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Mezbahalar ve Et İşleme Tesislerinin Çalışanları ile Alet ve Ekipmanlarında Rotavirus Astrovirus Varlığı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 132 - 137, 27.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769

Öz

Rotavirus ve astrovirus, insanlar için gıda kaynaklı iki önemli patojendir. Bu çalışmada, dört mezbahada rotavirus ve astrovirus varlığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; mezbahalarda kullanılan 29 alet ve ekipmanın yanı sıra mezbahalarda ve et işleme tesislerinin farklı bölümlerinde çalışan 60 kasabın elinden alınan sürüntü örneklerinde rotavirus ve astrovirus antijenlerinin varlığı ELISA yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Ayrıca cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, hijyen eğitimi, sigara içme durumu, çalışırken eldiven kullanma alışkanlıkları ve çalışma döneminde sindirim sorunları yaşayıp yaşamadıkları hakkında bilgi almak için kasaplarla kişisel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Swap analizlerinin sonucunda, bir mezbaha kasabında rotavirus antijeni tespit edilmiştir. Mezbahalarda kullanılan alet ve ekipmanlarda rotavirus antijeni bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca ne çalışanlarda ne de araç ve gereçlerde astrovirus antijeni tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuçlar, genel hijyen kurallarının tam olarak uygulanmadığı mezbahalarda çalışan personelden rotavirus kontaminasyonu riski olduğunu göstermiştir. Mezbahada çalışma öncesi ve sırasında kişisel sağlık farkındalığının ve hijyen uygulamalarının, personelin rotavirus ve astrovirus enfeksiyonlarına karşı korunması açısından oldukça önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • [1] WHO. (2021). Food Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/foodborne-diseases#tab=tab_1 (Accessed: 24 June 2021).
  • [2] Atreya, C.D. (2004). Major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1, 89-96.
  • [3] Wilhelmi, I., Roman, E., Sánchez-Fauquier, A. (2003). Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9, 247-262.
  • [4] Vu, D.L., Cordey, S., Brito, F., Kaiser, L. (2016). Novel human astroviruses: Novel human diseases? Journal of Clinical Virology, 82, 56-63.
  • [5] Midthun, K., Greenberg, H.B., Kurtz, J.B., Gary, G.W., Lin, F.Y., Kapikian, A.Z. (1993). Characterization and seroepidemiology of a type 5 astrovirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Marin County, California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31, 955-962.
  • [6] Bosch, A., Pinto, R.M., Villena, C., Abad, F.X. (1997). Persistence of human astrovirus in fresh and marine water. Water Science and Technology, 35, 243-247.
  • [7] Pinto, R.M., Villena, C., Le Guyader, F., Guix, S., Caballero, S., Pommepuy, M., Bosch, A. (2001). Astrovirus detection in wastewater samples. Water Science and Technology, 43, 73-76.
  • [8] Abebe, E., Gugsa, G., Ahmed, M. (2020). Review on major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1-19.
  • [9] Fasanmi, O.G., Balogun, F.A., Makinde, G.E., Fasina, F.O. (2017). Review of microbial zoonoses in slaughterhouses and identified potential critical risk points along red meat processing chain in Nigeria. CAB Reviews, 12, 1-12.
  • [10] Bintsis, T. (2017). Foodborne pathogens. AIMS Microbiology, 3, 529-563.
  • [11] Koroglu, M., Yakupogullari, Y., Otlu, B., Ozturk, S., Ozden, M., Ozer, A., Sener, K., Durmaz, R. (2011). A waterborne outbreak of epidemic diarrhea due to group A rotavirus in Malatya, Turkey. The New Microbiologica, 34, 17-24.
  • [12] El-Senousy, M., Guix, S., Abid, I., Pinto, R.M., Bosch, A. (2007). Removal of astrovirus from water and sewage treatment plants, evaluated by a competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73, 164-167.
  • [13] Espinosa, A.C., Mazari-Hiriart, M., Espinosa, R., Maruri-Avidal, L., Méndez, E., Arias, C.F. (2008). Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water. Water Research. 42, 2618–2628.
  • [14] Yokoi, H., Kitahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Utagawa, E. (2001). Detection of astrovirus RNA from sewage works, seawater and native oysters samples in Chiba City, Japan using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, 75, 263-269.
  • [15] Quiroz-Santiago, C., Vázquez-Salinas, C., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Barrón-Romero, B.L., Quiñones-Ramírez, E.I. (2014). Rotavirus G2P4 detection in fresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico City. Journal of Food Protection, 77, 1953-1959.
  • [16] Bagordo, F., Grassi, T., Idolo, A., Serio, F., Gabutti, G., De Donno, A. (2013). Rotavirus occurrence in shellfish with low levels of E. coli. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 169-175.
