Bir Terör Eylemi Yöntemi Olarak Adam Kaçırma: Boko Haram ve Chibok Kızları Örneği

Yıl 2021, , 9 - 24, 31.12.2021

Özlem Özdemir , Erol Başaran Bural

https://doi.org/10.54132/akaf.976129

Öz

Güvenlik ve barışın korunmasının önündeki en büyük engellerden birisini teşkil eden terörizm, siyasal davranışları şiddet kullanarak etkilemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amacı sürdüren terör örgütleri; silahlı saldırı, bombalı eylem, suikast ve adam kaçırma gibi çok sayıda ve farklı terör eylemi yöntemiyle siyasi erkler üzerinde baskı oluşturmaya, amaç ve taleplerini kamuoyuna duyurmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Rehin almak maksadıyla adam kaçırma yöntemini kullanan terör örgütleri sadece taleplerini kamuoyuna duyurmak değil aynı zamanda devletlerden bir takım tavizler koparmak amacını da gütmektedirler. Günümüzde adam kaçırma türü terör yöntemini en sık kullanan örgütlerden birisi de Boko Haram terör örgütüdür. Nijerya ve komşu ülkelerinde faaliyet gösteren din motifli terör örgütü Boko Haram düzenlediği bu eylemler neticesinde bugüne kadar 40.000’e yakın insanı öldürmüş, milyonlarca insanı yerlerinden etmiştir. Bu çalışmada amaç; sıklıkla kullanılan adam kaçırma terör eylemi yöntemini, Boko Haram terör örgütü çerçevesinde incelemektir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, öncelikle Boko Haram terör örgütünün etkin olduğu coğrafyada yarattığı terör tehdidi, terör eylemi yöntemleri ve bir yöntem olarak adam kaçırma eylemleri araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, özellikle öğrencileri hedef alarak düzenlediği adam kaçırma eylemleri “Chibok Kızları” örnek olayı özelinde araştırılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak keşifsel bir araştırmanın izlendiği çalışmada, ikincil ve açık kaynaklardan toplanan veriler analiz edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boko Haram, Terörizm, Adam Kaçırma, Chibok Kızları

