 77 (3): 478-485.
  • Gahler, S., Otto, K., Böhm, V., 2003. Alterations of vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity as affected by processing tomatoes to different products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 7962-7968.
  • Dewanto, V., Wu, X., Adom, K.K., Liu, R.H., 2002. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 3010-3014.
  • Choi, Y., Lee, S.M., Chun, J., Lee, H.B., Lee, J., 2006., Influence of heat treatment on the antioxidant activities and polyphenolic compounds of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushroom. Food Chemistry 99: 381–387.
  • Jiratanan, T., Liu, R.H., 2004. Antioxidant activity of processed table beets (Beta vulgaris var, Conditiva) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (9): 2659-2670.
  • Scalzo, R.L., Iannoccari, T., Summa, C., Morelli, R., Rapisarda, P., 2004. Effect of thermal treatments on antioxidant and antiradical activity of blood orange juice. Food Chemistry 85: 41–47.
  • Abdallah, A.Y., Gil, M.I., Biasi, W., Mitcham, E.J., 1997. Inhibition of superficial scald in apples by wounding: Changes in lipids and phenolics. Postharvest Biology and Technology 12: 203-212.
  • Kang, H.M., Saltveit, M.E., 2002. Antioxidant capacity of lettuce leaf tissue increases after wounding. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 7536-7541.
  • Tudela, J.A., Cantos, E., Espin, J.C., Tomas- Barberan, F.A., Gil, M.I., 2002. Induction of antioxidant flavonol biosynthesis in fresh-cut potatoes. Effect of domestic cooking. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 5925-5931.
  • Reyes, L.F.,Villarreal, J.E., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., 2007. The increase in antioxidant capacity after wounding depends on the type of fruit or vegetable tissue. Food Chemistry 101: 1254–1262.
  • Hodges, D.M., Toivonen, P.M.A., 2008. Quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables as affected by exposure to abiotic stress. Postharvest Biology and Technology 48: 155–162.
  • Walker, M. A., McKersie, B. D., 1993. Role of ascorbate-glutathione antioxidant system in chilling resistance of tomato. Journal of Plant Physiology 141: 234–239.
  • Vanamala, J., Cobb, G., Turner, N. D., Lupton, J. R., Yoo, K, S., Pike, L. M., Patil, B. S., 2005. Bioactive compounds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Cv ‘Rio Red’) respond differently to post harvest irradiation, storage and freeze drying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 3980–3985.
  • Girennavar, B., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Mclin, S.E., Maxim, J., Yoo, K.S., Patil, B.S., 2008. Influence of Electron-Beam Irradiation on Bioactive Compounds in Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (22): 10941- 10946.
  • Nunes, T.P., Martins, C.G., Behrens, J.H., Souza, K.L.O., Genovese, M.I., Destro, M.T., Landgraf, M., 2008. Radioresistance of Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes on minimally processed Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.): Effect of irradiation on flavonoid content and acceptability of irradiated produce. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (4): 1264-1268.
  • Abushita, A.A., Daood, H.G., Biacs, P.A., 2000. Change in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 2075-2081.
  • George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D.S., Kapoor, H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry 84: 45–51.
  • Spencer, J.P.E., Kuhnle, G.G.C., Hajirezaei, M., Mock, H.P., Sonnewald, U., Rice-Evans, C., 2005. The genotypic variation of the antioxidant potential of different tomato varieties. Free Radical Research 39 (9): 1005-1016.
  • Bradfield, M., Stamp, N., 2004. Effect of nighttime temperature on tomato plant defensive chemistry. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30 (9): 1713-1721.
  • Guintini, D., Graziani, G., Lercari, B., Fogliano, V., Soldatini, G.F., Ranieri, A., 2005. Changes in carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents in fruits of different tomato genotypes related to the depletion of UV-B radiation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 3174-3181.
  • Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P., Lister, C.E., 2006. Seasonal variations in the antioxidant composition of greenhouse grown tomatoes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19: 1-10.
  • Leonardi, C., Ambrosino, P., Esposito, F., Fogliano, V., 2000. Antioxidant activity and carotenoid and tomatine contents in different typologies of fresh consumption tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 4723-4727.
  • Shin, Y., Jung-A. Ryu, Rui Hai Liu, Nock, J. A., Watkins, C. B., 2008. Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 49 (2): 201-209.
