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How Do The Main Negative Emotions Affect People's Political Decision Process? : “Fear, Anxiety And Anger

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 246 - 261, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.708916

Öz

In the post-modern era, the mobilization of previously large masses has been replaced by micro-groups dominated by new and distinct identities. As a result, the analysis and predictability of electorate behavior have decreased. The political decision-making processes of individuals have therefore been subjected to detailed analyzes. Emotions have become a significant subject of political psychology in terms of their effects on the political decision-making process of individuals. Emotions have also become an important topic in political psychology. Researches revealed that emotions have important effects on thoughts and decision-making processes. In this context, the article primarily aims to draw a rational framework on this subject by including modern “emotion” definitions and the impacts of people’s emotions on political decisions. Afterward, the article investigated the effect of negative emotions on political decision-making. In this context, anxiety, fear and anger are emphasized by using a descriptive approach. The article argues that negative emotions that are anxiety, fear, and anger, in particular, have positive contributions to the political decision-making process of individuals.

Kaynakça

  • Ax, A. “The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans”. Psychosomatic Medicine 15/5 (1953), 433–42.
  • Blais, A. vd. Political Leaders in Democratic Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Brader, T. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions”. American Journal of Political Science 49/2, (2005). 388–405.
  • Brader, T. “Affective Intelligence and Beyond: Next Steps in Research on Emotion in Politics”. Political Communication Report, (2006), 1-6.
  • Brader, T., Marcus, G. E. “Emotion and Political Psychology”. The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ed. L. Huddy vd. 165-204. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Bruter, M. vd. “Understanding the emotional act of voting”. Nat Hum Behaviour 1, (2017).
  • Capelos, Tereza. “Understanding Anxiety and Aversion: The Origins an Consequences of Affectivity in Political Campaigns”, Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension, ed. Nicolas Demertzis, 39-59, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Campbell, A. vd. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1960).
  • Conover, P. vd. “Candidates, Issues and Voters: The Role of Inferences in the Perception of Political Candidates”, the Journal of Politics, 45/4, (1983), 810-839.
  • Damasio, A. R. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam, 1994.
  • Dang-Xuan, L. vd. “An Investigation of Influentials and the Role of Sentiment in Political Communication on Twitter during Election Periods”, Information Communication and Society, 16/5, (2013), 795-825.
  • Dawes, R. M. Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
  • Demertzis, N. Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Derrberry, D. “The Immediate Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback Signals”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61/2, (1991), 267–278.
  • Diener, E. vd. “The Independence of Positive and Negative Affect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47/5, (1985), 1105–1117.
  • Elliott, A. The Routledge Companion to Social Theory, Routledge, New York, 2010.
  • Erisen, C. Political Behavior and the Emotional Citizen. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2018.
  • Fishbein, M. vd. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An introduction to Theory and Research. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
  • Frijda, N. The Emotions, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  • Gonzalez-Bailon vd. “Emotions Public Opinion and US Presidential Approval Rates 5-Year Analysis of Online Political Discussions”. Human Communication Research, 38/2, (2012), 121–143.
  • Gordon, S. “Social Structural Affects on Emotions”. Research Agendas in the Sociology of Emotions, ed. Th. Kemper, New York: State University of New York Press, 1990.
  • Groenendyk, E. “The anxious and ambivalent partisan: The effect of incidental anxiety on partisan motivated recall and ambivalence”. Public Opinion, 80/2, (2016), 460–479.
  • Gross, K. vd. “Confidence in Government and Emotional Responses to Terrorism after September 11, 2001”. American Politics Research, 37/1, (2009), 107–128.
  • Habermas, J. "Modernity versus Postmodernity." New German Critique, 22, (1981), 3-14.
  • Houghton, David Patrick. Siyaset Psikolojisi: Durumlar, Bireyler, Olaylar, İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yay., 2018.
  • Huddy, L. vd. “On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger”, The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. George Marcus vd. 432-461. Chicago: Chicago University Press, (2007).
  • Huddy, L. vd. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies”. American Journal of Political Science, 49/3, (2005), 593–608.