  • [17] R-biopharm, Ridascreen® Rotavirus, Germany. https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-rotavirus/ (Accessed on 04 May 2022).
  • [18] R-biopharm, Ridascreen® Astrovirus, Germany. https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-astrovirus/ (Accessed on 04 May 2022).
  • [19] Fosse, J., Seegers, H., Magras, C. (2008). Foodborne zoonoses due to meat: a quantitative approach for a comparative risk assessment applied to pig slaughtering in Europe. Veterinary Research, 39, 1-16.
  • [20] Zaher, K.S., Ahmed, W.M., Syame, S.M., El-Hewairy, H M. (2008). Detection of health hazard-food born viruses in animal products anticipated for human consumption. Global Veterinaria, 2, 192-197.
  • [21] Martella, V., Bányai, K., Matthijnssens, J., Buonavoglia, C., Ciarlet, M. (2010). Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Veterinary Microbiology, 140, 246-255.
  • [22] Smith, J.L., Fratamico, P.M. (2018). Emerging and re-emerging foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 15, 737-757.
  • [23] Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., Jones, J.L, Griffin, P.M. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 7-15.
  • [24] Appleton, H. (2000). Control of food-born viruses. British Medical Bulletin, 56, 172-183.
  • [25] Desselberger, U., Gary J. (2009). Viral gastroenteritis. Medicine, 37, 594-598.
  • [26] Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Disease, 5, 607-625.
  • [27] Anderson, E.J., Weber, S.G. (2004). Rotavirus infection in adults. The Lancet Infectious Disease, 4, 91-99.
  • [28] Iturriza-Gomara, M., Green, J., Brown, D.W., Ramsay, M., Desselberger, U., Gray, J.J. (2000). Molecular epidemiology of human group A rotavirus infections in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 4394-4401.
  • [29] Moser, L.A., Carter, M., Schultz-Cherry, S. (2007). Astrovirus increases epithelial barrier permeability independently of viral replication. Journal of Virology, 81, 11937-11945.
  • [30] Resque, H.R., Munford, V., Castilho, J.G., Schmich, H., Caruzo, T.A., Racz, M.L. (2007). Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 102, 969-974.
  • [31] Moser, L.A., Schultz-Cherry, S. (2005). Pathogenesis of astrovirus infection. Viral Immunology, 18, 4-10.
  • [32] Wunderli,W., Meerbach, A., Gungor, T., Berger, C., Greiner, O., Caduff, R., Trkola, A., Bossart,W., Gerlach, D., Schibler, M., Cordey, S., McKee, T.A., Van Belle, S., Kaiser, L., Tapparel, C. (2012). Astrovirus infection in hospitalized infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PLoS ONE, 7, 101371.
  • [33] Steele, A.D., Peenze, I., de Beer M.C., Pager, C.T., Yeats, J., Potgieter, N., Ramsaroop, U., Page, N.A., Mitchell, J.O., Geyer, A., Bos, P., Alexander, J.J. (2003). Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine, 21, 354-360.
  • [34] Fletcher, M., Levy, M.E. (2000). Foodborne outbreak of Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis among college students: District of Columbia, March–April 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49, 1131-1133.
  • [35] Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., Young, E.C., Sherwood, J.R., Knowlton, D.R., Schiff, G.M. (1986). Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. Journal of Infectious Disease, 154, 871-880.
  • [36] Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., Shukla, R., McNeal, M.M., Sherwood, J.R., Young, E.C., Schiff, G.M. (1990). Protection of adults rechallenged with a human rotavirus. Journal of Infectious Disease, 161, 440-445.
  • [37] Ansari, S.A., Sattar, S.A., Springthorpe, V.S., Wells, G.A., Tostowaryk, W. (1988). Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26, 1513-1518.
  • [38] American Academy of Pediatrics (2003). Infection Control for Hospitalized Children. 1st Ed. In: Pickering, L.K., Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL, 150p.
  • [39] Cook, E.A., de Glanville, W.A., Thomas, L.F., Kariuki, S., Bronsvoort, B.M., Fevre, E.M. (2017). Working conditions and public health risks in slaughterhouses in western Kenya. BMC Public Health, 17, 14.
  • [40] Ursachi, C.S., Munteau, F.D., Ciaco, G. (2021). The safety of slaughterhouse workers during the pandemic crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2633.
  • [41] Ciambrone, L., Gioffre, A., Musarella, R., Samele, P., Visaggio, D., Pirolo, M., Clausi, M.T., Di Natale, R., Gherardi, M., Spatari, G., Visca, P., Casalinuova, F. (2020). Presence of Mycobacterium bovis in slaughterhouses and risks for workers. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 181, 105072.
  • [42] Sattar, S.A., Lloyd-Evans, N., Springthorpe, V.S., Nair, R.C. (1986). Institutional outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea: Potential role of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles for virus transmission. Journal of Hygiene, 96, 277-289.

Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 132 - 137, 27.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769

Öz

Rotavirus and astrovirus are two important foodborne pathogens for humans. This study was aimed to investigate the presence of viruses in four slaughterhouses. In the study, swab samples were obtained from both hands of sixty butchers working in slaughterhouses and different sections of meat processing plants and twenty-nine tools and equipment used in slaughterhouses to determine rotavirus and astrovirus antigens by ELISA. Personnel interviews were also held with the butchers to obtain information regarding their gender, age, education level, hygiene training, smoking status, habits of glove use during working as well as whether they had digestive problems in the period of study. Results of swab analyses indicated that rotavirus antigen was found in a butcher of a slaughterhouse. There was no rotavirus antigen in any tool and equipment used in slaughterhouses. Also, there was no astrovirus antigen in neither employee nor tool and equipment. Results showed that there was a risk of rotavirus contamination from personnel working in slaughterhouses where general hygiene rules were not fully implemented. It can be concluded that personal health consciousness and hygiene practices before and during working in a slaughterhouse are crucial for personnel protection against rotavirus or astrovirus infections.

Kaynakça

  • [1] WHO. (2021). Food Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/foodborne-diseases#tab=tab_1 (Accessed: 24 June 2021).
  • [2] Atreya, C.D. (2004). Major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1, 89-96.
  • [3] Wilhelmi, I., Roman, E., Sánchez-Fauquier, A. (2003). Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9, 247-262.
  • [4] Vu, D.L., Cordey, S., Brito, F., Kaiser, L. (2016). Novel human astroviruses: Novel human diseases? Journal of Clinical Virology, 82, 56-63.
  • [5] Midthun, K., Greenberg, H.B., Kurtz, J.B., Gary, G.W., Lin, F.Y., Kapikian, A.Z. (1993). Characterization and seroepidemiology of a type 5 astrovirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Marin County, California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31, 955-962.
  • [6] Bosch, A., Pinto, R.M., Villena, C., Abad, F.X. (1997). Persistence of human astrovirus in fresh and marine water. Water Science and Technology, 35, 243-247.
  • [7] Pinto, R.M., Villena, C., Le Guyader, F., Guix, S., Caballero, S., Pommepuy, M., Bosch, A. (2001). Astrovirus detection in wastewater samples. Water Science and Technology, 43, 73-76.
  • [8] Abebe, E., Gugsa, G., Ahmed, M. (2020). Review on major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1-19.
  • [9] Fasanmi, O.G., Balogun, F.A., Makinde, G.E., Fasina, F.O. (2017). Review of microbial zoonoses in slaughterhouses and identified potential critical risk points along red meat processing chain in Nigeria. CAB Reviews, 12, 1-12.
  • [10] Bintsis, T. (2017). Foodborne pathogens. AIMS Microbiology, 3, 529-563.
  • [11] Koroglu, M., Yakupogullari, Y., Otlu, B., Ozturk, S., Ozden, M., Ozer, A., Sener, K., Durmaz, R. (2011). A waterborne outbreak of epidemic diarrhea due to group A rotavirus in Malatya, Turkey. The New Microbiologica, 34, 17-24.
  • [12] El-Senousy, M., Guix, S., Abid, I., Pinto, R.M., Bosch, A. (2007). Removal of astrovirus from water and sewage treatment plants, evaluated by a competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73, 164-167.
  • [13] Espinosa, A.C., Mazari-Hiriart, M., Espinosa, R., Maruri-Avidal, L., Méndez, E., Arias, C.F. (2008). Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water. Water Research. 42, 2618–2628.
  • [14] Yokoi, H., Kitahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Utagawa, E. (2001). Detection of astrovirus RNA from sewage works, seawater and native oysters samples in Chiba City, Japan using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, 75, 263-269.
  • [15] Quiroz-Santiago, C., Vázquez-Salinas, C., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Barrón-Romero, B.L., Quiñones-Ramírez, E.I. (2014). Rotavirus G2P4 detection in fresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico City. Journal of Food Protection, 77, 1953-1959.
  • [16] Bagordo, F., Grassi, T., Idolo, A., Serio, F., Gabutti, G., De Donno, A. (2013). Rotavirus occurrence in shellfish with low levels of E. coli. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 169-175.
  • [17] R-biopharm, Ridascreen® Rotavirus, Germany. https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-rotavirus/ (Accessed on 04 May 2022).
  • [18] R-biopharm, Ridascreen® Astrovirus, Germany. https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-astrovirus/ (Accessed on 04 May 2022).
