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Effects of Concentrates Varying in Ruminal Degradation Rate on Milk Production Under Silage-Based Feeding Conditions

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 207 - 215, 01.12.2004

Öz

The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects on lactational performance of dairy cows fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous concentrates that had also similar ruminal degrabilities of crude protein and organic matter but differed in the rate crude protein and organic matter were degraded ruminally. Both concentrates were supplemented to mixtures of corn (MS) and grass silage (OS) (80:20 and 20:80, respectively, on dry matter basis) so that ruminal degradation rate was synchronous either to MS- (SYN-MS) or the OS-(SYN-OS)-dominated silage mixture and asynchronous to the other. During two winter feeding periods, 252 dairy cows were fed on diets consisting of combinations of one of the concentrates that were allocated according to milk yield and one of the silage mixtures fed for ad libitum intake. Neither forage nor concentrate type affected milk or milk component yield, though milk protein content was higher for cows on the MS treatments. Feeding OS mixture resulted in elevated milk urea levels (P<0.001).

Kaynakça

  • Anonim, 1989. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 6th Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  • Anonim, 1990. Standing Committee on Tables of Feed Composition. UK Tables of Nutritive Value and Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs. D. I. Givens and A. R. Moss, ed. Rowett Research Services, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
  • Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Kedar, O., Sklan, D., 1995. In sacco disappearance of starch, nitrogen and fat in processed grains. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 51:287-295.
  • Bassler, R., 1976. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Methodenbuch, Vol. III inclusive of Suppl. 1 to 4. VDLUFA, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Berentsen, P.B.M., Giesen, G.W.J., Verduyn, S. C., 1992. Manure legislation effects on income and on N, P and K losses in dairy farming. Livestock Prod. Sci. 31: 43-56.
  • Blank, R., Südekum, K.-H., Immig, I., Kleinmans, J., 1998. Synchroner Abbau von Kohlenhydraten und Rohprotein in den Vormägen – Eine neue Variable für die Rationsgestaltung? Übers. Tierernährg. 26:157-188.
  • Cant, J.P., DePeters, E.J., Baldwin, R.L., 1991. Effect of dietary fat and postruminal casein administration on milk composition of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 211-219.
  • Casper, D.P., Maiga, M.J., Brouk, M.J., Schingoethe, D.J., 1999. Synchronisation of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermantation and passage rates in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1779-1790.
  • Castillo, A.R., Kebreab, E., Beever, D.E., France, J., 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. J. of Anim. and Feed Sciences. 9: 1-32.
  • Castillo, A.R., Kebreab, E., Beever, D.E., Barbi, J.H., Sutton, J.D., Kirby, H.C., France, J., 2001. The effect of energy supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 240-246.
  • Christensen R.A., Cameron, M.R., Klusmeyer, T.H., Elliot, J.P., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., Yu, Y., 1993. Influence of amount and degrability of dietary protein on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 3497-3513.
  • Delaby, L., Bouttier, A., Peccatte, J.R., 1997. Effet de la nature de la ration de base et de la composition du concentre énergétique sur la production et la composition du lait au pic de lactation. 4emes rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants Paris, France, 4 et 5 décembre. 339-342.
  • Dewhurst, R.J., Hepper, D., Webster, A. J. F., 1995. Comparison of in sacco and in vitro techniques for estimating the rate and extent of rumen fermentation of a range of dietary ingredients. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 51: 211-229.
  • Gonda, H.L., Lindberg, J.E., 1994. Evaluation of dietary nitrogen utilization in dairy cows based on urea concentrations in blood, urine and milk, and on urinary concentration of purine derivatives. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. Animal Sci. 44: 236-245.
  • Hall, J.E. 1999. Nutrient recycling: The European experience -Review-. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 12:667-674.
  • Hanigan, M.D., Cant, J.P., Weakley, D.C., Beckett, J.L., 1998. An evaluation on postabsorptive protein and amino acid metabolism in the lactating dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 3385-3401.
  • Henning, P.H., Steyn, D.G., Meissner, H.H., 1993. Effects of synchronisation of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2516-2528.