  • Wang, S.Y., Chien, C. C., Wang, Y., 2009. The influence of light and maturity on fruit quality and flavonoid content of red raspberries. Food Chemistry 112 (3): 676-684.
  • Perucka, I., Materska, M., 2007. Antioxidant vitamin contents of Capsicum annuum fruit extracts as affected by processing and varietal factors. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Technologia Alimentaria 6 (4): 67-74.
  • Pellegrini, N., Colombi, B., Salvatore, S., Brenna, O. V., Galaverna, G., Del Rio, D., 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of some fruit and vegetable foods: Efficiency of extraction of a sequence of solvents. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 87: 103–111.

Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6, 41 - 46, 01.12.2009

Öz

Sebze ve meyveler taze olarak tüketilebildikleri gibi konserve, meyve suyu ya da reçele işlenmiş şekilde, dondurulmuş ya da kurutulmuş halde olmak üzere oldukça geniş kullanım alanlarına sahiptir. Meyve ve sebzeler son yıllarda sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkileri nedeniyle içerdikleri antioksidanlar, özellikle de flavonoidleri açısından pek çok araştırmada kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Bu önemli bileşiklerde işleme sırasında meydana gelen değişimler de yine çeşitli bilimsel çalışmalar ile takip edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, meyve ve sebzelerin işlenmesi sırasında flavonoidlerinde meydana gelen değişimleri ele alan araştırmalar derlenmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Lindley, M.G., 1998. The impact of food processing on antioxidants in vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables. Trends in Food Science and Technology 9: 336-340.
  • Shui, G., Wong, S.P., Leong, L.P., 2004. Characterization of antioxidants and change of antioxidant levels during storage of Manilkara zapota L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (26): 7834-7841.
  • Seybold, C., Fröhlich, K., Bitsch, R., Otto, K., Böhm, V., 2004. Changes in contents of carotenoids and vitamin E during tomato processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52: 7005-7010.
  • Hollman, P.C.H., Hertog, M.G.L., Katan, M.B., 1996. Analysis and health effects of flavonoids. Food Chemistry 57(1): 43-46.
  • Shahidi, F., Naczk, M., 2003. Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Watanabe, M., Ayugase, J., 2008. Anti-stress effects of flavonoids from buckwheat sprouts in mice subjected to restraint stress. Food Science and Technology Research 14(3): 253-260.
  • Robards, K., Prenzler, P.D., Tucker, G., Swatsitang, P., Glover, W., 1999. Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits. Food Chemistry 66 (4): 401-436.
  • Justesen, U., Knuthsen, P., Leth, T., 1998. Quantitative analysis of flavonols, flavones, and flavonones in fruits, vegetables and beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography with photo- diode array and massspectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A 799: 101-110.
  • Robards, K., Antolovich, M., 1997. Analytical chemistry of fruit bioflavonoids: A review. The Analyst 3: 122-130.
  • Peterson, J., Dwyer, J., 1998. Flavonoids, dietary occurence and biochemical activity. Nutrition Research 18 (12): 1995-2018.
  • Shi, H., Noguchi, N., Niki, E., 2001. Introducing Natural Antioxidants. In Antioxidants in Food, Practical Applications, Edited by J. Pokorny, N. Yanishlieva, M. Gordon, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 147p.
  • Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R., Bobilya, D.J., 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13: 572–584.
  • Sivam, G., 2002. Analysis of Flavonoids. In Methods of Analysis for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Edited by W.J. Hurst, CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, 34p.
  • Rasmussen, S.E., 2004. Cardiovascular Disease. In Functional Foods, Flavonoids and potential, anti-proliferative
  • Kawamoto, E., Sakai, Y., Okamura, Y., Yamamoto, Y., 2004. Effects of boiling on the antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of onion. Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology 50: 171–176.
  • Aoyama, S., Yamamoto, Y., 2007. Antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) and the effect of thermal treatment. Food Science and Technology Research 13: 67–72.
  • Gorinstein, S., Jastrzebski, Z., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Namiesnik, J., Najman, K. Park, Y.S., Heo, B.G., Cho, J.Y., Bae, J.H., 2009. Comparative control of the bioactivity of some frequently consumed vegetables subjected to different processing conditions. Food Control 20: 407–413.