  • [19] Fosse, J., Seegers, H., Magras, C. (2008). Foodborne zoonoses due to meat: a quantitative approach for a comparative risk assessment applied to pig slaughtering in Europe. Veterinary Research, 39, 1-16.
  • [20] Zaher, K.S., Ahmed, W.M., Syame, S.M., El-Hewairy, H M. (2008). Detection of health hazard-food born viruses in animal products anticipated for human consumption. Global Veterinaria, 2, 192-197.
  • [21] Martella, V., Bányai, K., Matthijnssens, J., Buonavoglia, C., Ciarlet, M. (2010). Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Veterinary Microbiology, 140, 246-255.
  • [22] Smith, J.L., Fratamico, P.M. (2018). Emerging and re-emerging foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 15, 737-757.
  • [23] Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., Jones, J.L, Griffin, P.M. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 7-15.
  • [24] Appleton, H. (2000). Control of food-born viruses. British Medical Bulletin, 56, 172-183.
  • [25] Desselberger, U., Gary J. (2009). Viral gastroenteritis. Medicine, 37, 594-598.
  • [26] Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Disease, 5, 607-625.
  • [27] Anderson, E.J., Weber, S.G. (2004). Rotavirus infection in adults. The Lancet Infectious Disease, 4, 91-99.
  • [28] Iturriza-Gomara, M., Green, J., Brown, D.W., Ramsay, M., Desselberger, U., Gray, J.J. (2000). Molecular epidemiology of human group A rotavirus infections in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 4394-4401.
  • [29] Moser, L.A., Carter, M., Schultz-Cherry, S. (2007). Astrovirus increases epithelial barrier permeability independently of viral replication. Journal of Virology, 81, 11937-11945.
  • [30] Resque, H.R., Munford, V., Castilho, J.G., Schmich, H., Caruzo, T.A., Racz, M.L. (2007). Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 102, 969-974.
  • [31] Moser, L.A., Schultz-Cherry, S. (2005). Pathogenesis of astrovirus infection. Viral Immunology, 18, 4-10.
  • [32] Wunderli,W., Meerbach, A., Gungor, T., Berger, C., Greiner, O., Caduff, R., Trkola, A., Bossart,W., Gerlach, D., Schibler, M., Cordey, S., McKee, T.A., Van Belle, S., Kaiser, L., Tapparel, C. (2012). Astrovirus infection in hospitalized infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PLoS ONE, 7, 101371.
  • [33] Steele, A.D., Peenze, I., de Beer M.C., Pager, C.T., Yeats, J., Potgieter, N., Ramsaroop, U., Page, N.A., Mitchell, J.O., Geyer, A., Bos, P., Alexander, J.J. (2003). Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine, 21, 354-360.
  • [34] Fletcher, M., Levy, M.E. (2000). Foodborne outbreak of Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis among college students: District of Columbia, March–April 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49, 1131-1133.
  • [35] Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., Young, E.C., Sherwood, J.R., Knowlton, D.R., Schiff, G.M. (1986). Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. Journal of Infectious Disease, 154, 871-880.
  • [36] Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., Shukla, R., McNeal, M.M., Sherwood, J.R., Young, E.C., Schiff, G.M. (1990). Protection of adults rechallenged with a human rotavirus. Journal of Infectious Disease, 161, 440-445.
  • [37] Ansari, S.A., Sattar, S.A., Springthorpe, V.S., Wells, G.A., Tostowaryk, W. (1988). Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26, 1513-1518.
  • [38] American Academy of Pediatrics (2003). Infection Control for Hospitalized Children. 1st Ed. In: Pickering, L.K., Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL, 150p.
  • [39] Cook, E.A., de Glanville, W.A., Thomas, L.F., Kariuki, S., Bronsvoort, B.M., Fevre, E.M. (2017). Working conditions and public health risks in slaughterhouses in western Kenya. BMC Public Health, 17, 14.
  • [40] Ursachi, C.S., Munteau, F.D., Ciaco, G. (2021). The safety of slaughterhouse workers during the pandemic crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2633.
  • [41] Ciambrone, L., Gioffre, A., Musarella, R., Samele, P., Visaggio, D., Pirolo, M., Clausi, M.T., Di Natale, R., Gherardi, M., Spatari, G., Visca, P., Casalinuova, F. (2020). Presence of Mycobacterium bovis in slaughterhouses and risks for workers. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 181, 105072.
  • [42] Sattar, S.A., Lloyd-Evans, N., Springthorpe, V.S., Nair, R.C. (1986). Institutional outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea: Potential role of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles for virus transmission. Journal of Hygiene, 96, 277-289.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Halil Yalçın Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Kale Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4156-1077

