Araştırma Makalesi
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Avrupa Birliği’nde Politik Kimliğin Oluşumu: Yapısalcı Yaklaşım

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 47 - 71, 11.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.23481

Öz

Avrupa Birliği, global politika da önemli bir ekonomik ve siyasi figürdür ve
kendine özgü yapısı hem rasyonel yaklaşımlar hem de entegrasyon kuramcıları
tarafından analiz edilmektedir. Rasyonel maddeci ontolojiye karşılık,
sosyal konstrüktivist (inşaacı) okumaları incelediğimizde, Avrupa Birliği,
bir aktör olarak kendi konumunu besleyici ve güçlendirici çok sayı da tedrici
ilerlemeler kaydetmiştir, bilhassa, Lizbon Antlaşması Avrupa Birliği’nin
siyasi kimliğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Gelişmeye yönelik bu adımlar, geleneksel
maddeci yönelimli yaklaşımlardan ziyade, daha çok sivil kavramlar üzerine
atılmıştır. Bu sivil zemin, siyasi kimliği canlandırarak, Avrupa Birliği
antlaşmalarıyla ve diğer yasal yollarla güçlendirilmiştir. Sonuç itibariyle,
bu çabalar Avrupa Birliğinin siyasi kimliğini hazırlamıştır, üstelik, Avrupa
Birliği, temel özgürlükler, demokrasi ve hukukun üstünlüğü olan bu siyasi
kimlik bileşenlerini diğer ülkelere ihraç etmeye başlamıştır. Bu alıcı ülkelerin,
genellikle Avrupa Birliğine bazı tarihsel veya kültürel bağlılıkları
vardır. Bundan dolayı, bu araştırma, hangi entegrasyon kuramının Avrupa
Birliği’nin siyasi kimlik düzenine ve onun temsiliyetine en iyi şekilde cevap
vereceğini incelemeye çalışacaktır. Bu makale, önce 1993’teki Kopenag
Konseyi, ardından Lizbon Antlaşması’nın Avrupa Birliğinin imajı için roloynadığını,
hukuki açıdan, siyasi adımların Avrupa Birliği’ne bir siyasi kimlik
verdiğini tartışmaktadır. Siyasi kimlik üzerindeki bu fikir birliği, uluslararası
sahnedeki aktör profilini pekiştirmiştir. Ekonomi kentegrasyon, bu şekillendirilmeye
çalışılan Avrupa Birliği siyasi kimliğin daimi ve güçlü bir parçası
haline gelmesine rağmen, son yıllarda Avrupa Birliği Eurozone (Euro bölgesi)
ekonomik krizlerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bir araç olarak
sosyal ilişkilerden faydalanan ve sosyal ontolojiye referans veren sosyal
konstrüktivist (inşaacı) bir yaklaşım, özellikle Avrupa Birliği’nin yasal statü
kazanmasının ardından, Avrupa Birliği siyasi kimliğine ve yapısına aracılık
edecek en iyi yaklaşım olarak görünmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • BEST, E. and CHRISTIANSEN, T. (2008) The Globalization of World Politics; Regionalism in International Affairs. Ch 25 in BAYLIS, J. SMITH, S. & OWENS, P.(eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BRETHERTON, C. and VOGLER, J. (2006) The European Union as a Global Actor. London: Routledge.
  • BULL, H. (1982) Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. Journal of Common Market Studies.21(2), p. 149-164.
  • CMAKALOVA, K. and ROLENC, J. M. (2012) Actorness and Legitimacy of the European Union.Cooperation and Conflict.47(2). p. 260-270.
  • DINAN, D. (1999) Ever Closer Union?: An Introduction to European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave : Macmillan.
  • DUCHENE, F. (1972) Europe’s Role in World Peace In MAYNE, R.(eds.). Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead. London: Fontana.
  • EUROPEAN UNION.(2000) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. [Online] Available from: http://www.europarl. europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.
  • EUROPEAN UNION.(1993) European Council in Copenhagen. [Online] Available from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1986) Single European Act. [Online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/ documents/treaties/singleuropeanact.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1957) Treaty of Rome. [Online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/ treaties/rometreaty2.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam. [Online] Available from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en. pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (2009) Treaty of Lisbon. [Online] Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306: SOM:EN:HTML.
  • Political Identity Building in the EU 69 EUROPAEN UNİON. (2003) Treaty of Nice. [Online] Available from:http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-03-23_ en.htm? locale=en.