  • Lee, S.U., Lee, J.H., Choi, S.H., Lee, J.S., Ohnisi- Kameyama, M., Kozukue, N., Levin, C.E., Friedman, M., 2008. Flavonoid content in fresh, home-processed, and light-exposed onions and in dehydrated commercial onion products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (18): 8541- 8548.
  • Hirota, S., Shimoda, T., Takahama, U., 1998. Tissue and spatial distribution of flavonol and peroxidase in onion bulbs and stability of flavonol glucosides during boiling of the scales. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 3497–3502.
  • Ewald, C., Fjelkner-Modig, S., Johansson, K., Sjöholm, I., Akesson, B., 1999. Effect of processing on major flavonoidsin processed onions, green beans, and peas. Food Chemistry 64: 231-235.
  • Asami, D.K., Hong, Y., Barrett, D.M., Mitchell, A.E., 2003. Processing-induced changes in total phenolics and procyanidins in clingstone peaches. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83: 56-63.
  • Gil M.I., Ferreres F., Tomás-Barberán F.A., 1999. Effect of postharvest storage and processing on the antioxidant constituents (flavonoids and vitamin C) of fresh cut spinach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 2213–2217.
  • Takeoka, G.R., Dao, L., Flessa, S., Gillespie, D.M., Jewell, W.T., Huebner, B., Bertow, D., Ebeler, S.E., 2001. Processing effects on lycopene content and antioxidant activity of tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 3713-3717.
  • Sahlin, E., Savage, G.P., Lister, C.E., 2004. Investigation of the antioxidant properties of tomatoes after processing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17: 635-647.
  • Goula, A.M., Adamopoulos, K.G., 2005. Stability of lycopene during spray drying of tomato pulp. LWT 38: 479-487.
  • Goula, A.M., Adamopoulos, K.G., Chatzitakis, P.C., Nikas, V.A., 2006. Prediction of lycopene degradation during a drying process of tomato pulp. Journal of Food Engineering 74 (1): 37-46.
  • Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P., 2006. Effect of semi- drying on the antioxidant components of tomatoes. Food Chemistry 94: 90-97.
  • Chang, C.H., Lin, H.Y., Chang, C.Y., Liu, Y.C., 2006. Comparisons on the antioxidant properties of fresh, freeze-dried and hot-air-dried tomatoes. Journal of Food Engineering 77 (3): 478-485.
  • Gahler, S., Otto, K., Böhm, V., 2003. Alterations of vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity as affected by processing tomatoes to different products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 7962-7968.
  • Dewanto, V., Wu, X., Adom, K.K., Liu, R.H., 2002. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 3010-3014.
  • Choi, Y., Lee, S.M., Chun, J., Lee, H.B., Lee, J., 2006., Influence of heat treatment on the antioxidant activities and polyphenolic compounds of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushroom. Food Chemistry 99: 381–387.
  • Jiratanan, T., Liu, R.H., 2004. Antioxidant activity of processed table beets (Beta vulgaris var, Conditiva) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (9): 2659-2670.
  • Scalzo, R.L., Iannoccari, T., Summa, C., Morelli, R., Rapisarda, P., 2004. Effect of thermal treatments on antioxidant and antiradical activity of blood orange juice. Food Chemistry 85: 41–47.
  • Abdallah, A.Y., Gil, M.I., Biasi, W., Mitcham, E.J., 1997. Inhibition of superficial scald in apples by wounding: Changes in lipids and phenolics. Postharvest Biology and Technology 12: 203-212.
  • Kang, H.M., Saltveit, M.E., 2002. Antioxidant capacity of lettuce leaf tissue increases after wounding. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 7536-7541.
  • Tudela, J.A., Cantos, E., Espin, J.C., Tomas- Barberan, F.A., Gil, M.I., 2002. Induction of antioxidant flavonol biosynthesis in fresh-cut potatoes. Effect of domestic cooking. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 5925-5931.
  • Reyes, L.F.,Villarreal, J.E., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., 2007. The increase in antioxidant capacity after wounding depends on the type of fruit or vegetable tissue. Food Chemistry 101: 1254–1262.
  • Hodges, D.M., Toivonen, P.M.A., 2008. Quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables as affected by exposure to abiotic stress. Postharvest Biology and Technology 48: 155–162.
  • Walker, M. A., McKersie, B. D., 1993. Role of ascorbate-glutathione antioxidant system in chilling resistance of tomato. Journal of Plant Physiology 141: 234–239.
