Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Stalin Dönemi (1928-53) Sovyet Tarih Yazımında Türkistan_Orta Asya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 157 - 174, 15.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1239795

Öz

Bu makale Sovyet tarihçiliğinde milliyetler meselesini ve bağlantılı olarak tarih yazımındaki değişimleri incelemektedir. Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki politik, sosyal, iktisadi ve askeri değişimler ve kırılmalar tarihsel çalışmaların ve tarih yazımındaki milliyetlere yönelik söylemin değişmesine neden olmuştur. Diğer bir deyişle, söylem değişimleri siyasi gelişmeleri takip etmiş ve siyasi önceliklere göre değişmiştir. Sovyet tarih yazımında dönemselleştirme, Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi’nin yerel milliyetçiliklere yönelik politikalarını nasıl değiştirdiğine ve buna uygun olarak Sovyet tarihçiliğinin milliyetler meselesiyle ilgili söylemlerindeki değişime atıf yapmaktadır. Sovyet tarih yazımında milliyetler meselesi kapsamındaki tartışmalar, yerli halkların, yani Rus olmayanların, Çarlık Rusya’sı yönetimine nasıl yaklaşacakları, kendi geçmişlerine, tarihlerine, kahramanlarına, onların eylemlerine ne kadar odaklanacakları, tarihi ve milli şahsiyetleri ne kadar yüceltecekleri, Çarlık yönetiminin sömürgeci olup olmadığı ve Rus Çarlığına karşı yapılan isyanların gerici mi yoksa ilerici mi olduğu gibi konuları içermektedir. Bu gibi konular Stalin dönemi Orta Asya Sovyet tarihçiliğine egemen olmuş ve merkezin politikaları değiştiğinde tarihçiler de görüşlerini siyasal değişimlere uydurup güncellemişlerdir. 70 yıllık Sovyetler Birliği deneyimi birçok konuda olduğu gibi tarih yazımında da birbiriyle uyuşmayan farklı eğilimleri içermiş, bir dönem Rus milliyetçiliği baskı altında kalır yerel milliyetçiliklerin gelişmesine izin verilirken takip eden dönemde ise yerel milliyetçilikler baskıdan payına düşeni almıştır. 1930’lardan itibaren Türkistan gibi Sovyetler Birliği’nin bazı bölgelerinde birleştirici tarih anlatısı yasaklanıp Orta Asya halklarının ortak bir geçmiş algısına sahip olması engellenirken ülkenin batısında Slav halkları açısından tam tersi bir politika izlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Afanas’ev, Iu. N. “The Phenomenon of Soviet Historiography”. Russian Studies in History 40/2 (2001), 32-64. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983400232
  • Aydingün, Ayşegül vd. “Conversion of Ajarians to Orthodox Christianity: Different Narratives and Perceptions”. Europe-Asia Studies 71/2 (07 Şubat 2019), 290-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1543651
  • Bacon, Elizabeth E. Central Asians under Russian Rule. New York: Cornell University Press, 1980.
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre. “Colonization and Decolonization in the Soviet Union”. Journal of Contemporary History 4/1 (1969), 141-151.
  • Braginsky, I. S. vd. Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the Soviet Original Studies. thk. B. G. Gafurov - Y. V. Gankovsky. Moskova: Nauka Publishing House Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1967.
  • Bregel, Yuri. Notes on the Study of Central Asia. Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1996.
  • Brunstedt, Jonathan. The Soviet Myth of World War II Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Capisani, Giampaolo R. Handbook of Central Asia. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Connor, Walker. “Soviet Policy towards the non-Russian Peoples in Theoretic and Historical Perspective: What Gorbachev Inherited”. The Post-Soviet Nations: Perspectives on the Demise of the USSR. ed. Alexander J. Motyl. 30-49. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
  • Conquest, Robert (ed.). Soviet Nationalities Policy in Practice. London: The Bodley Head, 1967.
  • Eden, Jeff. God Save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Enteen, M. George vd. Soviet Historians and the Study of Russian Imperialism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979.
  • Evans, Richard J. Tarihin Savunusu. çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu. Ankara: İmge Yayınları, 1999.
  • Fierman, William. “The Soviet ‘Transformation’ of Central Asia”. Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. ed. William Fierman. 11-35. Boulder: Westview Press, 1st edition., 1991.
  • Fruchet, Henri. “The Use of History The Soviet Historiography of Khan Kenesary Kasimov”. Central Asia Aspects of Transition. ed. Tom Everett-Heath. 132-145. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  • Kara, Abdulvahap. “Ermukhan Bekmakhanov and Ideological Repsessions and Limitations in the Research of Kazakh History in the Soviet Period”. The Soviet Historiography and Questions of Kazakhstan History A Retrospective of the Life and Works of The First Kazakh Historian Ermukhan Bekmakhanov. ed. Abdulvahap Kara vd. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Belediyeler Birliği, 2016. http://www.tdbb.org.tr/tdbb/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/SOVYET-TARIH-YAZICILIGI-ENG.pdf
  • Kendirbaeva, Gulnar. “We are Children of Alash…”. Central Asian Survey 18/1 (1999), 5-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939995722
  • Kırımal, Edige. “Kırım’da Topyekûn Tehcir ve Katliam”. Dergi (Dergi, Sovyetler Birliğini Öğrenme Enstitüsü) 2/4 (1956), 13-34.
  • King, David. The Commissar Vanishes The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin’s Russia. London: Tate Publishing, 2014.
  • Kolarz, Walter. Russia and Her Colonies. London: George Philip and Son Limited, 1953.
  • Kononov, A. N. Turkic Philology. thk. B. G. Gafurov - Y. V. Gankovsky. Moskova: Nauka Publishing House Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1967.
  • Kort, Michael. Central Asian Republics. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
  • Mazour, Anatole G. Modern Russian Historiography. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975.
  • Mazour, Anatole G. The Writing of History in the Soviet Union, California. California: Hoover institution Press, 1971.
  • Perry, Matt. Marksizm ve Tarih. çev. Gül Tunçer. İstanbul: İletişim, 2010.
  • Roy, Olivier. Yeni Orta Asya ya da Ulusların İmal Edilişi. çev. Mehmet Moralı. İstanbul: Metis, 2. Basım., 2005.
  • Sakharov, A. M. “Historiography”. çev. J. T. McDermott. Information USSR. ed. Robert Maxwell. 540-556. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1962.
  • Shnirelman, Victor A. “From Internationalism to Nationalism: Forgotten Pages of Soviet Archaeology in the 1930s and 1940s”. çev. Philip L. Kohl - Clare Fawcett. Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. 120-138. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Slezkine, Yuri. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism”. Slavic Review 53/2 (1994), 414-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300
  • Smith, Graham vd. Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Stalin. “Toast to the Russian People at a Reception in Honour of Red Army Commanders Given by the Soviet Government in the Kremlin on Thursday, May 24, 1945”. 1945. Erişim 30 Aralık 2022. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1945/05/24.htm
  • Taşağıl, Ahmet. “Türkistan”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2012. Erişim 27 Mart 2023. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkistan
  • Tillett, Lowell. The Great Friendship Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalisties. The University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
  • Tishkov, Valery. “Modern Soviet Historiography”. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 33/4 (1981), 650-666.
  • Valikhanov, E. “National liberation struggle of the Kazak people against the Russian Colonialism”. History of Kazakhstan Essays. 104-113. Almaty, 1998.
  • Wheeler, Geoffrey. The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia. New York: Praeger, 1964.
  • Zemtsov, Ilya. Encyclopedia of Soviet Life. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2001. джамгерчинов, в. д. - хасанов, А. Х. “присоединение киргизии к россии”. история киргизии учебное пособие для средней школы. ed. А. Г. зима vd. фрунзе: киргизкое государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство, 1957.