  • GINSBERG, R. H. (1999) Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor: Narrowing the Theoretical CapabilityExpectations Gap. Pittsburgh. PA.
  • GLENN, J. K. (2003) In CINI, M.(eds.). EU Enlargement : European Union Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • GROEN, L. and NIEMANN, A. (2012) EU Actorness and Effectiveness Under Political Pressure at the Copenhagen Climate Change Negotiations. Mainz Papers on International and European Union Politics. Paper no: 1. Mainz.
  • HAAS, E. B. (2003) The uniting of Europe: 1950-1957: The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration. In BRENT, F. N. and STUBB A. (eds.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • HETTNE, B. and SÖDERBAUM, F.(2005) Civilian Power or Soft Imperialism? The EU as a Global Actor and the Role of Interregionalism.European Foreign Affairs Review. No:10. p. 535-5
  • HOFFMANN, S. (1966) The European Process at Atlantic Cross Purposes. Journal of Common Market Studies.No:3. p. 85-101.
  • HOWORTH, J. (2010). The EU as a Global Actor: Grand Strategy for a Global Bargain?. Journal of Common Market Studies.48(3).p. 455-4
  • JUPILLE, J. and CAPORASO, J. A. (1998) States, Agency and Rules: the European Union in Global Environmental Politics. In RHODES C.- RIENNER L.(eds.). The European Union in the World Community.Boulder. Colorado.
  • KARLUK, R. (2005) AvrupaBirliğiveTürkiye.Kırklareli: Beta Basım.
  • KEOHANE, R. O. & NYE, J. S. (1977) Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little Brown.
  • KRASNER, S. D. (1988) Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective. Comparative Political Studies.21 (1).
  • MANNER, I. (2002) Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.Journal of Common Market Studies.40(2).p. 235-258.
  • MATTNI, W. (1999) The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • MC CORNICK, J. (2008) The European Union: Politics and Policies. Boulder. CO: Westview Press.
  • MEARSHHEIMER, J. J. (1994) The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security.19(3).p. 5-49.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J. (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.
  • MORAVCSIK, A. (2012) Charles De Gaulle and Europe: The New Revisionism. Journal of Cold War Studies.14(1).p. 53–77.
  • PETERSON, J. (2008) The EU as a Global Actor. In PETERSON, J.BOMBERG, E.& -STUBB, A.(eds.) The European Union: How does it work?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • O’BYRNE J. D. (2003) The Dimensions of Global Citizenship: Political Identity Beyond the Nation-State. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • POLLACK, M. (2004) The New Institutionalism and European Integration. In WIENER, A.& DIEZ, T.(eds.). European Integration Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • RISSE, T. (2004) Social Constructivism and European Integration. In WIENER, A.& DIEZ, T. European Integration Theory.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • ROSAMOND, B. (2000) Theories of European Integration. London: MacMillan Press.
  • SEDELMEIER, U. (2006) The EU’s Role as a Promoter of Human Rights and Democracy: Enlargement Policy Practice and Role Formation. In: ELGSTROM, O. and SMITH, M. (eds.). The European Union’s Role in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis.Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science.Routledge. London.UK.
  • SMITH, E. M. (2008) An Accidental Strategist? Military Power, Grand Strategy, and EU’s Changing Global Role.Mitchell Working Paper Series. Edinburgh: Edinburg Europa Institute
  • Political Identity Building in the EU 71 SJÖSTEDT, G. (1977) The External Role of the European Community. Farnborough: Saxon House.
  • VOGLER, J. (1999). The European Union as an Actor in International Environmental Politics.Environmetal Politics.8(3).p. 24–48.
  • WALTZ, K. N. (1959) Man, The State and the War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • WENDT, A. (1992) Anarchy is What States Make of it: Social Construction of World Politics.International Organization.26(2).p. 391-425.
  • WENDT, A. (1995) Constructing International Politics. International Security.20(1).p. 71-81.
  • ZÜRN, M. (2000) Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation State: The EU and Other International Institutions.European Journal of International Relations.6(2).P.183-221.

