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Covid-19 Pandemisi ile Gündeme Gelen İlaçlar ve Potansiyel Etkin Olabilecek Auranofin’in Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 98 - 105, 01.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.953835

Öz

Sars-Cov 2 virüsünün neden olduğu ve Çin’den yayılarak dünyanın tamamını etkileyen Covid-19 salgınında, enfekte bireylerin tedavisini sağlamak amacıyla birçok ilaç denenmekte ve kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte profilaksi için dünyanın dört bir yanındaki araştırma laboratuvarlarında yeni tip korona virüs için aşılar geliştirilmiş ve uygulamaya başlanmıştır. Bu gelişmelere rağmen aşının profilaktik etkinliği ve kullanılan ilaçların tedavideki etkinliği konusunda tartışmalar mevcuttur. Bu durumlar özellikle hastalığın tedavisinde alternatif acil yeni arayışlara yönlendirmektedir. Altın partikülleri içeren bir ilaç olan Auranofin’in (AF) antiviral, anti-inflamatuar ve immün sistemi baskılama özelliklerinden dolayı Covid-19 enfeksiyonunun neden olduğu sitokin fırtınası ve aşırı immün reaksiyonları yönetebileceği öngörülmektedir. Bu derlemedeki amacımız, covid-19 üzerine AF’nin terapötik potansiyele sahip olup olmayacağını etki mekanizmaları ve yapılan çalışmalar üzerinden değerlendirmektir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Parıldar H. Tarihte Bulaşıcı Hastalık Salgınları. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi. 2020; 30(Ek sayı): 19-26.
  • 2. Alpago H, Alpago DO. Korona Virüs ve Sosyoekonomik Sonuçlar. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020; (8):99-114.
  • 3. Yolun M. İspanyol gribinin dünya ve Osmanlı Devleti üzerindeki etkileri. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.Adıyaman: Adıyaman Üniversitesi. 2012.
  • 4. Tatar B, Adar P. SARS-CoV-2: Mikrobiyoloji ve Epidemiyoloji. Tepecik Eğit. Ve Araşt. Hast. Dergisi 2020; 30(Ek sayı): 27-35.
  • 5. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019(Internet). (28 April 2021).
  • 6. Bayhan V. Covid-19 Küresel Salgın Bağlamında Gündelik Hayatın Denetimi. Şehir ve Medeniyet Şehir Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of City and Civilization. 2020; 6 (12): 37-51
  • 7. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011; 81:85-164.
  • 8. Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, et al. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol.2016 Jun;24(6):490-502.
  • 9. KURT, A. F, KARAALİ, R. SARS-CoV-2 Nedir, Bugüne Nasıl Geldik? Medical Research Reports. 3(3): 54-62.
  • 10. Ye ZW, Yuan S, Yuen KS, Fung SY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1686-1697.
  • 11. Li Z, Tomlinson AC, Wong AH, Zhou D, Desforges M, Talbot PJ, et al. The human coronavirus HCoV-229E S-protein structure and receptor binding. Elife. 2019 Oct 25;8: e51230.
  • 12. Bonavia A, Zelus BD, Wentworth DE, Talbot PJ, Holmes KV. Identification of a receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus HCoV-229E. J Virol. 2003 Feb;77(4):2530-8.
  • 13. Özkan S, Koyutürk M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and New Approaches in Covid-19 Patients. Cerrahpasa Med J 10 June 2020; 44(2): 57-64.
  • 14. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-733.
  • 15. Wan Y,Shang J, Graham R,Baric R. S, Li F.Receptor recognition by the novel corona virus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS corona virus. Journal of virology 2020 ;94(7).
  • 16. Fung TS, Liu DX. Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity. Front Microbiol. 2014 Jun 17; 5:296.
  • 17. Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, Li W, Lee KH, Ghiran S, et al. SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 10;281(6):3198-3203.
  • 18. Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013 Nov 28;503(7477):535-8.
  • 19. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270-273.
