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Annelik Öz-Yeterliliğinin İncelenmesi: Çocukluk Travmalarının, Yetişkin Bağlanmasının ve Bilişsel Esnekliğin Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3 - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 100.Yıl Özel Sayısı, 1438 - 1450, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.119

Öz

Annenin öz yeterliliği, etkili ebeveynliğin önemli bir bileşenidir. Annenin deneyimini zenginleştirir ve çocuğun gelişimi, iyi oluşu, anne-çocuk ilişkisi ve genel aile dinamikleri üzerinde geniş kapsamlı etkileri bulunmaktadır. Ancak, annelik yeterliliğini oluşturan unsurlar, karmaşıklıkları nedeniyle yeterince anlaşılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, ebeveyn öz-yeterlilik teorisi çerçevesinde, dört aşamalı hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılarak, demografik değişkenler, çocukluk travması, yetişkin bağlanması ve bilişsel esneklikin annelik öz-yeterliliğini anlamadaki yordayıcı gücünü araştırılmıştır. Araştırmaya Türkiye'de ikamet eden ve 0-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan 386 anne dahil edilmiştir. Bulgular, genel modelin annelik öz-yeterlilik puanlarındaki %18'lik bir varyasyonu açıkladığını göstermiştir. Kontrol değişkenleri arasında, annenin yaşı, tüm modelde, incelenen değişkenlerden etkilenmeden yordayıcı gücünü korumuştur. Fakat, eğitim ve çalışma durumunun anne öz yeterliliği üzerinde anlamlı bir yordama gücü bulunmamıştır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizinin sonuçları, çocukluk çağı travmasının ve yetişkin bağlanmasının anne öz-yeterliğinin yordayıcıları olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak bilişsel esnekliğin modele eklenmesiyle bu değişkenlerin yordayıcı güçlerini kaybetmiştir. Bu bulgu, bilişsel esneklik gibi çeşitli bağlamsal ve kişisel faktörlerin de çocukluk çağı travmalarının ve güvensiz bağlanmaların olumsuz etkilerini hafifletebileceğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, ebeveynlerin öz-yeterliliğini artırmaya yönelik politikaların, müdahalelerin ve programların tasarlanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu da ebeveynlik uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesini ve daha iyi ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkilerini destekleyecek; nihayetinde çocuğun gelişimi açısından olumlu çıktıların oluşmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, V. & Diken, İ. H. (2009). Annelerin ebeveynlik öz yeterlik algıları ile gelişimi risk altında olan bebeklerin gelişimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen araştırmalara bir bakış. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi,10(01), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000133
  • Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661
  • Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925130102200800
  • Balat, U. G. (2014). Okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan annelerin öz yeterlilik ve depresyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(2), 661-677.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Bates, R. A., Salsberry, P. J., Justice, L. M., Dynia, J. M., Logan, J. A., Gugiu, M. R., & Purtell, K. M. (2020). Relations of maternal depression and parenting self-efficacy to the self-regulation of infants in low-income homes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2330-2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01763-9
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
  • Bilgin, M. (2009). Some variables predicting cognitive flexibility. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 3(36), 142–157.
  • Brazeau, N., Reisz, S., Jacobvitz, D., & George, C. (2018). Understanding the connection between attachment trauma and maternal self‐efficacy in depressed mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 39(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21692
  • Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L. and Shaver, P.R. (1998) Self-Report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: Simpson, J.A. and Rholes, W.S., Eds., Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 46-76.
