Okula Devam Problemi Olan Ergenlerde Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı, Oyun Bağımlılığı ve Yalnızlık Seviyelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

ÖZ Amaç: Okula devam problemleri (ODP) çok sayıda psikiyatrik rahatsızlıkla birliktelik gösterebilen ciddi bir sorundur. ODP ile alkol ve madde bağımlılığını değerlendiren çalışmalar mevcuttur. ODP ile ilgili çok sayıda çalışma yapılmasına rağmen ODP’nin oyun ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile ilişkisini inceleyen çalışma sayısı kısıtlıdır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 12-19 yaş arasında olup ODP olan 31 ergen ile yaş ve cinsiyet olarak eşleştirilmiş 33 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma grubunda psikopatoloji, DSM 5'e göre düzenlenmiş tanısal görüşme ile değerlendirilmiştir. Her iki grubu da İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu ölçeği kısa formu (İOBS9-KF), Sosyal medya bağımlılık ölçeği kısa formu ve UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunda en sık dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, karşı olma karşı gelme bozukluğu ve davranım bozukluğu tanıları saptanmıştır. Çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna göre UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği ve İOBS9-KF puanları anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Okula devam problemleri olan çocuk ve ergenlerin değerlendirilmesinde oyun bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık sorunları da sorgulanmalıdır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Okula devam problemleri, Okul reddi, Oyun bağımlılığı, Sosyal medya bağımlılığı, Yalnızlık

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Okula devam problemleri
• Okul reddi
• Oyun bağımlılığı
• Sosyal medya bağımlılığı
• Yalnızlık

Evaluation of Game Addiction, Social Media Addiction and Loneliness Levels in Adolescents with School Attendance Problems

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objectives: School attendance problem (SAP) is a serious issue, and its coexistence with psychiatric disorders is common. Several studies have evaluated the relationship between SAP and alcohol and substance addiction. Although there are many studies on SAP, studies examining the relationship between SAP and game and social media addiction are limited. Method: Thirty-one adolescents with SAP between the ages of 12-19 and 33 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Psychopathology was evaluated with a diagnostic interview according to DSM 5. Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF), Social Media Disorder Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale were given to both of the groups. Results: The most common disorders in the study group are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional disorder and behavioral disorder. In the study group, the UCLA Loneliness Scale and IGDS9-SF scores were also significantly higher than those in the controls. Conclusion: Game addiction and loneliness problems should also be examined in the evaluation of children and adolescents with school attendance problems. Key Words: School Attendance Problem, School Refusal, Game Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Loneliness

Keywords

• School Attendance Problem
• School Refusal
• Game Addiction
• Social Media Addiction
• Loneliness

Kaynakça

1. 1. Broadwin IT. A contribution to the study of truancy. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1932; 2:253.
2. 2. Kearney CA, Turner II D, and Gauger M. School Refusal Behavior. In: The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. American Cancer Society 2010; 1–2.
3. 3. Heyne D, Gren-Landell M, Melvin G, and Gentle-Genitty C. Differentiation between school attendance problems: why and how? Cogn Behav Pract 2019; 26:8–34.
4. 4. Kearney CA. An interdisciplinary model of school absenteeism in youth to inform professional practice and public policy. Educ Psychol Rev 2008; 20:257–282.
5. 5. Kearney CA. The evolution and reconciliation of taxonomic strategies for school refusal behavior. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1996; 3:339–354.
6. 6. Sutphen RD, Ford JP, and Flaherty C. Truancy interventions: A review of the research literature. Res Soc Work Pract 2010; 20:161–171.
7. 7. Heyne D, King NJ, Tonge BJ, and Cooper H. School refusal: epidemiology and management. Paediatr Drugs 2001; 3:719–732.
8. 8. Dube SR and Orpinas P. Understanding excessive school absenteeism as school refusal behavior. Child Sch 2009; 31:87–95.

