Tuna'da Seyrüseferin Yönetilmesinin Süreci

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 260 - 284, 15.10.2022

Mehmet Vurgun

https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1136146

Öz

Tuna nehri Paleolitik Dönem kültürlerinden başlayarak birçok toplum ve devlete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Tuna havzasında yaşayan devletlerin yaşam kaynağı olan Tuna nehri, devletlerin büyümesi ve yayılması ile daha stratejik hale gelmiş ve bu topraklarda var oluşun anahtarı durumuna gelmiştir. Ortaçağ’da sadece içme suyu ve tarımsal sulamada kullanılan Tuna zamanla ticaretin ana aracı durumuna gelmiştir. Tuna üzerinden at arabalarıyla kıyıdan yedeklenerek yapılan taşımadan başlayarak, yerini modern teknelere bırakmıştır. Suyolundaki hakimiyetin paylaşılması süreci Tuna’nın yönetilmesinde temel hedef olmuştur. Tuna’da seyrüseferin yönetilmesi sürecini dört dönem halinde değerlendirmek mümkündür. Birinci dönem, 1792 ve öncesinden başlayan ikili anlaşmalar dönemi; ikinci dönem, 1856 Paris Barış Konferansı ile başlayıp 1920 Birinci Dünya Savaşı arası devam eden, kısa süreli olarak planlanan fakat defalarca görev süresi uzatılan komisyon dönemi; üçüncü dönem, 1920’den İkinci Dünya Savaşına kadar devam eden Tuna Nehri’nin uluslararasılaştırılması çabaları; dördüncü dönem ise Tuna’nın uluslararasılaştırılması sürecidir. Ancak yüzyıllardır seyrüseferin yönetilmesi için anlaşan Tuna devletlerinin gemi kaynaklı kirliğin önlenmesi, kontrol altına alınması ve bertarafına ilişkin antant kaldığı bir hukuksal doküman bulunmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tuna, Tuna Komisyonu, İçsullarında Seyrüsefer

The Process of Managing the Navigation of Danube

Öz

Begining from the Paleolithic Period cultures, the Danube has hosted a society and a state. The Danube river, which is the source of life for the states living in the Danube basin, has become more strategic with the growth and spread of the states and has become the key to existence in these lands. The Danube, which was used only for drinking water and agricultural irrigation in the Middle Ages, has become the main tool of trade in time. It has been replaced by modern boats, starting with the transportation made by backing up from the shore with horse-drawn carriages over the Danube. The process of sharing dominance in the waterway has been the main target in the management of the Danube. It is possible to evaluate the process of managing the navigation in the Danube in four periods. The first period is the period of bilateral agreements between 1792 and before; the second term, the commission period, which started with the Paris Peace Conference of 1856 and continued between the 1920s and the First World War, which was planned for a short time but whose mandate was extended several times; the third period, efforts to internationalize the Danube from 1920 to the Second World War; the fourth period is the internationalization process of the Danube. However, there is no legal document in which the Danube states, which have agreed for the management of navigation for centuries, have made an agreement on the prevention, control and disposal of ship-borne pollution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Danube, Danube Commission, Danube Inland Navigation