  • Herrera-Saldana, R.E., Huber, J.T., Poore, M.H., 1990. Dry matter, crude protein, and starch degradability of five cereal grains. J. Dairy Sci. 73: 2386-2393.
  • Kirchgessner, M., Windisch, W., Roth, F.X., 1994. The efficiency of nitrogen conversion in animal nutrition. Nova Acta Leopoldina 70: 393-412.
  • Korevaar, H. 1992. The nitrogen balance on intensive Dutch dairy farms: a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 31: 17-27.
  • McCarty, R.D., Klusmeyer, T.H., Vicini, J.L., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., 1989. Effect of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermantation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 2002.
  • Malcolm, K.J., Kiesling, H.E., 1993. Dry matter disappearance and gelatinization of grains as influenced by processing and conditioning. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40: 321-330.
  • Oltner, R., Wiktorsson, H., 1983. Urea concentrations in milk and blood as influenced by feeding varying amounts of protein and energy to dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 10: 457-467.
  • Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M., Wiktorsson, H., 1985. Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 12: 47-57.
  • O’Mara, F.P., Fitzgerald, J.J., Murphy, J.J., Rath, M., 1998. The effect on milk production of replacing grass silage with corn silage in the diet of dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 55: 79-87.
  • Overton, T.R., Cameron, M.R., Elliot, J.P., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., 1995. Ruminal fermantation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley. J. Dairy Sci. 78: 1981-1998.
  • Peyraud, J.L., Le Liboux, S., Vetite, R., 1997. Effet du niveau et de la nature de l’azote degradable sur la digestion ruminale d’un regime a base d’ensilage de mais chez la vache latiere. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 37: 313-328.
  • Shabi, Z., Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Aharoni, Y., Zamwwel, S., Bor, A., Tagari, H., 1998. Effect of synchronization of the degradation of dietary CP and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermantation and flow of digesta in the abomasum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1991-2000.
  • Sinclair, L.A., Garnsworthy, P.C., Newbold, J.R., Buttery, P.J., 1993. Effect of synchronising the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermantation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge. 124: 463-472.
  • Sniffen, C.J., O’Connor, J.D., Van Soest, P.J.,. Fox, D.G., Russell, J.B., 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 3551-3561.
  • Tamminga, S., Van Vuuren, A.M., Van der Koelen, C.J., Ketelaar, R.S., van der Togt, P.L., 1990. Ruminal behaviour of structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and crude protein from concentrate ingredients in dairy cows. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 38: 513-526.
  • Tamminga, S., 1992. Nutritional management of dairy cows as a contribution to pollution control. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 345-357.
  • Van Vuuren, A.M., van der Koelen, C.J., Valk, H., de Visser, H., 1993. Effects of partial replacement of ryegrass by low protein feeds on rumen fermentation and nitrogen loss by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 2982-2993.

Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2004, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 207 - 215, 01.12.2004

Öz

Bu çalışma ham protein ve organik madde kapsamlarının rumen içi parçalanabilirlikleri benzer ancak parçalanma hızları farklı olacak şekilde hazırlanan, eşdeğer enerji ve N içeriğine sahip yoğun yem karmalarının süt sığırlarında süt verimi ve verim özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Ardışık iki yıla ait kış sezonu süresince sürdürülen çalışmada 252 baş süt sığırı kullanılmıştır. Mısır (MS) ve ot silajı (OS) temelinde oluşturulan gruplarda, MS grubu hayvanlarının tükettiği günlük rasyonun kaba yem bölümü kuru madde temelinde %80 mısır silajı ve %20 ot silajı içerecek şekilde, OS grubu içinde yine KM temelinde %80 ot silajı ve %20 mısır silajı içerecek şekilde düzenlenmiş, söz konusu karışımlar ad libitum koşullarda tüketime sunulmuştur. Rumen içi parçalanma hızları mısır silajı (SYN-MS) ve ot silajına (SYN-OS) eşgüdüm sağlayabilecek şekilde hazırlanan yoğun yem karmaları, her iki silaj grubunda da süt verim düzeyine göre verilmiş, bu şekilde gruplardaki hayvan materyalinin her iki silaj tipi açısından da eşgüdümü gözeten ve gözetmeyen uygulamalara tabi olması sağlanmıştır. Süt verimi ve verim özellikleri üzerinde silaj tipi ya da yoğun yem karması tipinin etkisinin saptanamadığı çalışmada, OS tüketiminin süt üre düzeyinde artışa neden olduğu gözlenmiştir (P<0.001).