9. 9. Fremont WP. School refusal in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68:1555–1560.
10. 10. Havik T, Bru E, and Ertesvåg SK. School factors associated with school refusal-and truancy-related reasons for school non-attendance. Soc Psychol Educ 2015; 18:221–240.
11. 11. Griffiths M. Internet and video-game addiction. In: Adolescent Addiction. Elsevier 2008; 231–267.
12. 12. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub 2013: 175.
13. 13. Grüsser SM, Thalemann R, and Griffiths MD. Excessive computer game playing: evidence for addiction and aggression? Cyberpsychology Behav 2006; 10:290–292.
14. 14. Kuss DJ and Griffiths MD. Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. Int J Ment Health Addict 2012; 10:278–296.
15. 15. Anderson CA and Carnagey NL. Causal effects of violent sports video games on aggression: Is it competitiveness or violent content? J Exp Soc Psychol 2009; 45:731–739.
16. 16. Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, et al. Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e319–e329.
17. 17. Vandewater EA, Shim M, and Caplovitz AG. Linking obesity and activity level with children’s television and video game use. J Adolesc 2004; 27:71–85.
18. 18. Brunborg GS, Mentzoni RA, and Frøyland LR. Is video gaming, or video game addiction, associated with depression, academic achievement, heavy episodic drinking, or conduct problems? J Behav Addict 2014; 3:27–32.
19. 19. Ahn J. The effect of social network sites on adolescents’ social and academic development: Current theories and controversies. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol 2011; 62:1435–1445.
20. 20. Lenhart A, Duggan M, Perrin A, Stepler R, Rainie H, and Parker K. Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center [Internet & American Life Project]; 2015.
21. 21. Bányai F, Zsila Á, Király O, Maraz A, Elekes Z, Griffiths MD, et al. Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169839.
22. 22. Wegmann E, Stodt B, and Brand M. Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms. J Behav Addict 2015; 4:155–162.
23. 23. Malik S and Khan M. Impact of facebook addiction on narcissistic behavior and self-esteem among students. J Pak Med Assoc 2015; 65:260–263.
24. 24. Akhter N. Relationship between internet addiction and academic performance among university undergraduates. Educ Res Rev 2013; 8:1793–1796.
25. 25. Andreassen CS, Billieux J, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z, Mazzoni E, et al. The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychol Addict Behav 2016; 30:252.
26. 26. Romani J, Campredon S, and Da Fonseca D. School refusal: Psychopathological profiles of adolescents followed in a day hospital setting. Arch Pediatr Organe Off la Soc Fr Pediatr 2017; 24:950–959.
27. 27. Kim J, LaRose R, and Peng W. Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology Behav 2009; 12:451–455.
28. 28. Pontes HM and Griffiths MD. Measuring DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Comput Human Behav 2015; 45:137–143.
29. 29. Arıcak OT, Dinç M, Yay M, and Griffiths MD. Adapting the Short Form of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale into Turkish: Validity and Reliability. Addicta Turkish J Addict 2018; 5:615–636.
30. 30. Van Den Eijnden RJJM, Lemmens JS, and Valkenburg PM. The social media disorder scale. Comput Human Behav 2016; 61:478–487.
31. 31. Taş İ. The Social Media Addiction Scale (SF) for Adolescents: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbullying 2017; 4:27–40.
32. 32. Russell D, Peplau LA, and Ferguson ML. Developing a measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess 1978; 42:290–294.
33. 33. Russell D, Peplau LA, and Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980; 39:472.
34. 34. Demir A. UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği (Validity and reliability of the UCLA loneliness scale). Psikol Derg 1989; 7:14–18.
35. 35. Adanır AS, Özatalay E, and Doğru H. Oyuna adanmış yaşam: Bir olgu sunumu üzerinden internet oyun oynama bozukluğuna kısa bir bakış (Life commited to game: A short look to internet gaming disorder upon a case report). Turkish J Fam Pract 2016; 20:85–90.
36. 36. Kearney CA and Silverman WK. Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale. J Clin Child Psychol 1993; 22:85–96.
37. 37. Henry KL and Huizinga DH. Truancy’s effect on the onset of drug use among urban adolescents placed at risk. J Adolesc Heal 2007; 40:358-e9.
38. 38. Hallfors D, Cho H, Brodish PH, Flewelling R, and Khatapoush S. Identifying high school students “at risk” for substance use and other behavioral problems: Implications for prevention. Subst Use Misuse 2006; 41:1–15.
39. 39. Dong G, Hu Y, and Lin X. Reward/punishment sensitivities among internet addicts: implications for their addictive behaviors. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:139–145.
40. 40. Harris MB and Williams R. Video games and school performance. Education 1985; 105.
41. 41. Carroll HCM. The effect of pupil absenteeism on literacy and numeracy in the primary school. Sch Psychol Int 2010; 31:115–130.
42. 42. Gottfried MA. Excused versus unexcused: How student absences in elementary school affect academic achievement. Educ Eval Policy Anal 2009; 31:392–415.
43. 43. Anand V. A study of time management: The correlation between video game usage and academic performance markers. CyberPsychology Behav 2007; 10:552–559.
44. 44. Lasgaard M, Goossens L, Bramsen RH, Trillingsgaard T, and Elklit A. Different sources of loneliness are associated with different forms of psychopathology in adolescence. J Res Pers 2011; 45:233–237.
45. 45. Odacı H and Kalkan M. Problematic Internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Comput Educ 2010; 55:1091–1097.
46. 46. Jones AM and Suveg C. Flying under the radar: School reluctance in anxious youth. School Ment Health 2015; 7:212–223.
47. 47. Lee J, Ko DW, and Lee H. Loneliness, regulatory focus, inter-personal competence, and online game addiction. Internet Res 2019.
48. 48. Egger HL, Costello JE, and Angold A. School refusal and psychiatric disorders: A community study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:797–807.
49. 49. Bahali K, Tahiroğlu AY, and Avci A. The clinical features of children and adolescents with school refusal. Anadolu Psychiatry J 2009; 10:310–317.