Kaynakça

• Agreement between the Czechoslovak Republic and the Hungarian People’s Republic concerning the settlement of technical and economic questions relating to frontier watercourses. Prague: 1954.
• Albayrak, Gökçen Coşkun. 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Tunası’nda Ticaret. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, 2012.
• Arat, Ender. "Tuna Nehrinde Seyrüsefer ve Türkiye". Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi 6/(2002),
• Ardeleanu, Constantin. International Trade and Diplomacy at the Lower Danube: The Sulina Question and the Economic Premises of the Crimean War (1829–1853). Brăila: Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei, 2014.
• Armaoğlu, Fahir. 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi. 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi, 11. Basım, 1995a.
• Armaoğlu, Fahir. 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi, 11. Basım, 1995b.
• Armaoğlu, Fahir. 19. yüzyıl siyası̂ tarihi (1789-1914). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1997.
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. "1815-1865 Arasında Devletler Tarafından Kurulan Milletlerarası Teşekküller". Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 15/3 (1960), 29-48.
• Austrian State Treaty, the Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state. Vienna: 1955.
• B.S.K. "The Danubian Economic Problem". Bulletin of International News 13/14 (1937), 3-10.
• Bacon, Ruth E. "Representation in the International Commission of the Danube". The American Journal of International Law 31/3 (1937), 414-430.
• Barcelona Convention, Seyredilebilir Suyolları Rejiminin Uluslararası Menfaatlere ilişkin Sözleşme ve Statü. Barcelona: Leage of Nations, 1921.
• Bloomberg. ""The Canal of Death Is Now an Economic Gateway for Eastern Europe". 25.05.2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-10-27/the-canal-of-death-is-now-an-economic-gateway-for-eastern-europe
• Berlin Anlaşması, İngiltere, Almanya, Avusturya, Fransa, İtalya, Rusya ve Türkiye arasında yapılan Berlin Anlaşması. İngiltere, Almanya, Avusturya, Fransa, İtalya, Rusya ve Türkiye: 1878.
• Bulgaristan Ateşkes Anlaşması. Moskova: 1944.
• Campbell, John C. . "Diplomacy on the Danube". Foreign Affairs 27/2 (1949), 315-327.
• Caponera, Dante A. . The Law Of International Water Resources. Legislative Study No. 23. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1980.
• Cattell, David T. . "The Politics of the Danube Commission under Soviet Control". The American Slavic and East European Review 19/3 (1960), 380-394.
• Cazan, Ileana. "The Danube Black Sea Canal: between Geography and Politics (the 1850’s)". The Balkans 5/1 (2017), 47-54.
• Chamberlain, J.P. The Regime Of The International Rivers: Danube and Rhine. New York: Columbia University, 1923.
• Central Intelligence Agency. Future Danube River Navigation and Control. Washington, DC: 1948.
• Central Intelligence Agency. Danube-Black Sea Canal Military Situation. Washington, DC: 1950.
• Central Intelligence Agency. Danube-Black Sea Canal, Reaction from Foreign Broadcast. Washington, DC: 1952.
• Central Intelligence Agency. Danube-Black Sea Canal. Washington, DC: 1953.
• CIDSD, Convention Instituting The Definitive Statute Of The Danube, League of Nation, Treaty Series:16. Paris: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1921.
• Cogen, Marc. An Introduction to European Intergovernmental Organizations. USA: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2015.
• Convention Regarding The Regime Of Navigation On The Danube. Belgrade 1948.
• Çelik, Hüseyin. "URQUHART, David". İslam Ansiklopedisi. 180-181. 2012.
• Demorgny, Gustave. La question du Danube, histoire politique du bassin du Danube. Etude des divers régimes applicables à la navigation du Danube. Paris: Sirey, Librairie de la Societé du Recueil, 1911.
• Dilks, David "British Political Aims in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, 1944". British Political and Military Strategy in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe in 1944. ed. W. Deakin vd. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.
• Ekinci, İlhan. Tuna Komisyonu ve Tuna’da Ticaret (1856-1883). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tarih, A.B.D., Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, 1998.
• Ekinci, İlhan. Tuna Nehri'nde Diplomasi Oyunları (1856-1883). Ankara: Antınpost Yayın Grubu, 2014.
• Erim, Nihat. Devletlerarası Hukuku ve Siyasi Metinleri (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Anlaşmaları). 1. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1953.
• Fitzmaurice, John Damming the Danube, Gaocikovo and Post-Communist Politics in Europe. USA: Westview Press, 1998.
• Foreign Relations of the United States-1946. "Record of Decisions, Council of Foreign Ministers". Foreign Relations of the United States 1946, Council of Foreign Ministers. ed. William Slany. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1970.
• Foreign Relations of the United States-1948. "Multilateral Relations, Participation of the United States in the Belgrade Conference on the Regime for Free Navigation of the Danube River ". Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1974.
• Fürst, Heiko. "The Hungarian-Slovak Conflict over the GabcikovoNagymaros Dams: An Analysis". Intermarium 6/2 (2003), 1-15.
• Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Treaty, Agreement concerning mutual assistance in constructing the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros system of locks schedule, 16 September 1977. Budapest: 1977.
• Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Treaty Protocol, Prague: 1983.
• Gatejel, Luminita "Imperial cooperation at the margins of Europe: the European Commission of the Danube, 1856–65". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 24/5 (2017), 781-800.
• Gorove, Stephen. Law and Politics of the Danube, an Interdisciplinary Study. Netherland: The Hague Mar Tinus Nijhoff, 1964.
• Güneş-Anlar, Şule "Gabcikoco-Nagymaros Davası". Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 55/2 (2006), 91-116.
• Hacımustafaoğlu, Zeynel. Montreux (Montrö) Boğazlar Sözleşmesini Değiştirme Çabaları ve Türkiye’nin Geçişi Düzenleme Çalışmaları. Beykent Üniversitesi, Beykent Üniversitesi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008.