  • 20. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W,Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al . Korona virüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19): Çin'den bir perspektif. Radyoloji.2020; 200490.
  • 21. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020 Apr;87(4):281-286.
  • 22. Wang, W., Tang, J., & Wei, F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of medical virology.2020; 92(4): 441-447.
  • 23. Dikmen, AU, KINA MH, Özkan S, İlhan MN. COVID-19 epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden ne öğrendik. Journal of biotechnology and strategic health research. 2020;4: 29-36.
  • 24. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Çin'in Wuhan kentinde COVID-19 pnömonili 81 hastanın radyolojik bulguları: tanımlayıcı bir çalışma. Lancet bulaşıcı hastalıkları, 2020; 20 (4); 425-434.
  • 25. Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S. Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research. Antiviral Res. 2013 Dec;100(3):605-14.
  • 26. Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Feb 17;525(1):135–140.
  • 27. Hou Y, Zhao J, Martin W, Kallianpur A, Chung MK, Jehi L,et al. COVID-19'un genetik duyarlılığına ilişkin yeni bilgiler: ACE2 ve TMPRSS2 polimorfizm analizi. BMC tıbbı.2020;18 (1): 1-8.
  • 28. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):631-637.
  • 29. Kuba K,Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al.A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury. Nature medicine 2005; 11(8): 875-879.
  • 30. Shi L, Huang H, Lu X, Yan X, Jiang X, Xu R,et al. Effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on lung damage in severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Feb 10;6(1):58.
  • 31. Sengupta V, Sengupta S, Lazo A, Woods P, Nolan A, Bremer N. Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Treatment for Severe COVID-19. Stem Cells Dev. 2020 Jun 15;29(12):747-754.
  • 32. Schrezenmeier E, Dörner T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020 Mar;16(3):155-166.
  • 33. Bebitoğlu BT, Elif O, Hodzic A, Hatiboğlu N, Özkan K. Klorokin/Hidroksiklorokin: COVID-19 tedavisi ile gündeme gelen eski bir ilaca farmakolojik bakış. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi.2020; 25: 204-215.
  • 34. Zhou D, Dai SM, Tong Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Jul 1;75(7):1667-1670.
  • 35. Mutlu O, Uygun İ, Erden F. Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) Tedavisinde bilinen İlaçlar. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020 ;6 (3): 167-173.
  • 36. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271.
  • 37. Singh AK, Singh A, Singh R, Misra A. Remdesivir in COVID-19: A critical review of pharmacology, pre-clinical and clinical studies. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul-Aug;14(4):641-648.
  • 38. Yamamura H, Matsuura H, Nakagawa J, Fukuoka H, Domi H, Chujoh S. Effect of favipiravir and an anti-inflammatory strategy for COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020 Jul 9;24(1):413.
  • 39. Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Jul 1;75(7):2013-2014.
  • 40. Damle B, Vourvahis M, Wang E, Leaney J, Corrigan B. Clinical Pharmacology Perspectives on the Antiviral Activity of Azithromycin and Use in COVID-19. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Aug;108(2):201-211.
  • 41. Ekici H, Yarsan E. COVID-19 Tedavisinde bazı Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020; (3):120-129.
  • 42. Tatlı SF,Çakar G,Çolak B,Özel Kızıl ET. COVID-19 pandemisinde psikofarmakolojik tedavi.Klinik Psikiyatri 2020;23(Ek 1): 52-66.
  • 43. Gupta D, Sahoo AK, Singh A. Ivermectin: potential candidate for the treatment of Covid 19. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020 Jul-Aug;24(4):369-371.
  • 44. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020 Jun; 178:104787.
  • 45. Gregoire M, Le Turnier P, Gaborit BJ, Veyrac G, Lecomte R, Boutoille D, et al. Lopinavir pharmacokinetics in COVID-19 patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Sep 1;75(9):2702-2704.
  • 46. Berners Price SJ, Filipovska A. Gold compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases. Metallomics. 2011 Sep;3(9):863-73.