  • Druckman, J. vd. “The growth and development of experimental research political science”. American Political Science Review 100, (2006), 627–636.
  • Janis, I. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
  • Jervis, R. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
  • Johnston, C. vd. “Emotion and political judgment: Expectancy violation and affective intelligence”. Political Research Quarterly, 68/3, (2015), 474–492.
  • Kahneman, D. vd. Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Lau, R. L. “Models of Decision-Making”. Political Psyhology, Ed. Sears vd. 19-60. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Lee, E.J. vd. “To Personalize or Depersonalize? When and How Politicians’ Personalized Tweets Affect the Public’s Reactions”. Journal of Communication, 62/6 (2012), 932–949.
  • Lebow, Richard Ned. Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis, Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1981.
  • Lerner, J. S. vd. “Emotion and Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment”. Psychological Science, 14, (2003), 144–150.
  • Lodge, M. vd. “The Primacy of Affect for Political Candidate Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis”. Political Psychology, 26/5 (2005), 455–482.
  • Lodge, M., - Taber, The Rationalizing Voter. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Marcus, G. E. The Sentimental Citizen. Emotion in Democratic Politics, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
  • Marcus, G.E. vd. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns.” Political Psychology, ed. John T. Tost vd. 215-235, New York and Hove: Psychology Press, 2004.
  • McDermott, R. Political Psychology in Inernational Relations. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2004.
  • Mohammad, S. M. vd. “Sentiment, Emotion, Purpose, and Style in Electoral Tweets”. Information Processing and Management, (2015), 480-499.
  • Nai, Alessandro. vd. “The Personality of Populists: Provocateurs, Charismatic Leaders, or Drunken Dinner Guests?”. West European Politics, 42/7 (2019).
  • Neuman, W. vd. “Theorizing Affect’s Effects”, The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. George Marcus vd. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2007.
  • Pennebaker, Francis. vd. “Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2001”. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers, 2001.
  • Plutchik, R. Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
  • Pratto, F. vd. “Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-grabbing Power of Negative Social Information”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61/3 (1991), 380–91.
  • Redlawsk, D. vd. “Emotions and Voting”, Handbook of Electoral Behaviour, ed. Arzheimer, 406-432, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing, 2017. Rolls, E. “On the brain and emotion”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23/2 (Oct. 2000), 219–228.
  • Roseman, I. J. “Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions.” Cognition and Emotion 5/3 (1991), 161-200.
  • Russel, J. “A Circumplex Model of Affect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39/6 (Dec. 1980), 1161–78.
  • Shafir, E. vd. “Reason-based choice”. Cognition 49/1-2 (1997), 11-36.
  • Sieben, B. – Wettegren. Emotionalizing Organizations and Organizing Emotions. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Simon, H. A. “Human nature in politics: The dialogue of psychology with political science”. The American Political Science Review 79/2 (Jun. 1985), 293–304.
  • Sniderman, P. vd. Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Steenbergen, Marco R. - Ellis, Christopher. “Fear and Loathing in American Elections. Context, Traits, and Negative Candidate Affect”, Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing., ed. Redlawsk, 109-133, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Stein, J. “Building politics into psychology: The misperception of threat”. Political Psychology 9/2 (Jun. 1988), 245–271.
  • Tellegan, A. “Structures of Mood and Personality and Their Relevance to Assessing Anxiety, with an Emphasis on Self-Report”. Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, ed. Tuma vd. Hillsdale, 681–706, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985.
  • Thaler, R. Quasi-rational economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994.
  • Thoits, P. A. “The Sociology of Emotions.” Annual Review of Sociology 15 (1989), 317–342.
  • Tompkins, S. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. New York: Spring, 1962.
  • Turner, J. H. – Stets. The Sociology of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Valentino, N. A. vd. “Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation”. Journal of Politics 73/1 (2011), 156–170.
  • Valentino, N. vd. “Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via ınternet”. Political Psychology 29/2 ( 2008), 247–273.
  • Vasilopoulos, P. vd. “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence From the November 13, 2015 Paris Terror Attacks”, Political Psychology, 40/4, (2018), 679-704.
  • Vogel, G. “Scientists Probe Feelings behind Decision Making”. Science 275/5304, (1997), 1269.
  • Watson, D. vd. “Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood”. Psychological Bulletin 98/2, (1985), 219–35.

