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THE ROLE OF NGOS MANAGING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; USING THE CASE OF NIGERIA

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 70 - 97, 31.12.2020

Öz

The Role of NGOs in Managing Domestic Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa; Using the Case of Nigeria’ borders on the increase in Domestic violence which has equally given rise to spousal killings in Nigeria, with the year 2017 marking its highest point. Domestic violence is mainly perpetrated by men and suffered by their female counterparts. As such, this work examines domestic violence as it affects women. The research work makes use of the qualitative research design, utilizing the tools of personal interviews and observation of persons randomly chosen from the population within the area of study. The research used an unstructured interview guide, which helped to draw a vivid detail of the experiences of the interviewees and their understanding of Domestic Violence. These details explain the theoretical Framework- Psychology, Sociology, and Feminist Theories, which also guided in the collection of data. The result of this research is that the role played by NGOs in managing domestic violence was discovered to be geared more towards awareness than action; hence its role is minimal. However, NGOs are not solely responsible as it includes the Victims and govern-ment alike as victims are psychologically programmed by society to shield perpetrators and persevere to a fa-tal point. Also, the government, through its law enforcement agency, is not giving NGOs the necessary sup-port to fight Domestic Violence which, has led to an increase in spousal killings from Domestic Violence. The implication of this research is a call to help in the efforts of NGOs more towards action to reduce the fatal ef-fects of D.V and to draw out the contributing factors that have hindered its effective management of D.V in Nigeria.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulfatai Ayobami Ibrahim, Punch, 31st December, 2017 https://www.punch.ng “2017: Year of deadly domestic violence cases”, retrieved 1st of August 2018
  • African Union Commission, 2015 ‘Agenda 2063; The Africa We Want’ Addis Ababa: Ethiopia. P.20-22
  • Andresen, M.A. 2010, Bonnie,S. Fisher andStenven P. Lab(editors)February 2nd 2010 'Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime', Thousand Oaks, California: Sage publications inc. p.1174
  • Andrew Nash, 2008 https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law-lawreview/vol85iss6/5 “Victims ByDefini-tion”Washington University Law Review volume 85/ issue 6. Retrieved 15th October, 2018.
  • Audrey Mullender, 1996 ‘Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response’ London: Rouledge Publishers p.20-25 BongiweNdondo and Aniela Batschari, March 2017 www.shukumisa.org.za/.../Shukumisa-Report_Assessing-the-Role-of-NGOs-at-TCCs-2017 “A critical Assessment of the Roles of NGOs in the Delivery of Services to Sexual Gender Based Violence Survivors at Thuthuzela Care Centers” South Africa retrieved 19th June 2018
  • Cari Jo Clark,April 18 2013 ‘Impact of Violence Against Women on Maternal Health in the Middle East’ in Women and Health (Second Edition), Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic press.724-734
  • Center for Disease Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/overview/publichealthapproach.html “The Public Health Ap-proach to Violence Prevention” retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Champ Public Health Collaborative, 2016 https://ww.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/“ A public Health Pre-vention Approach to Domestic Violence: the Be a Lover not a Fighter Campaign in Chester &Merseysid” National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Collins English Dictionary, 2019 https://www.collinsdictionary.com ‘Definition of Methodology” HarperCollins Publishers retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation 19, Vio-lence against women (Eleventh session, 1992), U.N. Doc. A/47/38 at 1 (1993), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N.Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 243 (2003), available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/generl9.html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Art. 1, G.A. res. 39/46, annex, 39 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 51) at 197, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984), entered into force June 26, 1987, available thttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat.html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, G.A.res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc A/34/46, entered into force September 3, 1981, available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htmlretrievd 4th of August 2018
  • Cook, Rebecca J.,December 1995-12. "Human Rights of Women National and International Perspec-tives", in Journal of Law and Society.p.60-62
  • C.R. Kothari, 2004, https://www.modares.it “Research Methodology; Methods & Techniques” Second Revised Edition, New Age International Publishers; New Delhi. P.5 retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • David Oladeji, 2013, https://www.crip.org/journal/asm “Personal, Situational and Socio-cultural Factors as Correlates of Intimate Partner Abuse in Nigeria” Published Online in Advances in Sexual Medicine, 2013, 3, 92-97. Retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Domestic Violence London http://www.domesticviolencelondon.nhs.uk/1-what-is-domestic-violence-/1-definition.html ‘Definition of Domestic Violence’ retieved 18th June. 2018
  • Dorothy Q. Thomas and Michele E, Beasley 1994 https://www.jstor.org/stable/762650 “Domestic Vio-lence as a Human Rights Issue” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.15. No 1 pp.36-62 retrieved 27th of De-cember, 2018
  • Enahoro Eugene, Daily Trust, 2017 https://www.dailytrust.com.ng “The New Trend in Spousal Murder retrieved 1st of August, 2018.
