Professional Development Activities of Lecturers: An Action Research
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 312 - 334, 30.09.2024
Kıymet Soyata
,
Aysel Ateş
Öz
This action research was designed to examine the professional development program (PDP) of lecturers and the effects of the program’s processes on educational administrators and lecturers. The study involved 2 administrators and 10 lecturers from an English preparatory school at a private university in Istanbul. During the program, to gather insights into the achievements, challenges, and suggestions related to the program, semi-structured one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with administrators and lecturers, alongside the use of reflective journals and observation forms. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Education administrators believe that the PDP enhanced internal communication within the organization, provided insights into organizational functioning, fostered the adoption of student-centered teaching methods, and contributed to the personal development of lecturers through self-criticism and increased self-confidence. Lecturers highlighted benefits such as experience sharing, critical thinking enhancement, student-centered teaching integration, and improved teaching skills. Time management is a common challenge for both administrators and lecturers, with the added concern among lecturers about being perceived as ineffective by students during teaching observations. In light of the findings, it is recommended to tailor activities to lecturers’ needs, offer a flexible program structure, and provide support mechanisms to help lecturers cope. Future research might involve larger samples and explore emotional states and challenges independently.
Kaynakça
- Akyazı, K., & Geylanioğlu, S. (2015). Peer observation: A systematic investigation for continuous professional development. In K. Dikilitaş, R. Smith, & W. Trotman (Eds.), Teacher-Researchers in Action (pp. 71-85). IATEFL ReSIG
- Alpsoy, C., Oğul, Ö., & Türkdoğan, D. (2017). EFL teachers’ perceptions of professional development. Edu 7: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(8), 80-93.
- Arı, M. (2014). Resmi ortaokul yöneticilerinin mesleki gelişim faaliyetlerine ilişkin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi (Unpublished master's thesis). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Arıcı, İ. (2019). The interaction of needs: exploring the CDP perceptions and needs of EFL instructors and administrative staff members (Unpublished master's thesis). Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi.
- Ayvacı, H., Bakırcı, H., & Yıldız, M. (2014). Fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim uygulamalarına ilişkin görüşleri ve beklentileri. Amasya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 357-383. https://doi.org/10.17539/aej.04096
- Baker, L., Leslie, K., Panisko, D., Walsh, A., Wong, A., Stubbs, B. & Mylopoulos, M. (2018). Exploring Faculty Developers' Experiences to Inform Our Understanding of Competence in Faculty Development. Acad Med., 93(2):265-273.
- Blandford, S. (2003). Professional development manual: A practical guide to planning and evaluating successful staff development (2nd ed.). London: Pearson Education.
- Boudreaux, M. K. (2015). An examination of principals’ perceptions of professional development in an urban school district. Journal of Education and Social Policy, 2(4), 27-36.
- Borg, S. (2014). Teacher research for professional development. In Innovation in English Language Teacher Education (pp. 23-28). India: British Council.
- Brown, C., & Militello, M. (2016). Principal’s perceptions of effective professional development in schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(6), 703-726.
- Buchanan, J. (2012). Improving the quality of teaching and learning: A teacher-as-learner-centred approach. International Journal of Learning, 18(25), 345-356.
- Creswell, J. W. (2017). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları (S. B. Demir, Çev. Ed.). Eğiten Kitap. (Original work published 2013)
- Çalışkan, H. (2021). Exploring perspectives of EFL teachers about professional development (Publication No: 674428) (master's thesis). Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
- Çelik, S., Bayraktar-Çepni, S., & İlyas, H. (2013). The need for ongoing professional development: Perspectives of Turkish university-level EFL instructors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1860-1871.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (1993). Reframing the school reform agenda: Developing capacity for school transformation. Phi Delta Kappan, 74(10), 752-761.
- Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/effective-teacher-professional-development-report
- Day, C. (1999). Developing teachers: The challenges of lifelong learning. London: Falmer Press.
- Dikilitaş, K., & Yaylı, D. (2018). Teachers’ professional identity development through action research. ELT Journal, 72(4), 415-424.
- Ekim, G., Ekim, H., Ketboğa İ., & Bozkuş, R. (2023). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerine yönelik görüşleri. Ulusal Eğitim Dergisi, 3(10), 1814-1830.
- Fullan, M. G. (1991). The new meaning of educational change. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Ganser, T. (2002). The new teacher mentors: Four trends that are changing the look of mentoring programs for new teachers. American School Board Journal, 189(12), 25-27.
- Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., DeSimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038004915
- Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating professional development. California: Corwin Press.
- Hahn, T. B., & Lester, J. (2012). Faculty needs and preferences for professional development. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 53(2), 82–97.
- Harwell, S. H. (2003). Teacher professional development: It’s not an event, it’s a process. Waco, Texas: CORD.