Temel Olumsuz Duygular Kişilerin Siyasi Karar Sürecini Nasil Etkiliyor? : "Korku, Kaygi Ve Öfke

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 246 - 261, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.708916

Öz

Önceleri var olan büyük kitlelerin mobilizasyonu post-modern dönemde yerini yeni ve birbirinden farklı kimliklerin egemen olduğu mikro gruplara bırakmıştır. Bu durum seçmen davranışlarının çözümlenmesini ve tahmin edilebilirliğini de azaltmıştır. Bireylerin siyasi karar verme süreçleri bu nedenle çeşitli başlıklar altında derin analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Duygular da bireylerin siyasi karar verme sürecinde sahip oldukları etkiler bağlamında siyaset psikolojisinin önemli bir konusu haline gelmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar duyguların düşünceler ve karar verme süreçleri üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bağlamda makale öncelikle modern “duygu” tanımlarına ve duyguların kişilerin siyasi kararlarına etkisine yer vererek bu konuda rasyonel bir çerçeve çizmeyi amaçlamıştır. Sonrasında ise negatif duyguların siyasi karar verme sürecine etkisi üzerine bir inceleme gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda betimleyici yaklaşım ile anksiyete, korku ve kızgınlık üzerinde durulmuştur. Makale anksiyete, korku ve kızgınlık gibi negatif duyguların bireylerin siyasi karar verme sürecine pozitif katkıları olduğunu savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ax, A. “The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans”. Psychosomatic Medicine 15/5 (1953), 433–42.
  • Blais, A. vd. Political Leaders in Democratic Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Brader, T. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions”. American Journal of Political Science 49/2, (2005). 388–405.
  • Brader, T. “Affective Intelligence and Beyond: Next Steps in Research on Emotion in Politics”. Political Communication Report, (2006), 1-6.
  • Brader, T., Marcus, G. E. “Emotion and Political Psychology”. The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Ed. L. Huddy vd. 165-204. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Bruter, M. vd. “Understanding the emotional act of voting”. Nat Hum Behaviour 1, (2017).
  • Capelos, Tereza. “Understanding Anxiety and Aversion: The Origins an Consequences of Affectivity in Political Campaigns”, Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension, ed. Nicolas Demertzis, 39-59, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Campbell, A. vd. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1960).
  • Conover, P. vd. “Candidates, Issues and Voters: The Role of Inferences in the Perception of Political Candidates”, the Journal of Politics, 45/4, (1983), 810-839.
  • Damasio, A. R. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam, 1994.
  • Dang-Xuan, L. vd. “An Investigation of Influentials and the Role of Sentiment in Political Communication on Twitter during Election Periods”, Information Communication and Society, 16/5, (2013), 795-825.
  • Dawes, R. M. Behavioral Decision Making and Judgment. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
  • Demertzis, N. Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Derrberry, D. “The Immediate Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback Signals”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61/2, (1991), 267–278.
  • Diener, E. vd. “The Independence of Positive and Negative Affect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47/5, (1985), 1105–1117.
  • Elliott, A. The Routledge Companion to Social Theory, Routledge, New York, 2010.
  • Erisen, C. Political Behavior and the Emotional Citizen. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2018.
  • Fishbein, M. vd. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An introduction to Theory and Research. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
  • Frijda, N. The Emotions, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  • Gonzalez-Bailon vd. “Emotions Public Opinion and US Presidential Approval Rates 5-Year Analysis of Online Political Discussions”. Human Communication Research, 38/2, (2012), 121–143.
  • Gordon, S. “Social Structural Affects on Emotions”. Research Agendas in the Sociology of Emotions, ed. Th. Kemper, New York: State University of New York Press, 1990.
  • Groenendyk, E. “The anxious and ambivalent partisan: The effect of incidental anxiety on partisan motivated recall and ambivalence”. Public Opinion, 80/2, (2016), 460–479.
  • Gross, K. vd. “Confidence in Government and Emotional Responses to Terrorism after September 11, 2001”. American Politics Research, 37/1, (2009), 107–128.
  • Habermas, J. "Modernity versus Postmodernity." New German Critique, 22, (1981), 3-14.
  • Houghton, David Patrick. Siyaset Psikolojisi: Durumlar, Bireyler, Olaylar, İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yay., 2018.
  • Huddy, L. vd. “On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger”, The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. George Marcus vd. 432-461. Chicago: Chicago University Press, (2007).
  • Huddy, L. vd. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies”. American Journal of Political Science, 49/3, (2005), 593–608.
  • Druckman, J. vd. “The growth and development of experimental research political science”. American Political Science Review 100, (2006), 627–636.
  • Janis, I. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
  • Jervis, R. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