  • Bubić, A., Tošić, A., & Mišetić, I. (2020). The role of parental self-efficacy in explaining children’s academic outcomes. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 11(4), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.860
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Pegem Publishing.
  • Cadwell, K., Brimdyr, K., & Phillips, R. (2018). Mapping, measuring, and analyzing the process of skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding in the first hour after birth. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(7), 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0048
  • Caldwell, J. G., Shaver, P. R., Li, C. S., & Minzenberg, M. J. (2011). Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment, and depression as predictors of parental self-efficacy in at-risk mothers. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(6), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.595763
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(3), 297-301. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022148_Cognitive_Flexibility
  • Chen, B. B., & Xu, Y. (2018). Mother’s attachment history and antenatal attachment to the second baby: The moderating role of parenting efficacy in raising the firstborn child. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 21(4), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0808-8
  • Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47–85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
  • Coleman, P.K., & Karraker, K.H. (2000). Parenting self-efficacy among mothers of school-age children: Conceptualization, measurement and correlates. Family Relations, 49, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00013.x
  • Conkbayir, M. (2021). Early childhood and neuroscience: Theory, research and implications for practice. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cunningham, A., & Renk, K. (2017). Parenting in the context of childhood trauma: Self-efficacy as a mediator between attributions and parenting competence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(3), 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0899-x
  • Montigny, F., & Lacharité, C. (2005). Perceived parental efficacy: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students: Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 36(2), 320-329. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.36.2.381181
  • Dlamini, L. P., Hsu, Y. Y., Shongwe, M. C., Wang, S. T., & Gau, M. L. (2023). Maternal self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal role competence: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13478
  • Fang, Y., Boelens, M., Windhorst, D. A., Raat, H., & van Grieken, A. (2021). Factors associated with parenting self‐efficacy: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(6), 2641-2661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14767
  • Green, B.L., Furrer, C. & McAllister, C. (2007) How do relationships support parenting? Effects of attachment style and social support on parenting behavior in an at risk population. Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9127-y
  • Gülüm, İ. V., Dağ, İ. (2012). The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(3), 216-223.
  • Goldstein, A., Borelli, J.L., and Shai, D. (2023). Inhershoes: Partner reflective functioning promotes family-level resilience to maternal depression. Development and Psychopathology 35, 958–971. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422000189
  • Hankel, M. A., Kunseler, F. C., & Oosterman, M. (2019). Early breastfeeding experiences predict maternal self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(8), 568-574. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0023
  • Hassall, R., Rose, J., & McDonald, J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: the effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(6), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00673.x
  • Huang, Y. C. (2008). Examining the relationship between toddler self-regulation and maternal self-efficacy. [Master's thesis, University of Tennessee]. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3626
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The Exploration of Maternal Self-Efficacy: The Role of Childhood Traumas, Adult Attachment and Cognitive Flexibility