Kaynakça

  • Anonim, 1989. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 6th Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  • Anonim, 1990. Standing Committee on Tables of Feed Composition. UK Tables of Nutritive Value and Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs. D. I. Givens and A. R. Moss, ed. Rowett Research Services, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
  • Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Kedar, O., Sklan, D., 1995. In sacco disappearance of starch, nitrogen and fat in processed grains. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 51:287-295.
  • Bassler, R., 1976. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Methodenbuch, Vol. III inclusive of Suppl. 1 to 4. VDLUFA, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Berentsen, P.B.M., Giesen, G.W.J., Verduyn, S. C., 1992. Manure legislation effects on income and on N, P and K losses in dairy farming. Livestock Prod. Sci. 31: 43-56.
  • Blank, R., Südekum, K.-H., Immig, I., Kleinmans, J., 1998. Synchroner Abbau von Kohlenhydraten und Rohprotein in den Vormägen – Eine neue Variable für die Rationsgestaltung? Übers. Tierernährg. 26:157-188.
  • Cant, J.P., DePeters, E.J., Baldwin, R.L., 1991. Effect of dietary fat and postruminal casein administration on milk composition of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 211-219.
  • Casper, D.P., Maiga, M.J., Brouk, M.J., Schingoethe, D.J., 1999. Synchronisation of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermantation and passage rates in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1779-1790.
  • Castillo, A.R., Kebreab, E., Beever, D.E., France, J., 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. J. of Anim. and Feed Sciences. 9: 1-32.
  • Castillo, A.R., Kebreab, E., Beever, D.E., Barbi, J.H., Sutton, J.D., Kirby, H.C., France, J., 2001. The effect of energy supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 240-246.
  • Christensen R.A., Cameron, M.R., Klusmeyer, T.H., Elliot, J.P., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., Yu, Y., 1993. Influence of amount and degrability of dietary protein on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 3497-3513.
  • Delaby, L., Bouttier, A., Peccatte, J.R., 1997. Effet de la nature de la ration de base et de la composition du concentre énergétique sur la production et la composition du lait au pic de lactation. 4emes rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants Paris, France, 4 et 5 décembre. 339-342.
  • Dewhurst, R.J., Hepper, D., Webster, A. J. F., 1995. Comparison of in sacco and in vitro techniques for estimating the rate and extent of rumen fermentation of a range of dietary ingredients. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 51: 211-229.
  • Gonda, H.L., Lindberg, J.E., 1994. Evaluation of dietary nitrogen utilization in dairy cows based on urea concentrations in blood, urine and milk, and on urinary concentration of purine derivatives. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. Animal Sci. 44: 236-245.
  • Hall, J.E. 1999. Nutrient recycling: The European experience -Review-. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 12:667-674.
  • Hanigan, M.D., Cant, J.P., Weakley, D.C., Beckett, J.L., 1998. An evaluation on postabsorptive protein and amino acid metabolism in the lactating dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 3385-3401.
  • Henning, P.H., Steyn, D.G., Meissner, H.H., 1993. Effects of synchronisation of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2516-2528.
  • Herrera-Saldana, R.E., Huber, J.T., Poore, M.H., 1990. Dry matter, crude protein, and starch degradability of five cereal grains. J. Dairy Sci. 73: 2386-2393.
  • Kirchgessner, M., Windisch, W., Roth, F.X., 1994. The efficiency of nitrogen conversion in animal nutrition. Nova Acta Leopoldina 70: 393-412.
  • Korevaar, H. 1992. The nitrogen balance on intensive Dutch dairy farms: a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 31: 17-27.
  • McCarty, R.D., Klusmeyer, T.H., Vicini, J.L., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., 1989. Effect of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermantation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 2002.