  • Vanamala, J., Cobb, G., Turner, N. D., Lupton, J. R., Yoo, K, S., Pike, L. M., Patil, B. S., 2005. Bioactive compounds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Cv ‘Rio Red’) respond differently to post harvest irradiation, storage and freeze drying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 3980–3985.
  • Girennavar, B., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Mclin, S.E., Maxim, J., Yoo, K.S., Patil, B.S., 2008. Influence of Electron-Beam Irradiation on Bioactive Compounds in Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (22): 10941- 10946.
  • Nunes, T.P., Martins, C.G., Behrens, J.H., Souza, K.L.O., Genovese, M.I., Destro, M.T., Landgraf, M., 2008. Radioresistance of Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes on minimally processed Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.): Effect of irradiation on flavonoid content and acceptability of irradiated produce. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (4): 1264-1268.
  • Abushita, A.A., Daood, H.G., Biacs, P.A., 2000. Change in carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in tomato as a function of varietal and technological factors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 2075-2081.
  • George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D.S., Kapoor, H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry 84: 45–51.
  • Spencer, J.P.E., Kuhnle, G.G.C., Hajirezaei, M., Mock, H.P., Sonnewald, U., Rice-Evans, C., 2005. The genotypic variation of the antioxidant potential of different tomato varieties. Free Radical Research 39 (9): 1005-1016.
  • Bradfield, M., Stamp, N., 2004. Effect of nighttime temperature on tomato plant defensive chemistry. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30 (9): 1713-1721.
  • Guintini, D., Graziani, G., Lercari, B., Fogliano, V., Soldatini, G.F., Ranieri, A., 2005. Changes in carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents in fruits of different tomato genotypes related to the depletion of UV-B radiation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 3174-3181.
  • Toor, R.K., Savage, G.P., Lister, C.E., 2006. Seasonal variations in the antioxidant composition of greenhouse grown tomatoes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19: 1-10.
  • Leonardi, C., Ambrosino, P., Esposito, F., Fogliano, V., 2000. Antioxidant activity and carotenoid and tomatine contents in different typologies of fresh consumption tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 4723-4727.
  • Shin, Y., Jung-A. Ryu, Rui Hai Liu, Nock, J. A., Watkins, C. B., 2008. Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 49 (2): 201-209.
  • Wang, S.Y., Chien, C. C., Wang, Y., 2009. The influence of light and maturity on fruit quality and flavonoid content of red raspberries. Food Chemistry 112 (3): 676-684.
  • Perucka, I., Materska, M., 2007. Antioxidant vitamin contents of Capsicum annuum fruit extracts as affected by processing and varietal factors. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Technologia Alimentaria 6 (4): 67-74.
  • Pellegrini, N., Colombi, B., Salvatore, S., Brenna, O. V., Galaverna, G., Del Rio, D., 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of some fruit and vegetable foods: Efficiency of extraction of a sequence of solvents. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture 87: 103–111.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Esra Çapanoğlu Bu kişi benim

Dilek Boyacıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Çapanoğlu, E., & Boyacıoğlu, D. (2009). Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda, 7(6), 41-46.
AMA Çapanoğlu E, Boyacıoğlu D. Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda. Aralık 2009;7(6):41-46.
Chicago Çapanoğlu, Esra, ve Dilek Boyacıoğlu. “Meyve Ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi”. Akademik Gıda 7, sy. 6 (Aralık 2009): 41-46.
EndNote Çapanoğlu E, Boyacıoğlu D (01 Aralık 2009) Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda 7 6 41–46.
IEEE E. Çapanoğlu ve D. Boyacıoğlu, “Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi”, Akademik Gıda, c. 7, sy. 6, ss. 41–46, 2009.
ISNAD Çapanoğlu, Esra - Boyacıoğlu, Dilek. “Meyve Ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi”. Akademik Gıda 7/6 (Aralık 2009), 41-46.
JAMA Çapanoğlu E, Boyacıoğlu D. Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda. 2009;7:41–46.
MLA Çapanoğlu, Esra ve Dilek Boyacıoğlu. “Meyve Ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi”. Akademik Gıda, c. 7, sy. 6, 2009, ss. 41-46.
Vancouver Çapanoğlu E, Boyacıoğlu D. Meyve ve Sebzelerin Flavonoid Đçeriği Üzerine Đşlemenin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda. 2009;7(6):41-6.

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