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THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 147 - 189, 15.04.2015

Öz

The objective of this article is to study the bureaucratic elites which have always been the decision making and dominant class in Turkey within an elitist theory framework and the transforming impact of the EU membership process on these elites within a historical process. As a result of the Ottoman -Turkish state tradition the bureaucratic elites have had a major role in the modernization and westernization process. The power struggle of the bureaucratic elites as well as their relations with society has been studied from a historical and sociological and political perspective. The bureaucracy which was a disassociated class in society serving the Sultan with loyalty during the classic Ottoman period enhanced its influence during the recession period of the empire to become a partner in power. During the reform period the bureaucratic elites pioneered the westernization movements which were perceived as a solution to the collapse of the state and tried to redesign both the state and society with reforms from the top because they view the people as masses to be lead. The new Turkish Republic which inherited the political culture and state traditions of the empire was established by these bureaucratic elites. During the policy making process the bureaucratic elites who were always influential had their golden age during the first years of the republic. A power struggle between the power elected by the people and the bureaucratic elites started with the transition into democracy. There has always been a stressful relationship between the bureaucratic elites which perceived to know what was best for the state and society and the elected governments. At the culmination of these tensions the military wing of the bureaucratic elites would intervene and seize the administration. After such interventions the army implemented a system of

Kaynakça

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  • Bryman, A. (2011) Social Research Methods. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chambers, R.L. (1964) ‘The Civil Bureaucracy and Political Modernization in Turkey’ inWard, R.E. &Rustow, D.A (ed.), Political modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, pp.301-327.
  • Chapman, B. (1959) The Profession of Government: the Public Service in Europe. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
  • Cook, S.A. (2007) Ruling But Not Governing: the Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  • Desch, M.C. (1999) Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment. London: JHU Press.
  • Diamond, L. (1997) In search of Consolidation. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Regional Challenges. Baltimore: JHU Press.
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  • at:<http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/class_domination.html>[accessed 21 July 2014].
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  • Heper, M. (2005) ‘The European Union, the Turkish military and democracy.’ South European society and politics. 10 (1): 33-44.
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TÜRK BÜROKRATİK ELİTLERİN AVRUPA DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 147 - 189, 15.04.2015

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı elitist teori çerçevesinde Türk toplumunda her zaman karar
verici ve egemen sınıf olan bürokratik elitleri ve EU üyelik sürecinin bu elitler üzerindeki
dönüştürücü etkisini tarihi süreç içerisinde incelemektir. Osmanlı-Türk devlet geleneğinin sonucu olarak bürokratik elitler modernleşme ve batılılaşma sürecinde önemli bir rol
oynamışlardır. Çalışmada bürokratik elitlerin bu süreçte girdikleri iktidar mücadelesi ve
toplumla ilişkileri tarihsel olduğu kadar, sosyolojik ve politik açıdan da ele alınmıştır. Osmanlının klasik döneminde toplumdan kopuk bir zümre olarak sultana sadakatle hizmet
eden bürokrasi, imparatorluğun gerileme döneminde devlet idaresinde etkinliği arttırmış
ve iktidara ortak olmuştur. Tanzimat döneminde devletin yıkılmasına çare olarak görülen
batılılaşma hareketlerinin öncüsü olan bürokratik elitler, tepeden inme reformlarla hem
devleti hem de toplumu dizayn etmeye çalışmışlar; halkı yönetilecek yığınlar olarak görmüşlerdir. İmparatorluğun siyasal kültürünü ve devlet geleneğini devralan Yeni Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti bu bürokratik elitler tarafından kurulmuştur. Politika yapma sürecinde her
zaman etkin olan bürokratik elitler, cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında altın çağlarını yaşamışlardır. Demokrasiye geçişle birlikte halkın seçtiği iktidarlarla bürokratik elit arasında
güç mücadelesi başlamıştır. Devlet ve toplum için en iyi kararın kendileri tarafından verilmesi gerektiğine inanan bürokratik elitler ile seçilmiş hükümetler arasında her zaman
gerilimli bir ilişki olmuştur. Bu gerilimlerin zirve yaptığı dönemlerde bürokratik elitlerin
askeri kanadı askeri müdahalede bulunarak yönetime el koymuştur. Bu müdahaleler sonrasında siyasal iktidar üzerinde vesayet sistemi kuran ordu, toplumun ve ülkenin merkezine yerleşmiştir. Avrupa Birliğine giriş sürecinde yapılan uyum yasaları ve reformlarla
ordunun bu konumu zayıflamıştır. Avrupa Birliğinin siyasal koşulu olan Kopenhag siyasi
kriterlerinin Türkiye’nin demokratikleşmesine ve normalleşmesine yaptığı katkı hayatidir.