  • Malcolm, K.J., Kiesling, H.E., 1993. Dry matter disappearance and gelatinization of grains as influenced by processing and conditioning. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40: 321-330.
  • Oltner, R., Wiktorsson, H., 1983. Urea concentrations in milk and blood as influenced by feeding varying amounts of protein and energy to dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 10: 457-467.
  • Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M., Wiktorsson, H., 1985. Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 12: 47-57.
  • O’Mara, F.P., Fitzgerald, J.J., Murphy, J.J., Rath, M., 1998. The effect on milk production of replacing grass silage with corn silage in the diet of dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 55: 79-87.
  • Overton, T.R., Cameron, M.R., Elliot, J.P., Clark, J.H., Nelson, D.R., 1995. Ruminal fermantation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley. J. Dairy Sci. 78: 1981-1998.
  • Peyraud, J.L., Le Liboux, S., Vetite, R., 1997. Effet du niveau et de la nature de l’azote degradable sur la digestion ruminale d’un regime a base d’ensilage de mais chez la vache latiere. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 37: 313-328.
  • Shabi, Z., Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Aharoni, Y., Zamwwel, S., Bor, A., Tagari, H., 1998. Effect of synchronization of the degradation of dietary CP and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermantation and flow of digesta in the abomasum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1991-2000.
  • Sinclair, L.A., Garnsworthy, P.C., Newbold, J.R., Buttery, P.J., 1993. Effect of synchronising the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermantation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge. 124: 463-472.
  • Sniffen, C.J., O’Connor, J.D., Van Soest, P.J.,. Fox, D.G., Russell, J.B., 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 3551-3561.
  • Tamminga, S., Van Vuuren, A.M., Van der Koelen, C.J., Ketelaar, R.S., van der Togt, P.L., 1990. Ruminal behaviour of structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and crude protein from concentrate ingredients in dairy cows. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 38: 513-526.
  • Tamminga, S., 1992. Nutritional management of dairy cows as a contribution to pollution control. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 345-357.
  • Van Vuuren, A.M., van der Koelen, C.J., Valk, H., de Visser, H., 1993. Effects of partial replacement of ryegrass by low protein feeds on rumen fermentation and nitrogen loss by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 2982-2993.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

A. Konyalı Bu kişi benim

K. H. Südekum Bu kişi benim

İ. Y. Yurtman Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2004
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2004 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Konyalı, A., Südekum, K. H., & Yurtman, İ. Y. (2004). Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 17(2), 207-215.
AMA Konyalı A, Südekum KH, Yurtman İY. Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. Aralık 2004;17(2):207-215.
Chicago Konyalı, A., K. H. Südekum, ve İ. Y. Yurtman. “Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 17, sy. 2 (Aralık 2004): 207-15.
EndNote Konyalı A, Südekum KH, Yurtman İY (01 Aralık 2004) Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 17 2 207–215.
IEEE A. Konyalı, K. H. Südekum, ve İ. Y. Yurtman, “Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri”, Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 17, sy. 2, ss. 207–215, 2004.
ISNAD Konyalı, A. vd. “Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 17/2 (Aralık 2004), 207-215.
JAMA Konyalı A, Südekum KH, Yurtman İY. Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2004;17:207–215.
MLA Konyalı, A. vd. “Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 17, sy. 2, 2004, ss. 207-15.
Vancouver Konyalı A, Südekum KH, Yurtman İY. Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2004;17(2):207-15.