Kaynakça

• ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2019). Trafficking in persons report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• Abdul’Aziz, I. (2018, 02 Mart). Boko Haram abduct 3, residents threaten to abandon their villages. https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/02/boko- haram-abduct-3-residents-threaten-to- abandon-their-villages/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Adusei, L.A. (2015). Terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, and security in Africa's energy sector. African Security Review, 24(3), s. 332-359, doi: 10.1080/10246029.2015.1072967.
• Aljazeera. (2018, 25 Şubat). 110 Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after attack. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/25/110-nigerian-schoolgirls- still-missing-after- attack-minister/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Aljazeera. (2020, 27 Aralık). At least 40 feared abducted in northeast Nigeria. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/27/at-least-40-loggers-feared- abducted-in- northeast-nigeria (Erişim Tarihi:16.05.2021).
• Aljazeera. (2021, 25 Şubat). Gunmen kidnap over 300 girls in Nigeria school raid. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/26/nigerian-school- students-abducted- in-second- kidnapping-in-a-week (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Aminu, A. (2014, 16 Nisan). As many as 200 girls abducted by Boko Haram, Nigerian officials say. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/15/world/africa/nigeria- girls- abducted/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Aminu, A. (2014, 18 Aralık). Officials, s. Boko Haram kidnaps 185 women and children, kills 32 people. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/18/world/africa/nigeria- boko-haram-kidnapping/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Associated Press. (2014, 24 Haziran). Witnesses, s. Extremists abduct 91 more people in Nigeria in deadly weekend attacks on villages. https://www.foxnews.com/world/witnesses- extremists- abduct-91-more-people-in-nigeria-in- deadly-weekend-attacks-on-villages (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Bak, T. (2017). Manners of performing terrorist attacks. International conference knowledge- based organization, 23(1), s. 25-31, doi:10.1515/kbo-2017-0004. Bauer, W. (2018). Çalınan hayatlar: Boko Haram ve Afrika’nın kalbindeki terör. (Sergen Özhan, Çev.). İstanbul: Kor Yayınları.
• BBC. (2015, 03 Ocak). Boko Haram unrest: Gunmen kidnap Nigeria villagers. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30666011 (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• BBC. (2021, 07 Haziran). Abubakar Shekau: Nigeria's Boko Haram leader is dead, say rival militants. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa- 57378493. (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2021).
• Busari, S. (2021, 29 Ocak). Several remaining missing Chibok schoolgirls escape from Boko Haram. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/29/africa/nigeria-chibok-girls-escape-intl/index.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021). Cantekin, A. (2011). Terör olaylarının özelliklerinin haber medyasında haber yapılışa etkileri. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi, 21(1), s. 83-101.
• CBS News. (2020, 15 Aralık). Boko Haram claims kidnap of hundreds of Nigerian schoolboys. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boko-haram-nigeria-kidnapping-kankara-hundreds-schoolboys- katsina-attack/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Coyne, B. (2014). Michelle Obama tweets to #BringBackOurGirls. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2014/michelle-obama-tweets-to- bringbackourgirls.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Falode, J.A. (2016). The nature of Nigeria’s Boko Haram war, 2010-2015: A strategic analysis. Perspectives On Terrorism, 10(1).
• Global Terrorism Database (2020a). Perpetrator groups responsible for more than 100 terrorist attacks, 2019. https://start.umd.edu/gtd/about/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2021).
• Global Terrorism Database (2020b). Five Perpetrator Groups With The Most Attacks Worldwide, 2019. https://start.umd.edu/gtd/about/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.05.2021).
• Global Terrorism Database. (2020, 9 Haziran). Global Terrorism Overview: Terrorism in 2019. https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_GlobalTerrorismOverview2019_July2020.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2021).
• Haruna, A. (2016, 15 Haziran). Nigeria: Boko Haram Kills Four, Abducts Women in Borno Village. https://allafrica.com/stories/201606150797.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Howcroft, J. (2016). The strategy and tactics of terrorism. Wither, J. K. ve Mullins, S. (Ed.) Combating Transnational Terrorism içinde (ss.33-49). Sofia: Procon.
• Jenkins, B.M. (1974). Terrorism and kidnapping. California: RAND Paper Series.
• Jenkins, B. M. (1977). Combating International Terrorism: The Role of Congress. California: RAND. Kekilli, E., Ömer, H. ve Abdoulaye, İ.B. (2017). Bir örgütün anatomisi. SETA Analiz Yayınları. https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2017/08/BokoHaram.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2021).
• Kola, O. (2019, 19 Temmuz). Nigeria: 6 aid workers missing in Boko Haram attack. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigeria-6-aid-workers-missing- in-boko-haram-attack/1536595. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.05. 2021).
• Kydd, A. H. ve Walter, B. F. (2006). The strategies of terrorism. International security, 31(1), s. 49- 80. doi: 10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.49. Lavender, J. (2015, 18 Ocak). Boko Haram fighters believed to have kidnapped 80 people and killed three others. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/boko- haram-fighters-believed- kidnapped-5001347 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2021).
• LeFigaro. (2019, 29 Ağustos). Nigeria: Des dizaines de villageois enlevés pour des rançons. https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/nigeria-des-dizaines-de-villageois-enleves-pour-des-rancons- 20190829 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2021). Loertscher, S. ve Milton, D. (2015). Held hostage: Analyses of kidnapping across time and among jihadist organizations. Combating Terrorism Center. https://ctc.usma.edu/held- hostage-analyses-of-kidnapping-across-time-and- among-jihadist- organizations/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2021).
• Maclean, R. ve Alfa, I. (2021, 21 Mayıs). Nigerian terrorist leader ‘dies’ again. Was this the end of his 9th life? https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-Abubakar- Shekau.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2021).