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3 - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 100.Yıl Özel Sayısı, 1438 - 1450, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.119

Öz

Maternal self-efficacy is a crucial component in effective parenting. It enhances the mother's experience and has wide-reaching effects on the child's development, well-being, mother-child relationship, and overall family dynamics. Yet, the elements constituting maternal efficacy are poorly understood because of their complexity. Using four steps of hierarchical regression analysis within the parental self-efficacy theory framework, this study explored the predictive power of demographics, childhood trauma, adult attachment, and cognitive flexibility in understanding maternal self-efficacy. The study included 386 mothers with children aged 0-6 years who reside in Turkey. The findings showed that the overall model explained a %18 variation in maternal self-efficacy scores. Among the control variables, the mother's age displayed robustness, as it remained unaffected by the studied variables. At the same time, education and employment status do not have significant predictive power on maternal self-efficacy. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that childhood trauma and adult attachment are predictors of maternal self-efficacy. However, their significance disappeared in the presence of cognitive flexibility. This finding suggests that, like cognitive flexibility, various contextual and personal factors may alleviate the negative impact of childhood traumas and insecure attachments. The findings might help design policies, interventions, and programs to enhance parental self-efficacy, which leads to improved parenting practices and better parent-child relationships and ultimately contribute to positive child outcomes.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, V. & Diken, İ. H. (2009). Annelerin ebeveynlik öz yeterlik algıları ile gelişimi risk altında olan bebeklerin gelişimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen araştırmalara bir bakış. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi,10(01), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000133
  • Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661
  • Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925130102200800
  • Balat, U. G. (2014). Okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan annelerin öz yeterlilik ve depresyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(2), 661-677.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Bates, R. A., Salsberry, P. J., Justice, L. M., Dynia, J. M., Logan, J. A., Gugiu, M. R., & Purtell, K. M. (2020). Relations of maternal depression and parenting self-efficacy to the self-regulation of infants in low-income homes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2330-2341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01763-9
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
  • Bilgin, M. (2009). Some variables predicting cognitive flexibility. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 3(36), 142–157.
  • Brazeau, N., Reisz, S., Jacobvitz, D., & George, C. (2018). Understanding the connection between attachment trauma and maternal self‐efficacy in depressed mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 39(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21692
  • Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L. and Shaver, P.R. (1998) Self-Report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: Simpson, J.A. and Rholes, W.S., Eds., Attachment Theory and Close Relationships, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 46-76.
  • Bubić, A., Tošić, A., & Mišetić, I. (2020). The role of parental self-efficacy in explaining children’s academic outcomes. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 11(4), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.860
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Pegem Publishing.
  • Cadwell, K., Brimdyr, K., & Phillips, R. (2018). Mapping, measuring, and analyzing the process of skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding in the first hour after birth. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(7), 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0048
  • Caldwell, J. G., Shaver, P. R., Li, C. S., & Minzenberg, M. J. (2011). Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment, and depression as predictors of parental self-efficacy in at-risk mothers. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(6), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.595763
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(3), 297-301. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022148_Cognitive_Flexibility
  • Chen, B. B., & Xu, Y. (2018). Mother’s attachment history and antenatal attachment to the second baby: The moderating role of parenting efficacy in raising the firstborn child. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 21(4), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0808-8
  • Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47–85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
  • Coleman, P.K., & Karraker, K.H. (2000). Parenting self-efficacy among mothers of school-age children: Conceptualization, measurement and correlates. Family Relations, 49, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00013.x
  • Conkbayir, M. (2021). Early childhood and neuroscience: Theory, research and implications for practice. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cunningham, A., & Renk, K. (2017). Parenting in the context of childhood trauma: Self-efficacy as a mediator between attributions and parenting competence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(3), 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0899-x
  • Montigny, F., & Lacharité, C. (2005). Perceived parental efficacy: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students: Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 36(2), 320-329. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.36.2.381181
  • Dlamini, L. P., Hsu, Y. Y., Shongwe, M. C., Wang, S. T., & Gau, M. L. (2023). Maternal self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal role competence: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13478
  • Fang, Y., Boelens, M., Windhorst, D. A., Raat, H., & van Grieken, A. (2021). Factors associated with parenting self‐efficacy: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(6), 2641-2661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14767
  • Green, B.L., Furrer, C. & McAllister, C. (2007) How do relationships support parenting? Effects of attachment style and social support on parenting behavior in an at risk population. Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9127-y
  • Gülüm, İ. V., Dağ, İ. (2012). The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(3), 216-223.