  • 47. Marzo T, Messori L. A Role for Metal-Based Drugs in Fighting COVID-19 Infection? The Case of Auranofin. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2020 May 8;11(6):1067-1068.
  • 48. Madeira JM, Gibson DL, Kean WF, Klegeris, A. Auranofinin biyolojik aktivitesi: hastalıkların yeni tedavisi için çıkarımlar. Inflammopharmacology. 2012;20 (6): 297-306.
  • 49. Cirri, D., Pratesi, A., Marzo, T. ve Messori, L. COVID-19 için metalo terapötikleri. Yeni antiviral ilaçların keşfi için metal bazlı bileşiklerin kullanılması. Uyuşturucu Keşfi Üzerine Uzman Görüşü.2021;16 (1): 39-46.
  • 50. Gil-Moles M, Basu U, Büssing R, Hoffmeister H, Türck S, Varchmin A, et al. Gold Metallodrugs to Target Coronavirus Proteins: Inhibitory Effects on the Spike-ACE2 Interaction and on PLpro Protease Activity by Auranofin and Gold Organometallics. Chemistry. 2020 Nov 26;26(66):15140-15144.
  • 51. Wang H H, Su C H, Wu Y J, Lin C A J, Lee C H, Shen J L, et al. Application of gold in biomedicine: past, present and future. International Journal of Gerontology, 2012; 6(1): 1-4.
  • 52. Han S, Kim K, Kim H, Kwon J, Lee YH, Lee CK, et al. Auranofin inhibits overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase expression and PGE2 production in macrophages. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jan;31(1):67-74.
  • 53. Rothan HA, Stone S, Natekar J, Kumari P, Arora K, Kumar M. The FDA-approved gold drug auranofin inhibits novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) replication and attenuates inflammation in human cells. Virology. 2020 Aug; 547:7-11.
  • 54. Chaffman M, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Auranofin. A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 1984 May;27(5):378-424.

Covid-19 Pandemisi ile Gündeme Gelen İlaçlar ve Potansiyel Etkin Olabilecek Auranofin’in Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 98 - 105, 01.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.953835

Öz

In the Covid-19 epidemic caused by the SARS-Cov 2 virus, which is spreading from China and affecting the entire world, many drugs are being tried and used to treat infected individuals. However, vaccines for a new type of corona virus have been developed and started to be used in research laboratories around the world for prophylaxis. Despite these developments, there is debate about the prophylactic effectiveness of the vaccine and the effectiveness of the drugs used in treatment. These conditions lead to urgent new searches for alternative emergencies, especially in the treatment of the disease. Auranofin (AF), a drug containing gold particles, is predicted to be able to manage cytokine storming and excessive immune reactions caused by Covid-19 infection due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune system suppression properties. Our aim in this review is to evaluate whether AF on covid-19 will have therapeutic potential or not, based on the mechanisms of action and the studies conducted.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Parıldar H. Tarihte Bulaşıcı Hastalık Salgınları. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi. 2020; 30(Ek sayı): 19-26.
  • 2. Alpago H, Alpago DO. Korona Virüs ve Sosyoekonomik Sonuçlar. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020; (8):99-114.
  • 3. Yolun M. İspanyol gribinin dünya ve Osmanlı Devleti üzerindeki etkileri. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.Adıyaman: Adıyaman Üniversitesi. 2012.
  • 4. Tatar B, Adar P. SARS-CoV-2: Mikrobiyoloji ve Epidemiyoloji. Tepecik Eğit. Ve Araşt. Hast. Dergisi 2020; 30(Ek sayı): 27-35.
  • 5. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019(Internet). (28 April 2021).
  • 6. Bayhan V. Covid-19 Küresel Salgın Bağlamında Gündelik Hayatın Denetimi. Şehir ve Medeniyet Şehir Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of City and Civilization. 2020; 6 (12): 37-51
  • 7. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011; 81:85-164.