Kaynakça

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  • Ahmad, F. (1969) The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Ahmad, F. (1993) The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge.
  • Arslan, A. (2006) ‘The Turkish Power Elite’. International Journal of Human Sciences. 3 (1).
  • Bachrach, P. &Wolin, S.S. (1967) The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston: Little, Brown Boston.
  • Barkey, K. (1994) Bandits and Bureaucrats: the Ottoman Route to State Centralization. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Basgoz, I. (1973) ‘The Free Boarding Schools’ in Karpat, K.H. (ed.), Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis. Nederlands: E.J.Brill, p.203-226.
  • Beetham, D. (1996) Bureaucracy. 2nd edn. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Borkenau, F. (1936) Pareto. Modern Sociologists. London: Chapman and H.
  • Borrud, G. & Jones, D. (2010) ‘European Union welcomes Turkey's constitutional reform victory’ [online] Available at:<http://www.dw.de/european-union-welcomes-turkeys-constitutional-reform-victory/a-5999622-1>[accessed 10 August 2014].
  • Bottomore, T.B. (1993) Elites and Society. London: Routledge
  • Bozkurt, V. (2001) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, Siyasal Kurumlar, Çıkar Grupları, Kamuoyu Ortaklık Belgeleri. Bursa: Vipas.
  • Bryman, A. (2011) Social Research Methods. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chambers, R.L. (1964) ‘The Civil Bureaucracy and Political Modernization in Turkey’ inWard, R.E. &Rustow, D.A (ed.), Political modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, pp.301-327.
  • Chapman, B. (1959) The Profession of Government: the Public Service in Europe. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
  • Cook, S.A. (2007) Ruling But Not Governing: the Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  • Desch, M.C. (1999) Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment. London: JHU Press.
  • Diamond, L. (1997) In search of Consolidation. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Regional Challenges. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  • Dodd, C.H. (1990) The Crisis of Turkish Democracy. Huntingdon: Eothen Press.
  • Domhoff, G.W. (2005) ‘The Class-Domination Theory of Power’. [online] Available
  • at:<http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/class_domination.html>[accessed 21 July 2014].
  • Durgun, Ş. &Yayman, H. (2005) ‘The Turkish Bureaucracy as a Guardian of the Statist Tradition’ in Salmi, R. &Durgun, G.B. (ed.), Turkish-US Relations. Florida, USA:Brown Walker Press, pp.93-106.
  • EC (1998) ‘1998 Regular Reports From The Commission on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession’. [online] Available at:<http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/1998/turkey_en.pdf>[accessed 28 August 2014].
  • EC (1999) ‘1999 Regular Reports From The Commission on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession’. [online] Available at:<http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/1999/turkey_en.pdf>[accessed 28 August 2014].
  • EC (2000) ‘2000 Regular Reports From The Commission on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession’. [online] Available at:<http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2000/tu_en.pdf>[accessed 28 August 2014].
  • EC (2002) ‘2002 Regular Reports From The Commission on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accession’. [online] Available at:<http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2002/tu_en.pdf>[accessed 28 August 2014].
  • Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1993) The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1997) Classes and Elites in Democracy and Democratization: a Collection of Readings. London: Garland Publishing.
  • Eurobarometer (2001) ‘European Commission Candidate Countries Eurobarometer 2001’. [online] Available at:<http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/cceb/2001/cceb20011_en.pdf[accessed 28 August 2014].
  • Evin, A. (1994) ‘Demilitarization and Civilization of the Regime’ in Heper, M. &Evin, A. (ed.). Politics in the Third Turkish Republic. Boulder: Westview Press, pp.23-40.
  • Field, G.L. &Higley, J. (2013) Elitism. London: Routledge.
  • Findley, C.V. (1980) Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
  • Finefrock, M.M. (1981) Laissez Faire, the 1923 Izmir economic congress and early Turkish developmental policy in political perspective. Middle Eastern Studies. 17 (3): 375-392.