- Herman, J. H. (2012). Faculty development programs: The frequency and variety of professional development programs available to online instructors. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16(5), 87-106.
- Herranen, J. K., Aksela, M. K., Kaul, M., & Lehto, S. (2021). Teachers’ expectations and perceptions of the relevance of professional development MOOCs. Educ. Sci., 11(5), 240.
- Hişmanoğlu, M. (2010). Effective professional development strategies of English language teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 990-995.
- Hoque, K. E., Alam, G. M., & Abdullah, A. G. K. (2011). Impact of teachers’ professional development on school improvement- An analysis at Bangladesh standpoint. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(3), 337-348.
- Kabakçı, İ. & Odabaşı, H. F. (2008). The organization of the faculty development programs for research assistants: the case of education faculties in Turkey. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(3), 56-63.
- Karacabey, M. F. (2020). Perceptions of school administrators on their contributions to teacher professional development. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 13(1), 78-90.
- Kabilan, M. K., & Veratharaju, K. (2013). Professional development needs of primary school English-language teachers in Malaysia. Professional Development in Education, 39(3), 330-351.
- Khan, M. N., & Sarwar, M. (2011). Needs assessment of university teachers for professional
enhancement. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(2), 208-212.
- Koç, M., Demirbilek, M. & İnce, E. Y. (2015). A needs assessment for academicians' professional development. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 297-311.
- Komba, S. C., & Mwakabenga, R. J. (2019). Teacher professional development in Tanzania: Challenges and opportunities. In H. Senol (Ed.), Educational leadership. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90564.
- Kubat, U. (2017). Fen bilimleri öğretim programına yönelik öğretmenlere verilen hizmet içi eğitimin öğretmen görüşlerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 1-8.
- Kuzu, A. (2009). Öğretmen yetiştirme ve mesleki gelişimde eylem araştırması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(6), 425-433.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
- Ling, L. M., & MacKenzie, N. (2001). The professional development of teachers in Australia. European Journal of Teacher Education, 24(2), 87-98.
- Malik, M. A. (2021). ICT professional development workshops and classroom implementation challenges: Perceptions of secondary school teachers in Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning, 7(1), 1-19.
- Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (3rd ed., Selahattin Turan, Trans.). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. (Original work published 2009)
- Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2008). Introduction to educational research (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
- Mills, G. E. (2003). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.
- Muyan, E. (2013). A case study on ELT teachers' perceptions towards professional development. (Unpublished master's thesis). Çağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Omar, R. (2017). The impact of professional development activities on teachers perceived competency in teaching English. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(2), 75-78.
- Özdemir, S. M. (2013). Exploring the Turkish teachers’ professional development experiences and their needs for professional development. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 3(4), 250-264.
- Özen, R. (2006). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim programlarının etkilerine ilişkin görüşleri (Düzce ili örneği). Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2).
- Paul, V. (2020). The school principal’s role in teacher professional development. Journal of In-Service Education, 26(2), 385–401.
- Reimers, V. E. (2003). Teacher professional development: An international review of the literature. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.
- Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. C. (2005). Professional development for language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Saleem, A., Gul, R., & Dogar, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of continuous professional development program as perceived by primary level teachers. Ilkogretim Online, 20(3), 53-72.
- Şaban, A., & Ersoy, A. (2020). Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
- Sarıbaş, S., Kartal, Ş., & Çağlar, İ. (2012). İngilizce öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim faaliyetlerine ilişkin görüşleri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(195), 100-117.
- Schmidt, S. K., Bratland-Sanda, S., & Bongaardt, R. (2022). Secondary school teachers' experiences with classroom-based physically active learning: "I'm excited, but it's really hard". Teaching and Teacher Education, 116(2), 102753.
- Sparks, D., & Loucks-Horsley, S. (1989). Five models of staff development for teachers. Journal of Staff Development, 10(4), 40-57.
- Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research: A handbook for practitioners (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Taylor, A., & McQuiggan, C. (2008). Faculty development programming: If we built it, will they come? Educause Quarterly, 3, 28–37.
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- Van Schalkwyk, S., Leibowitz, B., Herman, N., & Farmer, J. (2015). Reflections on professional learning: Choices, context and culture. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 46, 4–10.
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- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
- Yücedağ, Z., & Şevik, M. (2021). Perceptions of EFL teachers from Turkey, Germany and Spain on professional development and their professional development activities. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(2), 1389-1426.