  • Johnston, C. vd. “Emotion and political judgment: Expectancy violation and affective intelligence”. Political Research Quarterly, 68/3, (2015), 474–492.
  • Kahneman, D. vd. Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Lau, R. L. “Models of Decision-Making”. Political Psyhology, Ed. Sears vd. 19-60. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Lee, E.J. vd. “To Personalize or Depersonalize? When and How Politicians’ Personalized Tweets Affect the Public’s Reactions”. Journal of Communication, 62/6 (2012), 932–949.
  • Lebow, Richard Ned. Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis, Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1981.
  • Lerner, J. S. vd. “Emotion and Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment”. Psychological Science, 14, (2003), 144–150.
  • Lodge, M. vd. “The Primacy of Affect for Political Candidate Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis”. Political Psychology, 26/5 (2005), 455–482.
  • Lodge, M., - Taber, The Rationalizing Voter. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Marcus, G. E. The Sentimental Citizen. Emotion in Democratic Politics, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
  • Marcus, G.E. vd. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns.” Political Psychology, ed. John T. Tost vd. 215-235, New York and Hove: Psychology Press, 2004.
  • McDermott, R. Political Psychology in Inernational Relations. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2004.
  • Mohammad, S. M. vd. “Sentiment, Emotion, Purpose, and Style in Electoral Tweets”. Information Processing and Management, (2015), 480-499.
  • Nai, Alessandro. vd. “The Personality of Populists: Provocateurs, Charismatic Leaders, or Drunken Dinner Guests?”. West European Politics, 42/7 (2019).
  • Neuman, W. vd. “Theorizing Affect’s Effects”, The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. George Marcus vd. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2007.
  • Pennebaker, Francis. vd. “Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2001”. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers, 2001.
  • Plutchik, R. Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
  • Pratto, F. vd. “Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-grabbing Power of Negative Social Information”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61/3 (1991), 380–91.
  • Redlawsk, D. vd. “Emotions and Voting”, Handbook of Electoral Behaviour, ed. Arzheimer, 406-432, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing, 2017. Rolls, E. “On the brain and emotion”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23/2 (Oct. 2000), 219–228.
  • Roseman, I. J. “Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions.” Cognition and Emotion 5/3 (1991), 161-200.
  • Russel, J. “A Circumplex Model of Affect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39/6 (Dec. 1980), 1161–78.
  • Shafir, E. vd. “Reason-based choice”. Cognition 49/1-2 (1997), 11-36.
  • Sieben, B. – Wettegren. Emotionalizing Organizations and Organizing Emotions. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Simon, H. A. “Human nature in politics: The dialogue of psychology with political science”. The American Political Science Review 79/2 (Jun. 1985), 293–304.
  • Sniderman, P. vd. Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Steenbergen, Marco R. - Ellis, Christopher. “Fear and Loathing in American Elections. Context, Traits, and Negative Candidate Affect”, Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing., ed. Redlawsk, 109-133, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Stein, J. “Building politics into psychology: The misperception of threat”. Political Psychology 9/2 (Jun. 1988), 245–271.
  • Tellegan, A. “Structures of Mood and Personality and Their Relevance to Assessing Anxiety, with an Emphasis on Self-Report”. Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, ed. Tuma vd. Hillsdale, 681–706, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985.
  • Thaler, R. Quasi-rational economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994.
  • Thoits, P. A. “The Sociology of Emotions.” Annual Review of Sociology 15 (1989), 317–342.
  • Tompkins, S. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. New York: Spring, 1962.
  • Turner, J. H. – Stets. The Sociology of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Valentino, N. A. vd. “Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation”. Journal of Politics 73/1 (2011), 156–170.
  • Valentino, N. vd. “Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via ınternet”. Political Psychology 29/2 ( 2008), 247–273.
  • Vasilopoulos, P. vd. “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence From the November 13, 2015 Paris Terror Attacks”, Political Psychology, 40/4, (2018), 679-704.
  • Vogel, G. “Scientists Probe Feelings behind Decision Making”. Science 275/5304, (1997), 1269.
  • Watson, D. vd. “Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood”. Psychological Bulletin 98/2, (1985), 219–35.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kevser Hülya Akdemir Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6278-8396

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akdemir, K. H. (2021). How Do The Main Negative Emotions Affect People’s Political Decision Process? : “Fear, Anxiety And Anger. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 16(1), 246-261. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.708916

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