• Maiangwa, B. ve Uzodike, U.O. (2012). The changing dynamics of Boko Haram terrorism. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/node/1259. (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2021).
• Maina, M. (2017, 03 Eylül). Boko Haram kills 11, abducts 4 in Banki IDPs camp in Borno. https://dailypost.ng/2017/09/03/boko-haram-kills-11-abducts-4-banki-idps-camp-borno/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05. 2021).
• Maliactu. (2017, 10 Haziran). Nigeria: 4 personnes égorgées après l’arrestion d’un commandant de Boko Haram. https://maliactu.net/nigeria- 4- personnes-egorgees- apres-larrestion- dun-commandant-de-boko-haram/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• News24. (2018, 12 Ocak). Four dead in two Boko Haram attacks in Cameroon: Sources. https://www.news24.com/news24/Africa/News/four-dead-in-two-boko- haram-attacks-in- cameroon-sources-20180112. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Mark, Monica. (2014, 28 Aralık). Obiageli Ezekwesili: “When they took the girls, our government went under”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/obiageli-ezekwesili-bring- back-our- girls- boko-haram-school-kidnapping (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2021).
• Matfess, Hilary. (2017). Women and the war on Boko Haram. London: ZEDbooks.
• Nigeri Sun. (2014, 27 Mayıs). Nigerian government 'called off deal' to free kidnapped girls. https://www.nigeriasun.com/news/222347979/nigerian- government-called-off- deal-to-free- kidnapped-girls. (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2021).
• Ola, Lanre. (2014, 12 Mayıs). Boko Haram Offers to Swap Kidnapped Nigerian Girls for Prisoners. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-girls-idUSBREA4A0B620140512 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06. 2021).
• Olin, L. (2014, 09 Mayıs). #BringBackOurGirls: Hashtag activism is cheap—and that’s a good thing. https://time.com/94059/bringbackourgirls-hashtag-activism-is-cheap-and-thats-a-good- thing/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2021).
• OXFAM, (2021, 10 Ekim). How Bring Back Our Girls went from hashtag to social movement, while rejecting funding from donors, OXFAM, https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-bring- back-our- girls-went-from- hashtag-to-social- movement-while-rejecting-funding-from- donors/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2021).
• Oyewole, S. (2015). Boko Haram: Insurgency and the War against Terrorism in the Lake Chad Region. Strategic Analysis, 39 (4), s. 428-432. doi: 10.1080/09700161.2015.1047227.
• Oyewole, S. (2016). Rescuing Boko Haram’s schoolgirl victims. New Zealand International Review. 41(1), s. 25-28. Price, H. E. (1977). The strategy and tactics of revolutionary terrorism. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19(1), s. 52-66. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500008495. Pricopi, M. (2016). Tactics used by the terrorist organisation Boko Haram. Scientific Bulletin, 21(1): 40-45. doi: 10.1515/bsaft-2016-0035.
• Ray, N. (2016, 20 Şubat). Growing threat of terrorism in Africa: The case of Boko Haram. Council Of World Affairs. https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=5066&lid=808 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2021). ReliefWeb. (2020, 14 Mayıs). The Almajiri situation. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/almajiri- situation. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2021).
• Reuters. (2014, 05 Mayıs). Nigeria police arrest protest leader for abducted girls. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-girls-protester-idUSBREA440AE20140505 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2021).
• Reuters. (2017, 25 Ağustos). Suspected Boko Haram militants kill 15 in Cameroon. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-security-cameroon- idUKKCN1B51TA (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05. 2021). Saharareporters. (2017, 14 Haziran). 10 killed, 6 missing as boko haram raid communities around Chibok. http://saharareporters.com/2017/06/14/10- killed-6-missing-boko-haram- raid-communities-around-chibok. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Sıradağ, A. (2015). Sahra Altı Afrika’sında terörist grupların yükselişi Boko Haram ve Eş- Şebab. http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20150520201544_125_afrika_web.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2021).
• Şahin, R. (2017). Yazılı basında terör kurbanı çocuklar. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2017 (9), s. 57-64.
• Şimşek, M. (2016). Terörizm: Kavramsal Bir Çalışma. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), s. 319-335.
• Tanrıverdi, G. (2017). Barış sürecinde bozguncular sorunu: Abu Sayyaf örneği. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 1(2), s. 74-93.
• The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. (2021, 31 Mayıs). Nigeria. https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/nigeria/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2021).
• The Guardian. (2018, 12 Ocak). Boko Haram kill 20 loggers in Borno. https://guardian.ng/news/boko- haram-kill-20-loggers-in-borno/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• The Guardian. (2020, 20 Aralık). Boko Haram abducts 35 along Maiduguri-Damaturu Highway. https://guardian.ng/news/boko-haram-abducts-35-along- maiduguri-damaturu-highway/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
• Thornton, T.P. (1964). Terror as a weapon of political agitation. Eckstein, H. (Ed.), Internal war: Problems and approaches içinde. (ss.71-99). New York: The Free Press.
• Turan, D. ve Murat, U. (2017). Kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşların terörizmin finansmanı ve kara para aklama üzerindeki rolü. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(3), s. 27-43.
• U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. (2003). A military guide to terrorism in the twenty-first century. Army Publications. https://fas.org/irp/threat/terrorism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2021).
• US Army Training and Doctrine Command (2015). Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram. https://info.publicintelligence.net/USArmy- BokoHaram.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• U.S. Department of State Bureau of Counterterrorism. (2020). Country Reports on Terrorism 2019. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Country-Reports-on-Terrorism-2019-2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.05.2021).
• Walker, A. (2012). What is Boko Haram? Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
• Wilkinson, P. (1979). Terrorism and the liberal state. New York: University Press.
• Yun, M. (2007). Hostage taking and kidnapping in terrorism: Predicting the fate of a hostage. Professional issues in criminal justice, 2(1), s. 23-40.