• Hays, Jo N. Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. California: Abc-clio, 2005.
• Henderson, W.O. The Zollverein. London: F. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984.
• Holland, Thomas Erskine The European Concert in the Eastern Question: A Collection Of Treaties ana Other Public Acts. thk. Thomas Erskine Holland. England: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1885.
• International Organization. "Danube Commission". International Organization, University of Wisconsin Press 5/4 (1951), 844-846.
• International Organization. "Danube Commission". International Organization, University of Wisconsin Press 7/2 (1953), 300-301.
• International Organization. "Danube Commission". International Organization, University of Wisconsin Press 8/3 (1954), 416-417.
• Katona, Paul. "The Danube-Blue or Red?". The World Today 21/2 (1965), 73-83.
• Krehbiel, Edward. "The European Commission of the Danube: An Experiment in International Administration". Int'l Conciliation 33/1 (1917), 38-55.
• Kunz, Josef L. . "The Danube Régime and the Belgrade Conference". American Journal of International Law 43/1 (1949), 104-113.
• Kuyucuklu, Nazif. "Tuna Suyolu ve" Tuna Komisyonu"". İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 8 (1994), 51-60.
• Kürkçüoğlu, Ömer. "Fransız Devrimi". Siyasi Tarih-I. ed. Çağrı Erhan ve Esra Yakut. 78-103. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, 2012.
• Lagendijk, Vincent "Divided Development: Post-War Ideas on River Utilisation and their Influence on the Development of the Danube". The International History Review 37/1 (2015), 80-98.
• 30 Mart 1856 Paris Antlaşmanın belirli hükümlerinin gözden geçirilmesi anlaşması. Londra: Almanya, Avustrya-Macaristan, Fransa, İtalya, Rusya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 1871.
• Macaristan Ateşkes Anlaşması, 1945. Moskova: 1945.
• Max, Stanley M. . "Cold War on the Danube: The Belgrade Conference of 1948 and Anglo-American Efforts to Reinternationalize the River". Diplomatic History, Oxford University Press 7/1 (1983), 57-77.
• Meray, Seha L. Devletlerarası Hukuk. C. I. Ankara 1968.
• Morris, Bernard S. "The Cominform: A Five-Year Perspective". World Politics 3/3 (1953), 368-376.
• Munteanu, Mihaela. "The Danube question during the period of the Vienna peace Conference and Congress of Paris (1855-1856)". Hiperboreea Journal,Journal of History 2/1 (2015), 108-132.
• Navigation du Danube, Conférence et Traité de Londres. 1883.
• New York Times. New York Times (01 Ocak 1941),
• New York Times. New York Times (27 Aralık 1940),
• New York Times. New York Times (29 Eylül 1944),
• Paris Barış Anlaşması, Paris Barış Anlaşması. Avusturya, Fransa, Prusya, Rusya, Sardunya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu: 1856.
• Paterson, Thomas G. . "Eastern Europe and the Early Cold War: The Danube Controversy". The Historian 33/2 (1971), 237-247.
• Publications Of The Permanent Court Of International Justice, PCIJ Advisory Opinion. (1926).
• Perović, Jeronim "The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence". Journal of Cold War Studies 9/2 (2007), 32-63.
• Price, Arnold H. . The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideals and Institutions Leading to German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833. USA: Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949.
• RCWVD, Recommandation on collection of wastes from vessel on the Danube (Recommandations relatives à l’organisation de la collecte des déchets des bateaux naviguant sur le Danube). Danube Commission, 2011.
• Romanya Ateşkes Anlaşması, 1944. Moskova: 1944.
• Ross, K.G.M. . "The Moscow Conference of October 1944 (Tolstoy)". British Political and Military Strategy in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe in 1944. ed. W. Deakin vd. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.
• Sander, Oral. Siyasi tarih: İlkçağlardan 1918'e. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 23. Basım, 2012.
• Schiavone, Giuseppe The institutions of COMECON. London: The Macmillan Press, 1981.
• Schwabach, Aaron. "Diverting the Danube: The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dispute and International Freshwater Law". Berkeley Journal of International Law 14/2 (1996), 290-343.
• Spulber , Nicolas. "The Danube-Black Sea Canal and the Russian Control over the Danube". Economic Geography 30/3 (1954), 236-245.
• Tellal, Erel. "Soğuk Savaş’ta Tırmanma (1950-1962)". Siyasi Tarih II. ed. İlber Ortaylı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, 2013.
• Tellal, Erel "SSCB'yle İlişkiler". Türk Dış Politikası. ed. Baskın ORAN. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları 2001.
• The Annual Register, 1855. The Annual Register, or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1855 London : J.G. & F. Rivington, 1839-1863, 1856.
• Avusturya, İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya, Prusya, Rusya ve Osmanlı Devleti: 1865. 1865 Tuna Seyir Anlaşmasına ek, Tuna ağzında seyir ile ilgili anlaşma. Kalas: 1881.
• Turnock, David "The Danube-Black Sea Canal and its Impact on Southern Romania". GeoJournal 12/1 (1986), 65-79.
• Uçarol, Rifat Siyasi Tarih (1789-1994). İstanbul: Filiz Kitapevi, 4. Basım, 1995.
• United Nations. Development of Hydro Power Stations on the Danube: Existing, Under Construction or Projected. 1959.
• United Nations Documents (1941-1945). United Nations Documents, 1941-1945. thk. Oxford University Press. New York: The Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA), 1946.
• Urquhart, David. Book_Turkey and its Resources_its Municipal Organisation and Free Trade. London: Ibotson and Palmer, Printers, 1833.
• Üçok, Çoşkun. Siyasi Tarih Dersleri. İstanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası, 1955.
• W.P.-Zelda K. Coates. A History of Anglo-Soviet Relations. London: Lawrence&Wishart and Pilot Press, 1944.
• Weissberg, Guenter Recent Developments in the Law of the Sea and the Japanese-Korean Fishery Dispute. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966.
• 339 UNT 23, Tuna Sularında Balıkçılık Sözleşmesi (Convention Concerning Fishing in the Waters of the Danube) Bükreş: 1958.