Oğuz Gürsoy Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5907-4595

Hasbi Sait Saltık Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3283-7062

Yusuf Yılmaz Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5061-0005

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalçın, H., Kale, M., Gürsoy, O., Saltık, H. S., vd. (2022). Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants. Akademik Gıda, 20(2), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769
AMA Yalçın H, Kale M, Gürsoy O, Saltık HS, Yılmaz Y. Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants. Akademik Gıda. Temmuz 2022;20(2):132-137. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769
Chicago Yalçın, Halil, Mehmet Kale, Oğuz Gürsoy, Hasbi Sait Saltık, ve Yusuf Yılmaz. “Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants”. Akademik Gıda 20, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2022): 132-37. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769.
EndNote Yalçın H, Kale M, Gürsoy O, Saltık HS, Yılmaz Y (01 Temmuz 2022) Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants. Akademik Gıda 20 2 132–137.
IEEE H. Yalçın, M. Kale, O. Gürsoy, H. S. Saltık, ve Y. Yılmaz, “Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants”, Akademik Gıda, c. 20, sy. 2, ss. 132–137, 2022, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769.
ISNAD Yalçın, Halil vd. “Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants”. Akademik Gıda 20/2 (Temmuz 2022), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769.
JAMA Yalçın H, Kale M, Gürsoy O, Saltık HS, Yılmaz Y. Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants. Akademik Gıda. 2022;20:132–137.
MLA Yalçın, Halil vd. “Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants”. Akademik Gıda, c. 20, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 132-7, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1149769.
Vancouver Yalçın H, Kale M, Gürsoy O, Saltık HS, Yılmaz Y. Presence of Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Employees, Tools and Equipment of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Plants. Akademik Gıda. 2022;20(2):132-7.

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