  • Fink Arlene, 2014 https://www.libguides.usc.edu “Conducting Research Literature Reviews: from the internet to paper.” Fourth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA; SAGE. Retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • Flowers.Barri.R., July 2000 "Domestic Crimes. Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contem-porary American Society'. Jefferson NC: McFarland.p.312
  • Gene Feder, Harriet Macmillan, 2012 in Goldman’s Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition) Philadlphia PA” Elsevier/Saunders
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force January 3, 1976, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr,html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Karelkurst-Swanger and Jacqueline L. Petcosky 27th March.2003. ‘Violence in the Home: Multidiscipli-nary Perspective’ New York: Oxford University Press p.336
  • Katherine Van Wormen and Albert. R. Roberts, 2009‘Death By Domestic Violence: Preventing the Murders and Murder-Suicides’ London: Praegers Publishers. P.24-25 LalimaSrivastava and Michael. J. Austin, Mack Center on Non-profit Management in the Human Ser-vices, University of California
  • Berkeley.https://mackcenter.berkeley.edu/.../women_and_non-governmental_organizations“Women and Non-Governmental Organisations in Developing Countries” retrieved 19th June 2018
  • M. O. Bakare and M. D. Asuquo et.al, 2010https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259487750_Domestic_Violence_and_Nigeria_Women_-A_Review_of_the_Present_State “Domestic Violence and Nigerian Women- A Review of the Present State”, Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 8, No. 2, April - June, 2010.p.1-8
  • Marisa London, 2016, https://yaleglobalhealthreview.com/2016/09/12 “A cultural Approach to Domes-tic Violence” the Yale Global Health Review.Retrieved 27th of December 2018.
  • Mary Kimani,18th July, 2012. https://www.un.org‘Taking on Violence Against Women In Africa, Special Edition on Women,’ retrieved 4th of August 2018 Melinda Smith and Jeanne Segal, March 2018,.www.helpguide.org ‘Domestic Violence and Abuse, Recognizing the Signs of an Abusive Relationship and Getting help’ retrieved 4th of August, 2018.
  • Michael Niss, Innovative Educational Services 2017 https://cheapceus.com/course_documents/102/Domestic_Violence.doc ‘Theories of Domestic Vio-lence’ retrieved 20th August,2018
  • Michelle Madden Dempsey,2006 http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol12/iss2/3 ‘What Counts as Domestic Violence? A Conceptual Analysis’ in 12 Wm& Mary J. Women & L. 301 ,
  • Misra, Preeti, 2006 Domestic Violence Against Women:Legal Control and Judicial Responses, Con-cept of Violence against women’. New Dehli:Deep and Deep Publication pvt. Ltd. p.120-226
  • Mo Yee Lee and John Sebold et.al..27th March, 2003. 'Solution-focused Treatment of Domestic Vio-lence Offenders: Accountability for change". USA: Oxford University Press p.1-272
  • Natasha Tracy,17th November, 2016, www.healthyplace.comWhat is Abuse? Abuse Definition, Healthy Place, retrieved 1st of August 2018
  • National Violence Against Women Network, https://www.womenssupportproject.co.uk/useriles/file/uploads/VAWandHRbriefing.pdf“ Adressing Vi-olence Against Women, Appling a Human Rights Framework” retrieved 27th December, 2018.
  • Nnandi, ine. 2012 www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jpl/article/view/19903 “An Insight Into Violence against women as human rights violation in Nigeria” in Journal of Politics and Law.