Political Identity Building in the EU: A Constructivist Approach

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 47 - 71, 11.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.23481

Öz

The EU is an important economic and political figure in global politics and its sui generis presence has been analyzed both from a rationalist approach and by integration theorists. Despite the rationalist material ontology, when we examine the social constructivist reading, the EU has achieved many gradual improvements that foster and strengthen its position as an actor; in particular, the Treaty of Lisbon has emphasized the political identity of the EU. These developmental steps have mostly been constructed on civilian concepts rather than traditional material oriented approaches. This civilian ground has been reinforced by EU treaties and other forms of legislation, giving flesh and bones to the political identity. As a consequence, these efforts have formulated the political identity of the EU; moreover, the EU has begun to export these political identity components, which are fundamental freedoms and the rule of law and democracy, towards other countries. The addressee states generally have some historical or cultural bonds to the EU. Therefore, this research will try to examine which integration theory best answers the EU’s political identity setting and its representation. This paper argues that first the Copenhagen Council in 1993 and then the Treaty of Lisbon have acted as starting points for EU’s self-image; in legal terms, these political steps have given the EU a stable political identity. This consensus in political identity has consolidated the actor profile on the international stage. When considering this progress from a theoretical perspective, traditional integration theories fail to comprehend and clarify this formative process, as they are immersed in the early economic integration process. Interestingly, although this shaped political identity became a robust and constant part of the EU, in recent years the EU has come face to face with the Eurozone Yrd. Doç. Dr., İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Ticari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, saydin@ticaret.edu.trBu makale iThenticate sistemi tarafından taranmıştır.economic crisis. In this context, a social constructivist approach, which makes use of social relations as a tool and references social ontology, seems the best approach to intervene the EU political identity and its presence, particularly after the EU gained legal status.

