ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE: THREE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE PHOTOGRAPH OF NAPALM GIRL
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 19 Sayı: 36, 331 - 360, 30.07.2025
Handan Dayı
,
Rana İğneci Süzen
Öz
Photographic images establish a link between cultural position and artistic quality, going beyond the purely technical. Thus, they contribute to the endless variety of meanings between images and visuals.
The aesthetic analysis of images can be done in two ways, such as the visual evaluation of ontology and the contextual patterning of content. Photographs taken with an artistic concern aim to create stories and feed these stories with the background.
The aim of the study is to present the analysis of the narrative element in photographic images through different approaches with concrete examples. The theoretical foundations of the study are the theorists Roland Barthes, Gillian Rose and Mieke Bal. The study analyses the photograph titled “Napalm Girl” through three different analytical approaches.
The study was conducted using descriptive content analysis methods within the framework of qualitative research methods. Data obtained from three different analyses were combined under the heading of general evaluation, and the differences in meaning production were interpreted in terms of how they converged on common ground.
Kaynakça
-
Alatalo, M. (2015). Reading pictures, constructing narratives: A study upon pictorial narrativity and a narrative analysis of work photography. (Master Thesis, University of Lapland). https://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/61931
-
Avancini, A. (2011). The photographic image of everyday life: Meaning and information in journalism. Brazilian Journalism Research, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v7n1.2011.305
-
Bal, M. (2017). Narratology, introduction to the theory of narrative (4rd edition). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
-
Barthes, R. (1996). Camera lucida: Fotoğraf üzerine düşünceler (R. Akçakaya, Trans.; 2nd ed.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Barthes, R. (1991). Mythologies (25. bs.). New York: The Noonday Press.
-
Bedir Erişti, S. (Ed.). (2017). Görsel araştırma yöntemleri, teori, uygulama ve örnek (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
-
Berger, S. (2018, February 14). War images: “Napalm Girl” – Confluence. https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/sections/research/war-images-napalm-girl
-
Bush, L. (2019). Photographic narrative: Between cinema and novel. Medium. https://witness.worldpressphoto.org/photographic-narrative-between-cinema-and-novel-354baac43a19
-
Cartier-Bresson, H. (2006). Karar anı (İ. Maga, Ed.). İstanbul: Ygs Yayınları.
-
Chong, D. (2001). The Girl in the Picture: The story of Kim Phuc, the photograph, and the Vietnam War. London: Penguin Books.
-
Cohn, N. & Magliano, J. P. (2020). Visual narrative research: An emerging field in cognitive science. Topics in Cognitive Science, 12(1), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12473
-
Durham, M. G. (2023). “Napalm Girl” at 50: On photojournalism and the ethics of care. International Journal of Communication, 17(0), Article 0.
-
Fairclough, S. (2022). Nick Ut: 50 years on - the story of the “Napalm Girl” photo. Amateur Photographer. https://amateurphotographer.com/latest/photo-news/nick-ut-50-years-on-the-story-of-the-napalm-girl-photo/
-
Hariman, R. & Lucaites, J. L. (2003). Public identity and collective memory in U.S. iconic photography: The Image of “Accidental Napalm.” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 20(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/0739318032000067074
-
Ibrahim, Y. (2017). Facebook and the Napalm Girl: Reframing the iconic as pornographic. Social Media + Society, 3(4), 2056305117743140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743140
-
Karadağ, Ç. (2016). Fotoğraf nedir? İstanbul: Öteki Yayınevi.
-
Kress, G. & Leeuwen, T. van. (2021). Reading images: The grammar of visual design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
-
Lesme, A. (2015). Avatars de Napalm Girl, June 8, 1972 (Nick Ut): Variations autour d’une icône de la Guerre du Vietnam. e-Rea. Revue électronique d’études sur le Monde Anglophone, 13.1, Article 13.1. https://doi.org/10.4000/erea.4650
-
Palalı, T. (2018). Fotoğraf zihinsel şey, bir Henri Cartier Bresson kavrayışı. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Panofsky, E. (1972). İkonografi ve ikonoloji: Renaıssance sanatın incelenmesine giriş (E. Akyürek, Trans.). İstanbul: Afa Yayıncılık.
-
Phu, T. (2021). Warring visions: Photography and Vietnam. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478012917
-
Pimenta, S. & Poovaiah, R. (2009). Representation of time in (Static) visual narratives. ICORD 09: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Research into Design, Bangalore, India 07.-09.01.2009, 355–362.
-
Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies. New York: Sage Publications.
-
Rubin, M. (2022, April 24). The decisive moment: What Henri Cartier-Bresson actually meant. PetaPixel. https://petapixel.com/the-decisive-moment/
-
Shurbaji, E. (2014, December 17). Photo narratives. Ideas: Journalism + Tech.
https://medium.com/learning-journalism-tech/photo-narratives-d77b812f99dd
-
Sontag, S. (1999). Fotograf üzerine (R. Akçakaya, Trans.; 2nd ed.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Williams, R. (2021). THE “Napalm Girl” photograph: A personal journey of healing and forgiveness. American Journal of Arts and Communication, 6(4), Article 4.
-
Yacavone, K. (2015). Benjamin Barthes ve fotoğrafın tekilliği. İstanbul: Hayalperest.
BİR FOTOĞRAFİK İMGENİN ANALİZİ: NAPALM KIZI FOTOĞRAFINA ÜÇ FARKLI YAKLAŞIM
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 19 Sayı: 36, 331 - 360, 30.07.2025
Handan Dayı
,
Rana İğneci Süzen
Öz
İmgeler görsel iletişim dünyasında, içinde bulunduğu dil ve kültürün sınırlarını aşan ve anlam yaratan unsurlardır. Fotografik görüntüler de kültürel konum ve sanatsal nitelik arasında bağ kurarak teknik boyutun ötesine geçerler ve imge ile görüntü arasındaki anlamı arttırırlar.
