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GENÇLERİN ULUSLARARASI GÖNÜLLÜ HİZMET DENEYİMLERİ VE BİREY ÜZERİNDEKİ SOSYO - KÜLTÜREL ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 136 - 177, 25.07.2014

Fahri Çakı

Öz

Uluslar arası gönüllülük, yaygın eğitim ve kültürlerarası öğrenme için önemli bir araç olarak düşünülür. Avrupa Komisyonu'nun Avrupa Gönüllü Hizmet Programı (AGH), gençler için bu tür eğitim ve öğrenme deneyimleri yaratmak için geliştirilen özel bir eğitsel programdır. Türkiye 6 yıldan fazla bir süredir bu programın uygulanmasında aktif rol almaktadır ve bu bağlamda ciddi bir deneyim birikimi sağlamıştır. Türkiye'de gerçekleşen uluslar arası gönüllülük deneyimlerinin incelenmesi, ilgili literatürde gözlemlenenlerden farklı bulgular sunabilir çünkü Orta-Doğulu/Müslüman bir toplumda uluslar arası gönüllü hizmet deneyiminin diğer Avrupa toplumlarına göre çok daha fazla kültürel zorluklar yaratacağı düşünülebilir. Bu makale, arka-planda Doğu-Batı ilişkilerini temel alan sosyolojik bir perspektiften hareketle AGH Programı dâhilinde uluslar arası gönüllülüğün etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gençlerin uluslar arası gönüllü hizmet deneyimleri süreci ve sonrasında ev sahibi ülke kültürüne karşı algı ve tutumlarının değişip değişmediği veya hangi boyutlarda değiştiği ana araştırma sorusu olacaktır. Araştırma verileri, 2007-2011 yılları arasında Balıkesir'de iki farklı kuruluşta AGH deneyimi yaşayan 30 gönüllüyle yapılan ve derinlemesine mülakat tekniği kullanılan etnografik bir alan araştırmasından gelmektedir. Ek olarak, iki ev sahibi kuruluşun 8 çalışanıyla yapılan odak grup görüşmelerinden elde edilen veriler de kullanılacaktır. Araştırmanın ana bulguları, Avrupalı gençlerin Türkiye'deki AGH deneyimlerinin onların kişisel gelişim ve sosyal becerilerine ciddi katkılar sağladığı ve Türkiye ve Türk kültürü hakkında eskisine oranla daha fazla şeyler öğrenmelerine vesile olduğunu göstermektedir. Ama kültürel farklılıklara saygı, hoşgörü ve derin bir kavrayış geliştirmeyi ifade eden kültürlerarası öğrenme açısından bu deneyimlerin Avrupalı gençleri çok değiştirmediği, kültürlerarası öğrenme bağlamındaki olumlu etkilerin sınırlı kaldığı görülmektedir. Makale, kültürlerarası öğrenme etkilerinin sınırlılığının Avrupalı gençler arasında çok köklü bir şekilde yer edinen Avrupamerkezci bakış açısıyla ilişkilendirilebileceği ve eğitim politikalarında kültürlerarası öğrenme söyleminin belirleyiciliğine ihtiyatla yaklaşılması gerektiği önerisiyle sona ermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası gönüllülük kültürlerarası öğrenme Avrupa Gönüllü Hizmeti Türkiye'de gönüllülük