  • Goldstein, A., Borelli, J.L., and Shai, D. (2023). Inhershoes: Partner reflective functioning promotes family-level resilience to maternal depression. Development and Psychopathology 35, 958–971. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422000189
  • Hankel, M. A., Kunseler, F. C., & Oosterman, M. (2019). Early breastfeeding experiences predict maternal self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(8), 568-574. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0023
  • Hassall, R., Rose, J., & McDonald, J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: the effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(6), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00673.x
  • Huang, Y. C. (2008). Examining the relationship between toddler self-regulation and maternal self-efficacy. [Master's thesis, University of Tennessee]. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3626
  • Irak, E. E., & Parlar, H. (2019). Mothers who have experienced trauma have an impact in the development of their children. Academic Platform Journal of Education and Change, 2(1), 24–37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/apjec/issue/50946/664679
  • Kohlhoff, J., & Barnett, B. (2013). Parenting self-efficacy: Links with maternal depression, infant behaviour and adult attachment. Early Human Development, 89(4), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.008
  • Kotil, Ç. (2010). Okul öncesi̇ eği̇ti̇m kurumuna yeni̇ başlayan 5 yaş çocukların sosyal duygusal uyum düzeyleri̇ne anneni̇n ebeveyn öz yeterli̇k algısı ile okul beklenti̇leri̇ne uyum düzeyi̇ni̇n etki̇si̇ (Publication No. 28525544) [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Kuzu, B., & Kısa, C. (2019). Ebeveynlerin öz yeterlik algılarıyla duygu sosyalleştirme davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, Biruni Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 1-23. http://openaccess.biruni.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12445/2897/12.pdf?sequence=1
  • Lee, J. S., & Koo, H. J. (2015). The relationship between adult attachment and depression in Korean mothers during the first 2 years postpartum: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and maternal efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.021
  • Lewis, M. (2007). Stepwise versus hierarchical regression: Pros and cons. Eric, 1–30. https://doi.org/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED534385
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/0893421980936768
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Nebioğulları, B. (2019). Çalışan/Çalışmayan anneleri̇n ebeveynli̇k özyeterli̇li̇k algıları ile 11-13 yaş çocuklarının algıladığı anne tutumu ve benli̇k saygısı arasındaki̇ ili̇şki [Master's thesis, Maltepe University]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12415/263
  • Ölçer, Z., Bakır, N., & Oskay, U. (2016). Perceptions of social support and self-sufficiency in high-risk pregnancies. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 19(1), 25-33. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/230098
  • Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Links between risk and attachment security: Models of influence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(4), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.04.003
  • Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20044
  • Rybski, D. A. (2014). Predictors of social skills and problem behaviors in low-income urban preschool children: Sensory processing, parenting sense of competence, and housing variables (Publication No. 3685015) [Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University].  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Saasati, N., Youefi, Z., & Gholparvar, M. (2020). The effectiveness of the systematic training for effective parenting (STEP) on the quality of parent-child relationships, parenting self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in adolescent mothers. Psychological Sciences, 94(19), 1319-1330. http://psychologicalscience.ir/files/site1/user_files_ddf09d/nadiasaadati-A-10-390-2-2e10411.pdf
  • Sable, P. (2008). What is adult attachment?. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0110-8
  • Şar V, Türk,T., Öztürk,E. (2019). Fear of happiness among college students: the role of gender, childhood psychological trauma, and dissociation. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(4), 389-394. https://10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_52_17
  • Şar, V., Necef, I., Mutluer, T., Fatih, P., & Türk-Kurtça, T. (2020). A Revised and expanded version of the Turkish Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-33): Overprotection-Overcontrol as additional factor. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760171
  • Seçer, Z., Çeliköz, N., & Yaşa, S. (2008). Okulöncesi eğitim kurumlarına devam eden çocukların annelerinin ebeveynliğe yönelik tutumları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 413–428. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/susbed/issue/61795/924270
  • Stahl, L., & Pry, R. (2005). Attentional flexibility and perseveration: Developmental aspects in young children. Child Neuropsychology, 11(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/092970490911315
  • Sümer, N. (2006). Yetişkin bağlanma ölçeklerinin kategoriler ve boyutlar düzeyinde karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21(57), 1–22. http://www.nebisumer.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Sümer_2006_TPD_-21_-1-22_Baglanmaboyutlari.pdf
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). The adaptation of psychological well-being into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374-384.
  • Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. The Society for Research in Child Development, 62(5), 918–929. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01580.x
  • Wittkowski, A., Dowling, H., & Smith, D. M. (2016). Does engaging in a group-based intervention increase parental self-efficacy in parents of preschool children? A systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(11), 3173-3191.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-016-0464-z
  • Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.407
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikolojik Danışmanlık Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehtap Söğüt Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9749-3291

Ayşen Köse 0000-0001-8394-2236

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3 - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 100.Yıl Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Söğüt, M., & Köse, A. (2023). The Exploration of Maternal Self-Efficacy: The Role of Childhood Traumas, Adult Attachment and Cognitive Flexibility. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 1438-1450. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.119

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