Görüntülerin estetik değerlendirmesi birbirine bağlı iki ana biçimde kategorize edilebilir. İlki sahip olunan ontolojinin görsel değerlendirmesi, ikincisi ise yansıtılan içeriğin bağlamsal örüntüleridir. Estetik yönüyle öne çıkan fotoğraflarda hikâye yaratmak, bu hikayeleri arka planlarla doldurmak amaçlanır. Bu bağlamda çalışma fotografik imgede anlatım öğesinin analizini farklı yaklaşımlar üzerinden sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. “Napalm Kızı” adlı fotoğrafta üç ayrı analiz esas alınmıştır. Çalışmanın teorik temellerini Roland Barthes, Gillian Rose ve Mieke Bal’ın kavramsal yaklaşımları oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışma nitel araştırma metodu çerçevesinde betimsel içerik analizi yöntemleri uygulanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üç farklı analizden elde edilen veriler genel değerlendirme başlığı altında birleştirilmiş, anlam üretmedeki farklıklarının ortak paydada nasıl birleştiği yorumlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
-
Alatalo, M. (2015). Reading pictures, constructing narratives: A study upon pictorial narrativity and a narrative analysis of work photography. (Master Thesis, University of Lapland). https://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/61931
-
Avancini, A. (2011). The photographic image of everyday life: Meaning and information in journalism. Brazilian Journalism Research, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v7n1.2011.305
-
Bal, M. (2017). Narratology, introduction to the theory of narrative (4rd edition). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
-
Barthes, R. (1996). Camera lucida: Fotoğraf üzerine düşünceler (R. Akçakaya, Trans.; 2nd ed.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Barthes, R. (1991). Mythologies (25. bs.). New York: The Noonday Press.
-
Bedir Erişti, S. (Ed.). (2017). Görsel araştırma yöntemleri, teori, uygulama ve örnek (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
-
Berger, S. (2018, February 14). War images: “Napalm Girl” – Confluence. https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/sections/research/war-images-napalm-girl
-
Bush, L. (2019). Photographic narrative: Between cinema and novel. Medium. https://witness.worldpressphoto.org/photographic-narrative-between-cinema-and-novel-354baac43a19
-
Cartier-Bresson, H. (2006). Karar anı (İ. Maga, Ed.). İstanbul: Ygs Yayınları.
-
Chong, D. (2001). The Girl in the Picture: The story of Kim Phuc, the photograph, and the Vietnam War. London: Penguin Books.
-
Cohn, N. & Magliano, J. P. (2020). Visual narrative research: An emerging field in cognitive science. Topics in Cognitive Science, 12(1), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12473
-
Durham, M. G. (2023). “Napalm Girl” at 50: On photojournalism and the ethics of care. International Journal of Communication, 17(0), Article 0.
-
Fairclough, S. (2022). Nick Ut: 50 years on - the story of the “Napalm Girl” photo. Amateur Photographer. https://amateurphotographer.com/latest/photo-news/nick-ut-50-years-on-the-story-of-the-napalm-girl-photo/
-
Hariman, R. & Lucaites, J. L. (2003). Public identity and collective memory in U.S. iconic photography: The Image of “Accidental Napalm.” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 20(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/0739318032000067074
-
Ibrahim, Y. (2017). Facebook and the Napalm Girl: Reframing the iconic as pornographic. Social Media + Society, 3(4), 2056305117743140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743140
-
Karadağ, Ç. (2016). Fotoğraf nedir? İstanbul: Öteki Yayınevi.
-
Kress, G. & Leeuwen, T. van. (2021). Reading images: The grammar of visual design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
-
Lesme, A. (2015). Avatars de Napalm Girl, June 8, 1972 (Nick Ut): Variations autour d’une icône de la Guerre du Vietnam. e-Rea. Revue électronique d’études sur le Monde Anglophone, 13.1, Article 13.1. https://doi.org/10.4000/erea.4650
-
Palalı, T. (2018). Fotoğraf zihinsel şey, bir Henri Cartier Bresson kavrayışı. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Panofsky, E. (1972). İkonografi ve ikonoloji: Renaıssance sanatın incelenmesine giriş (E. Akyürek, Trans.). İstanbul: Afa Yayıncılık.
-
Phu, T. (2021). Warring visions: Photography and Vietnam. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478012917
-
Pimenta, S. & Poovaiah, R. (2009). Representation of time in (Static) visual narratives. ICORD 09: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Research into Design, Bangalore, India 07.-09.01.2009, 355–362.
-
Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies. New York: Sage Publications.
-
Rubin, M. (2022, April 24). The decisive moment: What Henri Cartier-Bresson actually meant. PetaPixel. https://petapixel.com/the-decisive-moment/
-
Shurbaji, E. (2014, December 17). Photo narratives. Ideas: Journalism + Tech.
https://medium.com/learning-journalism-tech/photo-narratives-d77b812f99dd
-
Sontag, S. (1999). Fotograf üzerine (R. Akçakaya, Trans.; 2nd ed.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
-
Williams, R. (2021). THE “Napalm Girl” photograph: A personal journey of healing and forgiveness. American Journal of Arts and Communication, 6(4), Article 4.
-
Yacavone, K. (2015). Benjamin Barthes ve fotoğrafın tekilliği. İstanbul: Hayalperest.