Kaynakça

  • BEST, E. and CHRISTIANSEN, T. (2008) The Globalization of World Politics; Regionalism in International Affairs. Ch 25 in BAYLIS, J. SMITH, S. & OWENS, P.(eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BRETHERTON, C. and VOGLER, J. (2006) The European Union as a Global Actor. London: Routledge.
  • BULL, H. (1982) Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. Journal of Common Market Studies.21(2), p. 149-164.
  • CMAKALOVA, K. and ROLENC, J. M. (2012) Actorness and Legitimacy of the European Union.Cooperation and Conflict.47(2). p. 260-270.
  • DINAN, D. (1999) Ever Closer Union?: An Introduction to European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave : Macmillan.
  • DUCHENE, F. (1972) Europe’s Role in World Peace In MAYNE, R.(eds.). Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead. London: Fontana.
  • EUROPEAN UNION.(2000) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. [Online] Available from: http://www.europarl. europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.
  • EUROPEAN UNION.(1993) European Council in Copenhagen. [Online] Available from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1986) Single European Act. [Online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/ documents/treaties/singleuropeanact.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1957) Treaty of Rome. [Online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/ treaties/rometreaty2.pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam. [Online] Available from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en. pdf.
  • EUROPAEN UNİON. (2009) Treaty of Lisbon. [Online] Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306: SOM:EN:HTML.
  • Political Identity Building in the EU 69 EUROPAEN UNİON. (2003) Treaty of Nice. [Online] Available from:http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-03-23_ en.htm? locale=en.
  • GINSBERG, R. H. (1999) Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor: Narrowing the Theoretical CapabilityExpectations Gap. Pittsburgh. PA.
  • GLENN, J. K. (2003) In CINI, M.(eds.). EU Enlargement : European Union Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • GROEN, L. and NIEMANN, A. (2012) EU Actorness and Effectiveness Under Political Pressure at the Copenhagen Climate Change Negotiations. Mainz Papers on International and European Union Politics. Paper no: 1. Mainz.
  • HAAS, E. B. (2003) The uniting of Europe: 1950-1957: The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration. In BRENT, F. N. and STUBB A. (eds.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • HETTNE, B. and SÖDERBAUM, F.(2005) Civilian Power or Soft Imperialism? The EU as a Global Actor and the Role of Interregionalism.European Foreign Affairs Review. No:10. p. 535-5
  • HOFFMANN, S. (1966) The European Process at Atlantic Cross Purposes. Journal of Common Market Studies.No:3. p. 85-101.
  • HOWORTH, J. (2010). The EU as a Global Actor: Grand Strategy for a Global Bargain?. Journal of Common Market Studies.48(3).p. 455-4
  • JUPILLE, J. and CAPORASO, J. A. (1998) States, Agency and Rules: the European Union in Global Environmental Politics. In RHODES C.- RIENNER L.(eds.). The European Union in the World Community.Boulder. Colorado.
  • KARLUK, R. (2005) AvrupaBirliğiveTürkiye.Kırklareli: Beta Basım.
  • KEOHANE, R. O. & NYE, J. S. (1977) Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little Brown.
  • KRASNER, S. D. (1988) Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective. Comparative Political Studies.21 (1).
  • MANNER, I. (2002) Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.Journal of Common Market Studies.40(2).p. 235-258.
  • MATTNI, W. (1999) The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • MC CORNICK, J. (2008) The European Union: Politics and Policies. Boulder. CO: Westview Press.
  • MEARSHHEIMER, J. J. (1994) The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security.19(3).p. 5-49.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J. (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.
  • MORAVCSIK, A. (2012) Charles De Gaulle and Europe: The New Revisionism. Journal of Cold War Studies.14(1).p. 53–77.
  • PETERSON, J. (2008) The EU as a Global Actor. In PETERSON, J.BOMBERG, E.& -STUBB, A.(eds.) The European Union: How does it work?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • O’BYRNE J. D. (2003) The Dimensions of Global Citizenship: Political Identity Beyond the Nation-State. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • POLLACK, M. (2004) The New Institutionalism and European Integration. In WIENER, A.& DIEZ, T.(eds.). European Integration Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • RISSE, T. (2004) Social Constructivism and European Integration. In WIENER, A.& DIEZ, T. European Integration Theory.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • ROSAMOND, B. (2000) Theories of European Integration. London: MacMillan Press.
  • SEDELMEIER, U. (2006) The EU’s Role as a Promoter of Human Rights and Democracy: Enlargement Policy Practice and Role Formation. In: ELGSTROM, O. and SMITH, M. (eds.). The European Union’s Role in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis.Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science.Routledge. London.UK.
  • SMITH, E. M. (2008) An Accidental Strategist? Military Power, Grand Strategy, and EU’s Changing Global Role.Mitchell Working Paper Series. Edinburgh: Edinburg Europa Institute
  • Political Identity Building in the EU 71 SJÖSTEDT, G. (1977) The External Role of the European Community. Farnborough: Saxon House.
  • VOGLER, J. (1999). The European Union as an Actor in International Environmental Politics.Environmetal Politics.8(3).p. 24–48.
  • WALTZ, K. N. (1959) Man, The State and the War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • WENDT, A. (1992) Anarchy is What States Make of it: Social Construction of World Politics.International Organization.26(2).p. 391-425.
  • WENDT, A. (1995) Constructing International Politics. International Security.20(1).p. 71-81.
  • ZÜRN, M. (2000) Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation State: The EU and Other International Institutions.European Journal of International Relations.6(2).P.183-221.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

E. Sare Aydın Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın Yılmaz, E. S. (2014). Political Identity Building in the EU: A Constructivist Approach. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.23481

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