  • 8. Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, et al. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol.2016 Jun;24(6):490-502.
  • 9. KURT, A. F, KARAALİ, R. SARS-CoV-2 Nedir, Bugüne Nasıl Geldik? Medical Research Reports. 3(3): 54-62.
  • 10. Ye ZW, Yuan S, Yuen KS, Fung SY, Chan CP, Jin DY. Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1686-1697.
  • 11. Li Z, Tomlinson AC, Wong AH, Zhou D, Desforges M, Talbot PJ, et al. The human coronavirus HCoV-229E S-protein structure and receptor binding. Elife. 2019 Oct 25;8: e51230.
  • 12. Bonavia A, Zelus BD, Wentworth DE, Talbot PJ, Holmes KV. Identification of a receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus HCoV-229E. J Virol. 2003 Feb;77(4):2530-8.
  • 13. Özkan S, Koyutürk M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and New Approaches in Covid-19 Patients. Cerrahpasa Med J 10 June 2020; 44(2): 57-64.
  • 14. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-733.
  • 15. Wan Y,Shang J, Graham R,Baric R. S, Li F.Receptor recognition by the novel corona virus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS corona virus. Journal of virology 2020 ;94(7).
  • 16. Fung TS, Liu DX. Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity. Front Microbiol. 2014 Jun 17; 5:296.
  • 17. Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, Li W, Lee KH, Ghiran S, et al. SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 10;281(6):3198-3203.
  • 18. Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013 Nov 28;503(7477):535-8.
  • 19. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270-273.
  • 20. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W,Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al . Korona virüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19): Çin'den bir perspektif. Radyoloji.2020; 200490.
  • 21. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020 Apr;87(4):281-286.
  • 22. Wang, W., Tang, J., & Wei, F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of medical virology.2020; 92(4): 441-447.
  • 23. Dikmen, AU, KINA MH, Özkan S, İlhan MN. COVID-19 epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden ne öğrendik. Journal of biotechnology and strategic health research. 2020;4: 29-36.
  • 24. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Çin'in Wuhan kentinde COVID-19 pnömonili 81 hastanın radyolojik bulguları: tanımlayıcı bir çalışma. Lancet bulaşıcı hastalıkları, 2020; 20 (4); 425-434.
  • 25. Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S. Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research. Antiviral Res. 2013 Dec;100(3):605-14.
  • 26. Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Feb 17;525(1):135–140.
  • 27. Hou Y, Zhao J, Martin W, Kallianpur A, Chung MK, Jehi L,et al. COVID-19'un genetik duyarlılığına ilişkin yeni bilgiler: ACE2 ve TMPRSS2 polimorfizm analizi. BMC tıbbı.2020;18 (1): 1-8.
  • 28. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):631-637.
  • 29. Kuba K,Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al.A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury. Nature medicine 2005; 11(8): 875-879.
  • 30. Shi L, Huang H, Lu X, Yan X, Jiang X, Xu R,et al. Effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on lung damage in severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Feb 10;6(1):58.
  • 31. Sengupta V, Sengupta S, Lazo A, Woods P, Nolan A, Bremer N. Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Treatment for Severe COVID-19. Stem Cells Dev. 2020 Jun 15;29(12):747-754.
  • 32. Schrezenmeier E, Dörner T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020 Mar;16(3):155-166.
  • 33. Bebitoğlu BT, Elif O, Hodzic A, Hatiboğlu N, Özkan K. Klorokin/Hidroksiklorokin: COVID-19 tedavisi ile gündeme gelen eski bir ilaca farmakolojik bakış. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi.2020; 25: 204-215.
  • 34. Zhou D, Dai SM, Tong Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Jul 1;75(7):1667-1670.
  • 35. Mutlu O, Uygun İ, Erden F. Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) Tedavisinde bilinen İlaçlar. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020 ;6 (3): 167-173.
  • 36. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271.
  • 37. Singh AK, Singh A, Singh R, Misra A. Remdesivir in COVID-19: A critical review of pharmacology, pre-clinical and clinical studies. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul-Aug;14(4):641-648.