Kaynakça

  • Agerhem, S. (2004). Volunteering in South Asia and South East Asia. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/fileadmin/docdb/pdf/2006/IFRC_Asia_volunte er_05.pdf (okuma: 7.2.2011).
  • Belz, J. A. (2002). “Social dimensions of telecollaborative foreign language study”. Language Learning & Technology 6(1), p. 60-81. (okuma: 25.2.2011).
  • Bennett, Milton J. (2009). “Defining, Measuring and Facilitating Intercultural Learning: Conceptual Introduction to the IJIE Special Issue”. http://en.afs60.de/webcontent/files/MbM_Bennet.pdf (okuma: 22.2.2011).
  • Brown, Lorraine (2009). “Worlds Apart: The Barrier Between East and West”, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 2: 3, 240 -259.
  • http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/635170__912802606.pdf (okuma: 10.4.2011). Byram, Michael (1989). Cultural studies in foreign language teaching. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, (Multilingual Matters 46).
  • Crichton vd., (2004) - J. Crichton, M. Paige, L. Papademetre, A. Scarino “Introduction”. Integrated resources for intercultural teaching and learning in the context of internationalisation in higher education. The Research Centre for Languages and Cultures Education, in the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia.
  • Epp, Ulrike. (2007). “Cognitive and Pedagogical Elements of Dealing with Intercultural Communication”. Intercultural Communication and Foreign Language Teaching: Perspectives from a Czech-German Viewpoint. Corinna FitzGerald & Konrad Schröder (editors). http://opus.bibliothek.uniaugsburg.de/volltexte/2007/695/pdf/Intercultural_Communication.pdf (okuma: 21.3.2011).
  • Evans, Elisha & Saxton, Joe., (2005). The 21st Century volunteer: A report on the Changing Face of Volunteering in the 21st Century. http://www.nfpsynergy.net/includes/documents/cm_docs/2010/2/21st_centu ry_volunteer.pdf (okuma: 28.3.2011).
  • Furstenberg, G., Levet, S., English, K., & Maillet, K. (2001). “Giving a virtual voice to the silent language of culture: The Cultura Project”. Language Learning & Technology, 5(1), 55-102. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.124.7347&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Gal vd. (2003).- Reuven Gal, Karin Amit, Nicole Fleischer, Nancy StrichmanVolunteers of National Youth Service in Israel: A Study on Motivation for Service, Social Attitudes and Volunteers' Satisfaction. CSD Working Paper No. 03-23. The Carmel Institute, Israel.
  • Gorski, Poul C. (2007). “Good Intentions Are Not Enough: A Decolonizing Intercultural Education” http://www.edchange.org/publications/interculturaleducation.pdf (okuma: 21.3.2011).
  • Hunfeld, Hans. (1997). “Principles of Intercultural Learning – for Better Kowledge of the LIFE Concept”. LIFE: Ideas and Materials for Intercultural Learning (Munich: BMW Group). http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/verantwortung/gesellsch aft/lifeaward/_pdf/BMWAward_Aufsatz_Prof_Hunfeld.pdf (okuma: 10.4.2011).
  • Kim Y.Y., (1988). Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation, an Integral Theory Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters.
  • Kramsch, Claire. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford.
  • Lough, B. J.; McBride, A. M.; Sherraden, M. S. (2009). Perceived Effects of International Volunteering: Reports from Alumni. CSD Research Report 09-10. http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/RP09-10.pdf (okuma: 28.2.2011).
  • McClintock, Norah, (2004). Understanding Canadian Volunteers. Canadian Centre for Philanthropy. http://www.givingandvolunteering.ca/files/giving/en/reports/understanding_volunte ers.pdf (okuma: 8.2.2011).
  • Nelson, Taryn. (2005). A Comparative Look at National Volunteerism Legislation. http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/fileadmin/docs/old/pdf/2005/nat_vol.pdf (okuma: 7.2.2011).
  • O'Dowd, Robert (2003). “Understanding the 'Other Side': Intercultural
  • Learning in A Spanish-English E-Mail Exchange”. Language Learning & Technology, 7 (2), p. 118-144. http://llt.msu.edu/vol7num2/pdf/odowd.pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Paige, Michael. (2004). “The Intercultural in Teaching and Learning: A Developmental Approach” - J. Crichton, M. Paige, L. Papademetre, A. Scarino Integrated resources for intercultural teaching and learning in the context of internationalisation in higher education. The Research Centre for Languages and Cultures Education, in the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia. P. 79-90.
  • Public Policy and Management Institute, Mobility of Volunteers Across Europe www.eyv2011.eu/fundingopportunities/item/download/238 (okuma: 22.3.2011).
  • Pratt, James. (2005). Volunteering as a Stepping Stone for Marginalized Youth. Volunteer Victoria. http://www.volunteervictoria.bc.ca/_pdfs/stepping_stone.pdf (okuma: 10.01.2011).
  • Rose, Chris (2003). “Intercultural learning 1” http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/intercultural-learning-1 (okuma: 10.3.2011).
  • Roth, Juliana (1999). “Intercultural learning - Perspectives on the east-west interface” http://www.knowledgeboard.com/item/227 (okuma: 12.3.2011).
  • Seidman, I. (1998). Interviewing As Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education And the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Selwyn, N., & Robson, K. (1998). “Using email as a research tool”. Social Research Update, 21. Guildford. University of Surrey. http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU21.html (okuma: 2.3.2011).
  • Stiehr vd. (2010). - K. Stiehr, C. Ohms, M. Kaucher, M. Kaukal, S. Röhl - “Impact of Transnational Exchange Experiences on Senior Volunteers and Organisations.” Research Report. http://www.seven-network.eu/site/files/Final%20Report.pdf (okuma: 28.3.2011).
  • TEGV. (2008). Türkiye'de Gençlik, Gönüllülük ve Sosyal Sermaye Araştırma Sonuçları Sunumu. http://www.tegv.org/v2/images/TEGV_Gonulluluk_Arastirmasi_Sunumu.pdf (okuma: 28.2.2011).
  • UNESCO (2006). Unesco Guidline on Intercultural Education. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147878e.pdf (okuma: 11.3.2011).
  • von der Emde, S., Schneider, J. & Kötter, M. (2001). “Technically speaking: Transforming language learning through virtual learning environments (MOOs)”.
  • The Modern Language Journal, 85(2), 210-225 http://www.humanities.uci.edu/german/ger220/vonderemde2001.pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Wilson, John & Musick, Marc, (2000). “The Effects of Volunteering on the Volunteer.” Law and Contemporary Problems. 62 (4): 141-168.
  • Ziersch, A. M. & Baum, F. E., (2004). “Involvement in civil society groups: Is it good for your health?” (Research Report). J Epidemiol Community Health. ;58(6):493-500.