  • Oyedokun, Amos Olugbenga. 2008. “Domestic Violence and Constrained Contraceptive Choices in Selected Areas of Osun State, Nigeria.” in Sexual & Relationship Therapy 23 (4) 305-323.
  • Oxford Learners Dictionary 2019 www.oxfordlearnersdictionary.com Oxford University Press retrieved 28th June, 2019. Prashant Kumar Astalin, 2013 https://pdfs.sematicscholars.org “Qualitative Research Designs; A Conceptual Framework” International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research Vol.2(1)
  • Robert Elias.1986 ‘The Politics of Victimization: Victims, Victimology and Human Rights.’ New York: Oxford University Press. P.372
  • Sarah Wendt and Lana Zannettino, 2015 ‘Domestic Violence In Divers Contexts: A Re-examination of Gender’ New York: Routeldge Publishers. P.1-12
  • Tandon, Neeru.December 2008. 'Feminism.A Paradigm Shift".New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Dis-tributors pvt. Ltd. p.1-216
  • The Advocates For Human Rights 26th October 2012https://www.stopvaw.org “UN Treaties on Domes-tic Violence” retrieved 31st of August 2018 The NSPCC, 2013 https://www.nspcc.org.uk“Domestic abuse legislation, policy and Guidance” re-trieved 13th of May, 2018 UN Women, 2016 https://www.un.org/un_women_csw ‘Driving The Gender-Responsive Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’ New York. Retrieved 17th November, 2017 p.12
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948), available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml. Retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • University of pittsburg, 2016. www.keywords.pitt.edu “Keywords project; Definition of Domestic Vio-lence” retrieved 4th of August, 2018.
  • World Health Organisation November 29 2017https://www.who.int“Violence Against Women”retrieved 13th May, 2018
  • World Health Organization, 2016 https://www.who.int/mediacenre/factsheets/fs239/en/ “Violence Against Women (Fact Sheet) retrieved 27th December 2018.

THE ROLE OF NGOS MANAGING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; USING THE CASE OF NIGERIA

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 70 - 97, 31.12.2020

Öz

The Role of NGOs in Managing Domestic Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa; Using the Case of Nigeria’ borders on the increase in Domestic violence which has equally given rise to spousal killings in Nigeria, with the year 2017 marking its highest point. Domestic violence is mainly perpetrated by men and suffered by their female counterparts. As such, this work examines domestic violence as it affects women. The research work makes use of the qualitative research design, utilizing the tools of personal interviews and observation of persons randomly chosen from the population within the area of study. The research used an unstructured interview guide, which helped to draw a vivid detail of the experiences of the interviewees and their understanding of Domestic Violence. These details explain the theoretical Framework- Psychology, Sociology, and Feminist Theories, which also guided in the collection of data. The result of this research is that the role played by NGOs in managing domestic violence was discovered to be geared more towards awareness than action; hence its role is minimal. However, NGOs are not solely responsible as it includes the Victims and govern-ment alike as victims are psychologically programmed by society to shield perpetrators and persevere to a fa-tal point. Also, the government, through its law enforcement agency, is not giving NGOs the necessary sup-port to fight Domestic Violence which, has led to an increase in spousal killings from Domestic Violence. The implication of this research is a call to help in the efforts of NGOs more towards action to reduce the fatal ef-fects of D.V and to draw out the contributing factors that have hindered its effective management of D.V in Ni-geria.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulfatai Ayobami Ibrahim, Punch, 31st December, 2017 https://www.punch.ng “2017: Year of deadly domestic violence cases”, retrieved 1st of August 2018
  • African Union Commission, 2015 ‘Agenda 2063; The Africa We Want’ Addis Ababa: Ethiopia. P.20-22
  • Andresen, M.A. 2010, Bonnie,S. Fisher andStenven P. Lab(editors)February 2nd 2010 'Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime', Thousand Oaks, California: Sage publications inc. p.1174
  • Andrew Nash, 2008 https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law-lawreview/vol85iss6/5 “Victims ByDefini-tion”Washington University Law Review volume 85/ issue 6. Retrieved 15th October, 2018.