Öğretim Görevlilerinin Mesleki Gelişim Faaliyetleri: Bir Eylem Araştırması
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 312 - 334, 30.09.2024
Kıymet Soyata
,
Aysel Ateş
Öz
Bu araştırma, öğretim görevlilerinin mesleki gelişim süreçlerini ve bu süreçlerin eğitim yöneticileri ile öğretim görevlileri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla tasarlanmış bir eylem araştırmasıdır. Araştırmaya İstanbul'da bir vakıf üniversitenin İngilizce hazırlık okulunda görev yapan 2 yönetici ve 10 öğretim görevlisi katılmıştır. Program süresince kazanımları, karşılaşılan zorlukları ve programla ilgili önerileri toplamak amacıyla yönetici ve öğretim görevlileriyle yarı yapılandırılmış bire bir görüşmelerin yanı sıra odak grup görüşmeleri, yansıtıcı günlükler ve gözlem formları da kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Eğitim yöneticileri, mesleki gelişim programının örgüt içindeki iletişimi güçlendirdiğine, örgütsel işleyiş konusunda bilgilendirici olduğuna, öğrenci merkezli öğretim yönteminin benimsenmesini teşvik ettiğine ve öğretim elemanlarının özeleştiri ve artan özgüven sayesinde kişisel gelişimlerine de katkıda bulunduğuna inanmaktadır. Öğretim görevlileri deneyim paylaşımı, eleştirel düşüncenin geliştirilmesi, öğrenci merkezli öğretimin uygulanması ve gelişmiş öğretim becerileri gibi faydaların altını çizmiştir. Zaman yönetimi hem yöneticiler hem de öğretim görevlileri için karşılaşılan zorluklar arasında yer alırken, öğretim görevlileri için bir başka zorluk ders gözlemleri esnasında öğrencilerin gözünde değersiz görülme endişesi olmuştur. Bulgular doğrultusunda, etkinliklerin öğretim görevlilerinin ihtiyaçlarına göre uyarlanması, esnek bir program yapısı sunulması ve öğretim görevlilerinin karşılaşacakları zorluklarla başa çıkmalarına yardımcı olacak destek mekanizmalarının sağlanması önerilmektedir. Bu nedenle gelecekteki araştırmalar daha fazla katılımcı içererek duygusal durumları ve zorlukları bağımsız olarak inceleyebilir.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz
ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun
davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak
gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir
değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını
ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.
Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun
saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu
bildiririm.
Destekleyen Kurum
Herhangi bir destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Akyazı, K., & Geylanioğlu, S. (2015). Peer observation: A systematic investigation for continuous professional development. In K. Dikilitaş, R. Smith, & W. Trotman (Eds.), Teacher-Researchers in Action (pp. 71-85). IATEFL ReSIG
- Alpsoy, C., Oğul, Ö., & Türkdoğan, D. (2017). EFL teachers’ perceptions of professional development. Edu 7: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(8), 80-93.
- Arı, M. (2014). Resmi ortaokul yöneticilerinin mesleki gelişim faaliyetlerine ilişkin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi (Unpublished master's thesis). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Arıcı, İ. (2019). The interaction of needs: exploring the CDP perceptions and needs of EFL instructors and administrative staff members (Unpublished master's thesis). Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi.
- Ayvacı, H., Bakırcı, H., & Yıldız, M. (2014). Fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim uygulamalarına ilişkin görüşleri ve beklentileri. Amasya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 357-383. https://doi.org/10.17539/aej.04096
- Baker, L., Leslie, K., Panisko, D., Walsh, A., Wong, A., Stubbs, B. & Mylopoulos, M. (2018). Exploring Faculty Developers' Experiences to Inform Our Understanding of Competence in Faculty Development. Acad Med., 93(2):265-273.
- Blandford, S. (2003). Professional development manual: A practical guide to planning and evaluating successful staff development (2nd ed.). London: Pearson Education.
- Boudreaux, M. K. (2015). An examination of principals’ perceptions of professional development in an urban school district. Journal of Education and Social Policy, 2(4), 27-36.
- Borg, S. (2014). Teacher research for professional development. In Innovation in English Language Teacher Education (pp. 23-28). India: British Council.
- Brown, C., & Militello, M. (2016). Principal’s perceptions of effective professional development in schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(6), 703-726.
- Buchanan, J. (2012). Improving the quality of teaching and learning: A teacher-as-learner-centred approach. International Journal of Learning, 18(25), 345-356.
- Creswell, J. W. (2017). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları (S. B. Demir, Çev. Ed.). Eğiten Kitap. (Original work published 2013)
- Çalışkan, H. (2021). Exploring perspectives of EFL teachers about professional development (Publication No: 674428) (master's thesis). Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
- Çelik, S., Bayraktar-Çepni, S., & İlyas, H. (2013). The need for ongoing professional development: Perspectives of Turkish university-level EFL instructors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1860-1871.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (1993). Reframing the school reform agenda: Developing capacity for school transformation. Phi Delta Kappan, 74(10), 752-761.
- Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/effective-teacher-professional-development-report
- Day, C. (1999). Developing teachers: The challenges of lifelong learning. London: Falmer Press.