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Yıl 2011, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 136 - 177, 25.07.2014

Fahri Çakı

Öz

International voluntarism is considered to be an important venue for non- formal education and intercultural learning. European Voluntary Service (EVS) Program of European Commission is a specific program to generate such educational and learning experiences for young people. Turkey has been involved in the implementation of this program for more than 6 years and accumulated a significant level of experiences in this context. Examining international voluntary service experiences taking place in Turkey may provide different findings than what is observed in the literature because international voluntary action in such a Middle Eastern/Muslim country may create much more cultural challenges than all other European countries. From a sociological perspective based on the East-West relations as the background, this paper aims at exploring the effects of international voluntarism, within the context of EVS Program, in terms of whether, or to what extent, young people's perception of and attitudes towards the host country's culture get changed during and after international voluntary service experience. The data for this exploration comes from an ethnographic research conducted with 30 European Voluntary Service volunteers who volunteered in two different organizations in Balıkesir, Turkey between 2007 and 2011. Additionally, data was gathered and used through focus group interviews with 8 staff members of host organizations. The major findings indicate that an experience of international voluntary service significantly contributes to the personal development and social skills of young people and that it helps them to learn more about Turkey and Turkish culture. However, positive effects of such an experience are limited in terms of intercultural learning, which is closely related to respect and tolerance to and a deeper understanding of cultural diversities. It is suggested that this limited effect may be associated with deeply rooted Eurocentric perspective among European young people and that a precautious attitude might be appropriate before making the discourse of intercultural learning as one of the leading principles of educational policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International voluntarism intercultural learning European Voluntary Service voluntarism in Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Agerhem, S. (2004). Volunteering in South Asia and South East Asia. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/fileadmin/docdb/pdf/2006/IFRC_Asia_volunte er_05.pdf (okuma: 7.2.2011).
  • Belz, J. A. (2002). “Social dimensions of telecollaborative foreign language study”. Language Learning & Technology 6(1), p. 60-81. (okuma: 25.2.2011).
  • Bennett, Milton J. (2009). “Defining, Measuring and Facilitating Intercultural Learning: Conceptual Introduction to the IJIE Special Issue”. http://en.afs60.de/webcontent/files/MbM_Bennet.pdf (okuma: 22.2.2011).
  • Brown, Lorraine (2009). “Worlds Apart: The Barrier Between East and West”, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 2: 3, 240 -259.
  • http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/635170__912802606.pdf (okuma: 10.4.2011). Byram, Michael (1989). Cultural studies in foreign language teaching. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, (Multilingual Matters 46).
  • Crichton vd., (2004) - J. Crichton, M. Paige, L. Papademetre, A. Scarino “Introduction”. Integrated resources for intercultural teaching and learning in the context of internationalisation in higher education. The Research Centre for Languages and Cultures Education, in the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia.
  • Epp, Ulrike. (2007). “Cognitive and Pedagogical Elements of Dealing with Intercultural Communication”. Intercultural Communication and Foreign Language Teaching: Perspectives from a Czech-German Viewpoint. Corinna FitzGerald & Konrad Schröder (editors). http://opus.bibliothek.uniaugsburg.de/volltexte/2007/695/pdf/Intercultural_Communication.pdf (okuma: 21.3.2011).
  • Evans, Elisha & Saxton, Joe., (2005). The 21st Century volunteer: A report on the Changing Face of Volunteering in the 21st Century. http://www.nfpsynergy.net/includes/documents/cm_docs/2010/2/21st_centu ry_volunteer.pdf (okuma: 28.3.2011).
  • Furstenberg, G., Levet, S., English, K., & Maillet, K. (2001). “Giving a virtual voice to the silent language of culture: The Cultura Project”. Language Learning & Technology, 5(1), 55-102. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.124.7347&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Gal vd. (2003).- Reuven Gal, Karin Amit, Nicole Fleischer, Nancy StrichmanVolunteers of National Youth Service in Israel: A Study on Motivation for Service, Social Attitudes and Volunteers' Satisfaction. CSD Working Paper No. 03-23. The Carmel Institute, Israel.