  • Audrey Mullender, 1996 ‘Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response’ London: Rouledge Publishers p.20-25 BongiweNdondo and Aniela Batschari, March 2017 www.shukumisa.org.za/.../Shukumisa-Report_Assessing-the-Role-of-NGOs-at-TCCs-2017 “A critical Assessment of the Roles of NGOs in the Delivery of Services to Sexual Gender Based Violence Survivors at Thuthuzela Care Centers” South Africa retrieved 19th June 2018
  • Cari Jo Clark,April 18 2013 ‘Impact of Violence Against Women on Maternal Health in the Middle East’ in Women and Health (Second Edition), Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic press.724-734
  • Center for Disease Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/overview/publichealthapproach.html “The Public Health Ap-proach to Violence Prevention” retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Champ Public Health Collaborative, 2016 https://ww.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/“ A public Health Pre-vention Approach to Domestic Violence: the Be a Lover not a Fighter Campaign in Chester &Merseysid” National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Collins English Dictionary, 2019 https://www.collinsdictionary.com ‘Definition of Methodology” HarperCollins Publishers retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation 19, Vio-lence against women (Eleventh session, 1992), U.N. Doc. A/47/38 at 1 (1993), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N.Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 243 (2003), available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/generl9.html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Art. 1, G.A. res. 39/46, annex, 39 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 51) at 197, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984), entered into force June 26, 1987, available thttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat.html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, G.A.res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc A/34/46, entered into force September 3, 1981, available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htmlretrievd 4th of August 2018
  • Cook, Rebecca J.,December 1995-12. "Human Rights of Women National and International Perspec-tives", in Journal of Law and Society.p.60-62
  • C.R. Kothari, 2004, https://www.modares.it “Research Methodology; Methods & Techniques” Second Revised Edition, New Age International Publishers; New Delhi. P.5 retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • David Oladeji, 2013, https://www.crip.org/journal/asm “Personal, Situational and Socio-cultural Factors as Correlates of Intimate Partner Abuse in Nigeria” Published Online in Advances in Sexual Medicine, 2013, 3, 92-97. Retrieved 27th of December 2018
  • Domestic Violence London http://www.domesticviolencelondon.nhs.uk/1-what-is-domestic-violence-/1-definition.html ‘Definition of Domestic Violence’ retieved 18th June. 2018
  • Dorothy Q. Thomas and Michele E, Beasley 1994 https://www.jstor.org/stable/762650 “Domestic Vio-lence as a Human Rights Issue” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.15. No 1 pp.36-62 retrieved 27th of De-cember, 2018
  • Enahoro Eugene, Daily Trust, 2017 https://www.dailytrust.com.ng “The New Trend in Spousal Murder retrieved 1st of August, 2018.
  • Fink Arlene, 2014 https://www.libguides.usc.edu “Conducting Research Literature Reviews: from the internet to paper.” Fourth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA; SAGE. Retrieved 28th June, 2019.
  • Flowers.Barri.R., July 2000 "Domestic Crimes. Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contem-porary American Society'. Jefferson NC: McFarland.p.312
  • Gene Feder, Harriet Macmillan, 2012 in Goldman’s Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition) Philadlphia PA” Elsevier/Saunders
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force January 3, 1976, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr,html retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • Karelkurst-Swanger and Jacqueline L. Petcosky 27th March.2003. ‘Violence in the Home: Multidiscipli-nary Perspective’ New York: Oxford University Press p.336
  • Katherine Van Wormen and Albert. R. Roberts, 2009‘Death By Domestic Violence: Preventing the Murders and Murder-Suicides’ London: Praegers Publishers. P.24-25 LalimaSrivastava and Michael. J. Austin, Mack Center on Non-profit Management in the Human Ser-vices, University of California
  • Berkeley.https://mackcenter.berkeley.edu/.../women_and_non-governmental_organizations“Women and Non-Governmental Organisations in Developing Countries” retrieved 19th June 2018
  • M. O. Bakare and M. D. Asuquo et.al, 2010https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259487750_Domestic_Violence_and_Nigeria_Women_-A_Review_of_the_Present_State “Domestic Violence and Nigerian Women- A Review of the Present State”, Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 8, No. 2, April - June, 2010.p.1-8
  • Marisa London, 2016, https://yaleglobalhealthreview.com/2016/09/12 “A cultural Approach to Domes-tic Violence” the Yale Global Health Review.Retrieved 27th of December 2018.