- Dikilitaş, K., & Yaylı, D. (2018). Teachers’ professional identity development through action research. ELT Journal, 72(4), 415-424.
- Ekim, G., Ekim, H., Ketboğa İ., & Bozkuş, R. (2023). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerine yönelik görüşleri. Ulusal Eğitim Dergisi, 3(10), 1814-1830.
- Fullan, M. G. (1991). The new meaning of educational change. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Ganser, T. (2002). The new teacher mentors: Four trends that are changing the look of mentoring programs for new teachers. American School Board Journal, 189(12), 25-27.
- Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., DeSimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038004915
- Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating professional development. California: Corwin Press.
- Hahn, T. B., & Lester, J. (2012). Faculty needs and preferences for professional development. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 53(2), 82–97.
- Harwell, S. H. (2003). Teacher professional development: It’s not an event, it’s a process. Waco, Texas: CORD.
- Herman, J. H. (2012). Faculty development programs: The frequency and variety of professional development programs available to online instructors. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16(5), 87-106.
- Herranen, J. K., Aksela, M. K., Kaul, M., & Lehto, S. (2021). Teachers’ expectations and perceptions of the relevance of professional development MOOCs. Educ. Sci., 11(5), 240.
- Hişmanoğlu, M. (2010). Effective professional development strategies of English language teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 990-995.
- Hoque, K. E., Alam, G. M., & Abdullah, A. G. K. (2011). Impact of teachers’ professional development on school improvement- An analysis at Bangladesh standpoint. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(3), 337-348.
- Kabakçı, İ. & Odabaşı, H. F. (2008). The organization of the faculty development programs for research assistants: the case of education faculties in Turkey. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(3), 56-63.
- Karacabey, M. F. (2020). Perceptions of school administrators on their contributions to teacher professional development. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 13(1), 78-90.
- Kabilan, M. K., & Veratharaju, K. (2013). Professional development needs of primary school English-language teachers in Malaysia. Professional Development in Education, 39(3), 330-351.
- Khan, M. N., & Sarwar, M. (2011). Needs assessment of university teachers for professional
enhancement. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(2), 208-212.
- Koç, M., Demirbilek, M. & İnce, E. Y. (2015). A needs assessment for academicians' professional development. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 297-311.
- Komba, S. C., & Mwakabenga, R. J. (2019). Teacher professional development in Tanzania: Challenges and opportunities. In H. Senol (Ed.), Educational leadership. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90564.
- Kubat, U. (2017). Fen bilimleri öğretim programına yönelik öğretmenlere verilen hizmet içi eğitimin öğretmen görüşlerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 1-8.
- Kuzu, A. (2009). Öğretmen yetiştirme ve mesleki gelişimde eylem araştırması. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(6), 425-433.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
- Ling, L. M., & MacKenzie, N. (2001). The professional development of teachers in Australia. European Journal of Teacher Education, 24(2), 87-98.
- Malik, M. A. (2021). ICT professional development workshops and classroom implementation challenges: Perceptions of secondary school teachers in Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning, 7(1), 1-19.
- Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (3rd ed., Selahattin Turan, Trans.). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. (Original work published 2009)
- Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2008). Introduction to educational research (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
- Mills, G. E. (2003). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.
- Muyan, E. (2013). A case study on ELT teachers' perceptions towards professional development. (Unpublished master's thesis). Çağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Omar, R. (2017). The impact of professional development activities on teachers perceived competency in teaching English. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(2), 75-78.
- Özdemir, S. M. (2013). Exploring the Turkish teachers’ professional development experiences and their needs for professional development. Mevlana International Journal of Education, 3(4), 250-264.
- Özen, R. (2006). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim programlarının etkilerine ilişkin görüşleri (Düzce ili örneği). Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2).
- Paul, V. (2020). The school principal’s role in teacher professional development. Journal of In-Service Education, 26(2), 385–401.
- Reimers, V. E. (2003). Teacher professional development: An international review of the literature. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.
- Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. C. (2005). Professional development for language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Saleem, A., Gul, R., & Dogar, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of continuous professional development program as perceived by primary level teachers. Ilkogretim Online, 20(3), 53-72.
- Şaban, A., & Ersoy, A. (2020). Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
- Sarıbaş, S., Kartal, Ş., & Çağlar, İ. (2012). İngilizce öğretmenlerinin hizmet içi eğitim faaliyetlerine ilişkin görüşleri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(195), 100-117.
- Schmidt, S. K., Bratland-Sanda, S., & Bongaardt, R. (2022). Secondary school teachers' experiences with classroom-based physically active learning: "I'm excited, but it's really hard". Teaching and Teacher Education, 116(2), 102753.
- Sparks, D., & Loucks-Horsley, S. (1989). Five models of staff development for teachers. Journal of Staff Development, 10(4), 40-57.
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