  • Frey, F.W. (1965) The Turkish Political Elite. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • Gerth, H.H. & Mills, C.W. (1946) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Güney, A. &Karatekelioğlu, P. (2005) ‘Turkey’s EU candidacy and civil-military relations: Challenges and prospects.’ Armed Forces & Society. 31 (3): 439-462.
  • Güngör,E.(1990) Dünden Bügünden:Tarih, Kültür ve Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Ötüken.
  • Hale, W.M. (1984) ‘The Traditional and the Modern in the Economy of Kemalist Turkey: the experiens of 1920s’ in Landau, J.M. (ed.), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Colorado: Westview Pres, pp.153-170.
  • Hale, W.M. (1998) Turkish Politics and the Military. London: Routledge.
  • Harris, G.S. (1965) ‘The Role of the Military in Turkish Politics.’ The Middle East Journal. 19: 54-66.
  • Heper, M. &Güney, A. (1996) ‘The Military and Democracy in the Third Turkish Republic.’ Armed Forces & Society. 22 (4): 619-642.
  • Heper, M. (1974). Bürokratik Yönetim Geleneği. Ankara: ODTU.
  • Heper, M. (1976) ‘Political Modernization as Reflected in Bureaucratic Change: The Turkish Bureauracy and A “Historical Bureaucratic Empire” Tradition.’ International Journal of Middle East Studies. 7 (04): 507-521.
  • Heper, M. (1985) The State Tradition in Turkey. Walkington: Eothen Press.
  • Heper, M. (2005) ‘The European Union, the Turkish military and democracy.’ South European society and politics. 10 (1): 33-44.
  • Hewitt C.J. (1974) ‘Elites and distribution of the power in British Society’ in Stanworth, P. & Giddens, A. (ed.), Elites and Power in British Society. London: Cambridge University Press, pp.45-65.
  • Inalcik, H. (1964) ‘The Nature of Traditional Society: Turkey.’ inWard, R.E. &Rustow, D.A(ed.), Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,pp.42-63.
  • Jary, D. &Jary, J. (1991) Dictionary of Sociology. Glasgow: Harper Collins.
  • Jenkins, G. (2001) Context and Circumstance: the Turkish Military and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Karpat, K.H. (1959) Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Karpat, K.H. (1972) ‘The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908.’ International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (03): 243-281.
  • Karpat, K.H. (2001) The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing İdentity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press.
  • Kunt, M.I. (1974) ‘Ethnic-regional (Cins) Solidarity in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Establishment.’ International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (03): 233-239.
  • Lerner, D. & Robinson, R.D. (1960) ‘Swords and Ploughshares: The Turkish Army as a Modernizing Force.’ World Politics. 13 (01): 19-44.
  • Lewis, B. (2002) The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 3rd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lybyer, A.H. (1913) The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent Cambridge: Harvard UP.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973) ‘Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics?’ Daedalus.102: 169-190.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1994) Türk Modemleşmesi, İstanbul: İletişimYayınları.
  • Mardin, Ş. (2000) ‘The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas.’ New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Meisel, J.H. (1962) The Myth of the Ruling Class: Gaetano Mosca and the" Elite". University of Michigan Press.
  • Michels, R. (1959) Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendancies of Modern Democracy. New York: Dover.
  • Mills, C.W. (1959) The Power Elite. New York: Galaxy
  • Mosca, G. (1939) The Ruling Class, ed. Arthur Livingston. New York: McGraw-Hall.
  • Narli, N. (2000) ‘Civil Military Relations in Turkey.’ Turkish Studies. 1 (1): 107-127.
  • Onis, Z. & Webb, S. B. (1994) ‘Turkey: Democratisation and Adjustment From Above’ in Haggard, S. & Webb, S.B. (ed.), Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New YorkL: Oxford University Press.pp.128-182.
  • Ortayli, İ. (2002) İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: İletişimYayınları.
  • Özbudun, E. (1996) ‘Turkey: How Far From Consolidation?’ Journal of Democracy, 7, 3: 123–38.
  • Ozdemir, H. (2006) Kılıç Kalem ve İlim. İstanbul: Yitik HazineYayınları.