  • 38. Yamamura H, Matsuura H, Nakagawa J, Fukuoka H, Domi H, Chujoh S. Effect of favipiravir and an anti-inflammatory strategy for COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020 Jul 9;24(1):413.
  • 39. Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Jul 1;75(7):2013-2014.
  • 40. Damle B, Vourvahis M, Wang E, Leaney J, Corrigan B. Clinical Pharmacology Perspectives on the Antiviral Activity of Azithromycin and Use in COVID-19. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Aug;108(2):201-211.
  • 41. Ekici H, Yarsan E. COVID-19 Tedavisinde bazı Bazı İlaçlar ve Farmakolojik Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020; (3):120-129.
  • 42. Tatlı SF,Çakar G,Çolak B,Özel Kızıl ET. COVID-19 pandemisinde psikofarmakolojik tedavi.Klinik Psikiyatri 2020;23(Ek 1): 52-66.
  • 43. Gupta D, Sahoo AK, Singh A. Ivermectin: potential candidate for the treatment of Covid 19. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020 Jul-Aug;24(4):369-371.
  • 44. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020 Jun; 178:104787.
  • 45. Gregoire M, Le Turnier P, Gaborit BJ, Veyrac G, Lecomte R, Boutoille D, et al. Lopinavir pharmacokinetics in COVID-19 patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Sep 1;75(9):2702-2704.
  • 46. Berners Price SJ, Filipovska A. Gold compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases. Metallomics. 2011 Sep;3(9):863-73.
  • 47. Marzo T, Messori L. A Role for Metal-Based Drugs in Fighting COVID-19 Infection? The Case of Auranofin. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2020 May 8;11(6):1067-1068.
  • 48. Madeira JM, Gibson DL, Kean WF, Klegeris, A. Auranofinin biyolojik aktivitesi: hastalıkların yeni tedavisi için çıkarımlar. Inflammopharmacology. 2012;20 (6): 297-306.
  • 49. Cirri, D., Pratesi, A., Marzo, T. ve Messori, L. COVID-19 için metalo terapötikleri. Yeni antiviral ilaçların keşfi için metal bazlı bileşiklerin kullanılması. Uyuşturucu Keşfi Üzerine Uzman Görüşü.2021;16 (1): 39-46.
  • 50. Gil-Moles M, Basu U, Büssing R, Hoffmeister H, Türck S, Varchmin A, et al. Gold Metallodrugs to Target Coronavirus Proteins: Inhibitory Effects on the Spike-ACE2 Interaction and on PLpro Protease Activity by Auranofin and Gold Organometallics. Chemistry. 2020 Nov 26;26(66):15140-15144.
  • 51. Wang H H, Su C H, Wu Y J, Lin C A J, Lee C H, Shen J L, et al. Application of gold in biomedicine: past, present and future. International Journal of Gerontology, 2012; 6(1): 1-4.
  • 52. Han S, Kim K, Kim H, Kwon J, Lee YH, Lee CK, et al. Auranofin inhibits overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase expression and PGE2 production in macrophages. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jan;31(1):67-74.
  • 53. Rothan HA, Stone S, Natekar J, Kumari P, Arora K, Kumar M. The FDA-approved gold drug auranofin inhibits novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) replication and attenuates inflammation in human cells. Virology. 2020 Aug; 547:7-11.
  • 54. Chaffman M, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Auranofin. A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 1984 May;27(5):378-424.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İbrahim Candan Aydın 0000-0002-3937-8786

Erkan Maytalman 0000-0001-5284-7439

Malik Ejder Gülpak 0000-0003-2870-6470

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Aydın İC, Maytalman E, Gülpak ME. Covid-19 Pandemisi ile Gündeme Gelen İlaçlar ve Potansiyel Etkin Olabilecek Auranofin’in Değerlendirilmesi. Akd Tıp D. 2023;9(1):98-105.