  • Gorski, Poul C. (2007). “Good Intentions Are Not Enough: A Decolonizing Intercultural Education” http://www.edchange.org/publications/interculturaleducation.pdf (okuma: 21.3.2011).
  • Hunfeld, Hans. (1997). “Principles of Intercultural Learning – for Better Kowledge of the LIFE Concept”. LIFE: Ideas and Materials for Intercultural Learning (Munich: BMW Group). http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/verantwortung/gesellsch aft/lifeaward/_pdf/BMWAward_Aufsatz_Prof_Hunfeld.pdf (okuma: 10.4.2011).
  • Kim Y.Y., (1988). Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation, an Integral Theory Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters.
  • Kramsch, Claire. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford.
  • Lough, B. J.; McBride, A. M.; Sherraden, M. S. (2009). Perceived Effects of International Volunteering: Reports from Alumni. CSD Research Report 09-10. http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/RP09-10.pdf (okuma: 28.2.2011).
  • McClintock, Norah, (2004). Understanding Canadian Volunteers. Canadian Centre for Philanthropy. http://www.givingandvolunteering.ca/files/giving/en/reports/understanding_volunte ers.pdf (okuma: 8.2.2011).
  • Nelson, Taryn. (2005). A Comparative Look at National Volunteerism Legislation. http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/fileadmin/docs/old/pdf/2005/nat_vol.pdf (okuma: 7.2.2011).
  • O'Dowd, Robert (2003). “Understanding the 'Other Side': Intercultural
  • Learning in A Spanish-English E-Mail Exchange”. Language Learning & Technology, 7 (2), p. 118-144. http://llt.msu.edu/vol7num2/pdf/odowd.pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Paige, Michael. (2004). “The Intercultural in Teaching and Learning: A Developmental Approach” - J. Crichton, M. Paige, L. Papademetre, A. Scarino Integrated resources for intercultural teaching and learning in the context of internationalisation in higher education. The Research Centre for Languages and Cultures Education, in the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia. P. 79-90.
  • Public Policy and Management Institute, Mobility of Volunteers Across Europe www.eyv2011.eu/fundingopportunities/item/download/238 (okuma: 22.3.2011).
  • Pratt, James. (2005). Volunteering as a Stepping Stone for Marginalized Youth. Volunteer Victoria. http://www.volunteervictoria.bc.ca/_pdfs/stepping_stone.pdf (okuma: 10.01.2011).
  • Rose, Chris (2003). “Intercultural learning 1” http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/intercultural-learning-1 (okuma: 10.3.2011).
  • Roth, Juliana (1999). “Intercultural learning - Perspectives on the east-west interface” http://www.knowledgeboard.com/item/227 (okuma: 12.3.2011).
  • Seidman, I. (1998). Interviewing As Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education And the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Selwyn, N., & Robson, K. (1998). “Using email as a research tool”. Social Research Update, 21. Guildford. University of Surrey. http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU21.html (okuma: 2.3.2011).
  • Stiehr vd. (2010). - K. Stiehr, C. Ohms, M. Kaucher, M. Kaukal, S. Röhl - “Impact of Transnational Exchange Experiences on Senior Volunteers and Organisations.” Research Report. http://www.seven-network.eu/site/files/Final%20Report.pdf (okuma: 28.3.2011).
  • TEGV. (2008). Türkiye'de Gençlik, Gönüllülük ve Sosyal Sermaye Araştırma Sonuçları Sunumu. http://www.tegv.org/v2/images/TEGV_Gonulluluk_Arastirmasi_Sunumu.pdf (okuma: 28.2.2011).
  • UNESCO (2006). Unesco Guidline on Intercultural Education. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147878e.pdf (okuma: 11.3.2011).
  • von der Emde, S., Schneider, J. & Kötter, M. (2001). “Technically speaking: Transforming language learning through virtual learning environments (MOOs)”.
  • The Modern Language Journal, 85(2), 210-225 http://www.humanities.uci.edu/german/ger220/vonderemde2001.pdf (okuma: 8.3.2011).
  • Wilson, John & Musick, Marc, (2000). “The Effects of Volunteering on the Volunteer.” Law and Contemporary Problems. 62 (4): 141-168.
  • Ziersch, A. M. & Baum, F. E., (2004). “Involvement in civil society groups: Is it good for your health?” (Research Report). J Epidemiol Community Health. ;58(6):493-500.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fahri Çakı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakı, F. (2014). GENÇLERİN ULUSLARARASI GÖNÜLLÜ HİZMET DENEYİMLERİ VE BİREY ÜZERİNDEKİ SOSYO - KÜLTÜREL ETKİLERİ. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(1), 136-177.

Creative Commons Lisansı

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID) bilginin paylaşımı için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.