Turkestan/Central Asia in the Stalin Period (1928-53) Soviet Historiography

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 157 - 174, 15.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1239795

Öz

This article examines the nationalities problem in Soviet historiography and the related shifts in historiography. It argues that historical studies and the discourse on nationalities in historiography have changed due to the political changes in the Soviet Union. These discourse changes followed the periods in historiography and political developments. Historical periodization refers to how the Communist Party of the Soviet Union changed its policies towards local nationalisms and, accordingly, the change in the discourse of Soviet historiography on the nationalities problem. Discussions on the nationalities problem in Soviet historiography included how non-Russian peoples would approach the Tsarist Russian rule, how much they would focus on their history, glorify their historical figures and their past struggles against the Russian Tsar in their writings. It also included topics such as whether the Tsarist administration was colonialist and whether the revolts against it were reactionary or progressive. Such issues dominated Soviet historiography in Central Asia, and when the policies of the center changed, historians updated their views to reflect political changes. The 70-year experience of the Soviet Union included different, incompatible tendencies in historiography; for a certain period, Russian nationalism was under pressure, while local nationalisms were allowed to develop. Next period, local nationalisms faced pressure. Since 1930s, in some regions of the Soviet Union, such as Turkestan, a unifying narrative of history was prohibited. While the Central Asian peoples were prevented from having a common perception of the past, the opposite policy was followed for the Slavic peoples in the western parts.