  • Mary Kimani,18th July, 2012. https://www.un.org‘Taking on Violence Against Women In Africa, Special Edition on Women,’ retrieved 4th of August 2018 Melinda Smith and Jeanne Segal, March 2018,.www.helpguide.org ‘Domestic Violence and Abuse, Recognizing the Signs of an Abusive Relationship and Getting help’ retrieved 4th of August, 2018.
  • Michael Niss, Innovative Educational Services 2017 https://cheapceus.com/course_documents/102/Domestic_Violence.doc ‘Theories of Domestic Vio-lence’ retrieved 20th August,2018
  • Michelle Madden Dempsey,2006 http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol12/iss2/3 ‘What Counts as Domestic Violence? A Conceptual Analysis’ in 12 Wm& Mary J. Women & L. 301 ,
  • Misra, Preeti, 2006 Domestic Violence Against Women:Legal Control and Judicial Responses, Con-cept of Violence against women’. New Dehli:Deep and Deep Publication pvt. Ltd. p.120-226
  • Mo Yee Lee and John Sebold et.al..27th March, 2003. 'Solution-focused Treatment of Domestic Vio-lence Offenders: Accountability for change". USA: Oxford University Press p.1-272
  • Natasha Tracy,17th November, 2016, www.healthyplace.comWhat is Abuse? Abuse Definition, Healthy Place, retrieved 1st of August 2018
  • National Violence Against Women Network, https://www.womenssupportproject.co.uk/useriles/file/uploads/VAWandHRbriefing.pdf“ Adressing Vi-olence Against Women, Appling a Human Rights Framework” retrieved 27th December, 2018.
  • Nnandi, ine. 2012 www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jpl/article/view/19903 “An Insight Into Violence against women as human rights violation in Nigeria” in Journal of Politics and Law.
  • Oyedokun, Amos Olugbenga. 2008. “Domestic Violence and Constrained Contraceptive Choices in Selected Areas of Osun State, Nigeria.” in Sexual & Relationship Therapy 23 (4) 305-323.
  • Oxford Learners Dictionary 2019 www.oxfordlearnersdictionary.com Oxford University Press retrieved 28th June, 2019. Prashant Kumar Astalin, 2013 https://pdfs.sematicscholars.org “Qualitative Research Designs; A Conceptual Framework” International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research Vol.2(1)
  • Robert Elias.1986 ‘The Politics of Victimization: Victims, Victimology and Human Rights.’ New York: Oxford University Press. P.372
  • Sarah Wendt and Lana Zannettino, 2015 ‘Domestic Violence In Divers Contexts: A Re-examination of Gender’ New York: Routeldge Publishers. P.1-12
  • Tandon, Neeru.December 2008. 'Feminism.A Paradigm Shift".New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Dis-tributors pvt. Ltd. p.1-216
  • The Advocates For Human Rights 26th October 2012https://www.stopvaw.org “UN Treaties on Domes-tic Violence” retrieved 31st of August 2018 The NSPCC, 2013 https://www.nspcc.org.uk“Domestic abuse legislation, policy and Guidance” re-trieved 13th of May, 2018 UN Women, 2016 https://www.un.org/un_women_csw ‘Driving The Gender-Responsive Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’ New York. Retrieved 17th November, 2017 p.12
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948), available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml. Retrieved 4th of August 2018
  • University of pittsburg, 2016. www.keywords.pitt.edu “Keywords project; Definition of Domestic Vio-lence” retrieved 4th of August, 2018.
  • World Health Organisation November 29 2017https://www.who.int“Violence Against Women”retrieved 13th May, 2018
  • World Health Organization, 2016 https://www.who.int/mediacenre/factsheets/fs239/en/ “Violence Against Women (Fact Sheet) retrieved 27th December 2018.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Eronmwon Joyce Irogue Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Irogue, E. J. (2020). THE ROLE OF NGOS MANAGING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; USING THE CASE OF NIGERIA. Akdeniz Havzası Ve Afrika Medeniyetleri Dergisi, 2(2), 70-97.

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