  • Page, E. & Wright, V. (1999) Bureaucratic Elites in Western European States. Oxford University Press.
  • Pandey, R. (1989) Mainstream Traditions of Social Stratification Theory. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
  • Pareto, V. (1935) The Mind and Society. New York: Dower.
  • Pareto, V. (1976) Sociological Writings. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Parry, G. (1988) Political Elites. London: Unwin Hyman.
  • Porter, J. (1854) Turkey: İts History and Progress. vol. 1. London: Hurst &Blackett.
  • Powers, C.H. (1987) Vilfredo Pareto. Masters of social theory vol. 5.London: Sage.
  • Punch, K.F. (2006) Developing Effective Research Proposals. 2nd edn. London: Sage.
  • Roos, L.L. &Roos, N.P. (1971) Managers of Modernization: Organizations and Elites in Turkey (1950-1969). Harvard University Press.
  • Rouleau, E. (2000) ‘Turkey's dream of democracy.’ Foreign Affairs. 79 (6): 100-114.
  • Rustow, D. (1988) ‘Transitions to Democracy: Turkey’s Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective’ in in Heper, M. &Evin, A. (ed.). State, Democracy, and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s. New York: de Gruyter, pp.239-246.
  • Rustow, D.A. (1959) ‘The Army and the Founding of the Turkish Republic.’ World Politics. 11 (04): 513-552.
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  • Shaw, S.J. & Shaw, E.K. (2002) History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Reform, Revolution and Republic. The Rise of Modern 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaw, S.J. (1971) Between Old and New: the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Shils, E. (1975) Center and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Sozen, S. & Shaw, I. (2003) ‘Turkey and the European Union: Modernizing a traditional state?’ Social Policy & Administration.37 (2): 108-120.
  • Suleiman, E.N. (1984) Bureaucrats and Policy Making: A Comparative Overview. New York: Holmes & Meier.
  • Tachau, F. (1984) ‘The Political Culture of Kemalist Turkey’ in Landau, J.M. (ed.), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Colorado: Westview Pres,pp.57-76.
  • Tezel, Y.S. (2010) Transformation of "State" and "Society" in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. Istanbul: Is Bankasi KulturYayinlari.
  • Turan, I. (1984) ‘Contunity and Change in Turkish Bureaucracy: The Kemalist Period and After’ in Landau, J.M. (ed.), Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Colorado: Westview Pres, pp.99-123.
  • Turkone, M. (1995) Osmanlı Modernleşmesinin Kökleri. İstanbul: Yeni Şafak Kitaplığı.
  • Ülken, H. Z. (1998) Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi. İstanbul: Ülken Yayınları.
  • Weber, M. (1964) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press.
  • Weber, Max (2006) Bürokrasi ve Otorite. Ankara: AdresYayınları.
  • Weiker, W.F. (1968) ‘The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform.’ Administrative Science Quarterly: 451-470.
  • Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research; Design and Methods. 4th edn. Los Angeles: Sage Publications
  • Zurcher, E.J. (2007) Turkey: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Zürcher, E.J. (2010) The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building; from the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris.
Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Yasin Özcan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özcan, Y. (2015). THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 2(3), 147-189.
AMA Özcan Y. THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Mayıs 2015;2(3):147-189.
Chicago Özcan, Yasin. “THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 2, sy. 3 (Mayıs 2015): 147-89.
EndNote Özcan Y (01 Mayıs 2015) THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. Akademik Hassasiyetler 2 3 147–189.
IEEE Y. Özcan, “THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 2, sy. 3, ss. 147–189, 2015.
ISNAD Özcan, Yasin. “THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 2/3 (Mayıs 2015), 147-189.
JAMA Özcan Y. THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2015;2:147–189.
MLA Özcan, Yasin. “THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 2, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 147-89.
Vancouver Özcan Y. THE EUROPEAN TRANSFORMATION OF TURKISH BUREAUCRATIC ELITES. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2015;2(3):147-89.

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.