Kaynakça

  • Afanas’ev, Iu. N. “The Phenomenon of Soviet Historiography”. Russian Studies in History 40/2 (2001), 32-64. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983400232
  • Aydingün, Ayşegül vd. “Conversion of Ajarians to Orthodox Christianity: Different Narratives and Perceptions”. Europe-Asia Studies 71/2 (07 Şubat 2019), 290-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1543651
  • Bacon, Elizabeth E. Central Asians under Russian Rule. New York: Cornell University Press, 1980.
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre. “Colonization and Decolonization in the Soviet Union”. Journal of Contemporary History 4/1 (1969), 141-151.
  • Braginsky, I. S. vd. Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the Soviet Original Studies. thk. B. G. Gafurov - Y. V. Gankovsky. Moskova: Nauka Publishing House Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1967.
  • Bregel, Yuri. Notes on the Study of Central Asia. Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1996.
  • Brunstedt, Jonathan. The Soviet Myth of World War II Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Capisani, Giampaolo R. Handbook of Central Asia. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Connor, Walker. “Soviet Policy towards the non-Russian Peoples in Theoretic and Historical Perspective: What Gorbachev Inherited”. The Post-Soviet Nations: Perspectives on the Demise of the USSR. ed. Alexander J. Motyl. 30-49. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
  • Conquest, Robert (ed.). Soviet Nationalities Policy in Practice. London: The Bodley Head, 1967.
  • Eden, Jeff. God Save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Enteen, M. George vd. Soviet Historians and the Study of Russian Imperialism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979.
  • Evans, Richard J. Tarihin Savunusu. çev. Uygur Kocabaşoğlu. Ankara: İmge Yayınları, 1999.
  • Fierman, William. “The Soviet ‘Transformation’ of Central Asia”. Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. ed. William Fierman. 11-35. Boulder: Westview Press, 1st edition., 1991.
  • Fruchet, Henri. “The Use of History The Soviet Historiography of Khan Kenesary Kasimov”. Central Asia Aspects of Transition. ed. Tom Everett-Heath. 132-145. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  • Kara, Abdulvahap. “Ermukhan Bekmakhanov and Ideological Repsessions and Limitations in the Research of Kazakh History in the Soviet Period”. The Soviet Historiography and Questions of Kazakhstan History A Retrospective of the Life and Works of The First Kazakh Historian Ermukhan Bekmakhanov. ed. Abdulvahap Kara vd. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Belediyeler Birliği, 2016. http://www.tdbb.org.tr/tdbb/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/SOVYET-TARIH-YAZICILIGI-ENG.pdf
  • Kendirbaeva, Gulnar. “We are Children of Alash…”. Central Asian Survey 18/1 (1999), 5-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939995722
  • Kırımal, Edige. “Kırım’da Topyekûn Tehcir ve Katliam”. Dergi (Dergi, Sovyetler Birliğini Öğrenme Enstitüsü) 2/4 (1956), 13-34.
  • King, David. The Commissar Vanishes The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin’s Russia. London: Tate Publishing, 2014.
  • Kolarz, Walter. Russia and Her Colonies. London: George Philip and Son Limited, 1953.
  • Kononov, A. N. Turkic Philology. thk. B. G. Gafurov - Y. V. Gankovsky. Moskova: Nauka Publishing House Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1967.
  • Kort, Michael. Central Asian Republics. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
  • Mazour, Anatole G. Modern Russian Historiography. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975.
  • Mazour, Anatole G. The Writing of History in the Soviet Union, California. California: Hoover institution Press, 1971.
  • Perry, Matt. Marksizm ve Tarih. çev. Gül Tunçer. İstanbul: İletişim, 2010.
  • Roy, Olivier. Yeni Orta Asya ya da Ulusların İmal Edilişi. çev. Mehmet Moralı. İstanbul: Metis, 2. Basım., 2005.
  • Sakharov, A. M. “Historiography”. çev. J. T. McDermott. Information USSR. ed. Robert Maxwell. 540-556. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1962.
  • Shnirelman, Victor A. “From Internationalism to Nationalism: Forgotten Pages of Soviet Archaeology in the 1930s and 1940s”. çev. Philip L. Kohl - Clare Fawcett. Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. 120-138. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Slezkine, Yuri. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism”. Slavic Review 53/2 (1994), 414-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300
  • Smith, Graham vd. Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Stalin. “Toast to the Russian People at a Reception in Honour of Red Army Commanders Given by the Soviet Government in the Kremlin on Thursday, May 24, 1945”. 1945. Erişim 30 Aralık 2022. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1945/05/24.htm
  • Taşağıl, Ahmet. “Türkistan”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2012. Erişim 27 Mart 2023. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkistan
  • Tillett, Lowell. The Great Friendship Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalisties. The University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
  • Tishkov, Valery. “Modern Soviet Historiography”. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 33/4 (1981), 650-666.
  • Valikhanov, E. “National liberation struggle of the Kazak people against the Russian Colonialism”. History of Kazakhstan Essays. 104-113. Almaty, 1998.
  • Wheeler, Geoffrey. The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia. New York: Praeger, 1964.
  • Zemtsov, Ilya. Encyclopedia of Soviet Life. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2001. джамгерчинов, в. д. - хасанов, А. Х. “присоединение киргизии к россии”. история киргизии учебное пособие для средней школы. ed. А. Г. зима vd. фрунзе: киргизкое государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство, 1957.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Alter Kahraman 0000-0001-9995-6704

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kahraman, A. (2023). Stalin Dönemi (1928-53) Sovyet Tarih Yazımında Türkistan_Orta Asya. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 18(1), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1239795

Creative Commons Lisansı

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID) bilginin paylaşımı için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.