Every day users engage in discussions on a wide range of topics on Twitter through hashtags in Turkey. This study examines these discussions as they offer vast opportunities not only to comprehend the role of Twitter in public discussions, but also to understand public discussion culture in Turkey. Based on Dahlgren's (1995) theory, this study analyzes the Twitter-based discussions in three dimensions: structural, representational and interactional. The quantitative data of the study consists of six hashtags of three different case studies and 18,500 tweets produced under these hashtags. Two different methods have been used in the analysis of the tweets: qualitative content analysis and social network analysis. The study has produced three results. Analysis of the structural dimension has suggested that Twitter is relatively inclusive in public discussions. Analysis of the representational dimension, however, has revealed that users do not produce content that is able to contribute to public discussions on Twitter. Finally, analysis of the interactional dimension has showed that the retweet feature of Twitter confines public discussions within their limits rather than expanding them.
Anduiza, E., Cantijoch, M. ve Gallego, A. (2009). Political Participation and the Internet: A Field Essay. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 860-878. DOI: 10.1080/13691180802282720
Ausserhofer, J. ve Maireder, A. (2013). National Politics on Twitter: Structures and Topics of a Networked Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291-314. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050
Barbera, P. ve Rivero, G. (2015). Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 712-729. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314558836
Batorski, D. ve Grzywińska, I. (2018). Three Dimensions of the Public Sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 356-374. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T. ve Grimes, J. M. (2012). Promoting Transparency and Accountability Through ICTs, Social Media, and Collaborative e-Government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 6(1), 78-91.
Boulianne, S. (2015). Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta-Analysis of Current Research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524-538. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Boyd, D. ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
Boyd, D., Golder, S. ve Lotan, G. (2010, 5-8 Ocak). Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter. 43. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences’ta sunulan bildiri (s. 1-10), Kauai, ABD. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313
Brandtzaeg, B. P. (2017). Facebook is No ‘Great Equalizer’: A Big Data Approach to Gender Differences in Civic Engagement Across Countries. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1), 103-125. DOI: 10.1177/0894439315605806
Bruns, A. (2015). Making Sense of Society Through Social Media. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578679
Bruns, A. ve Stieglitz, S. (2012). Quantitative Approaches to Comparing Communication Patterns on Twitter. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(3-4), 160-185. DOI: 10.1080/15228835.2012.744249
Carey, J. (1995). The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse. T. L. Glasser, C. T. Salmon (Der.). Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent (s. 373-402) içinde. New York: Guilford.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cheshire, T. (2017, 6 Şubat). Social media ‘echo chamber’ causing political tunnel vision, study finds. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/social-media-echo-chamber-causing-political-tunnel-vision-study-finds-10755219 adresinden 18.09.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Choi, S. (2015). The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696-711. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314556599
Dahlgren, P. (1995). Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: SAGE.
Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160
Dahlgren, P. (2012). Kamusal Alan ve Medya. (H. Köse, Çev.), E. Dacheux (Der.). Kamusal Alan (s. 45-58) içinde. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Eranti, V. ve Lonkila, M. (2015). The Social Significance of the Facebook Like Button. First Monday, 20(6).
Felt, M. (2016). Social Media and the Social Sciences: How Researchers Employ Big Data Analytics. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2053951716645828
Ferree, M. M., Gamson W. A., Gerhards, J. ve Rucht, D. (2002). Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies. Theory and Society, 31(3), 289-324.
Freeman, J. (2016). Digital Civic Participation in Australian Local Governments. M. Z. Sobaci (Der.). Social Media and Local Governments: Theory and Practice (s. 195-218) içinde. New York: Springer.
Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE.
Gerhards, J. ve Schäfer, S. M. (2010). Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809341444
Habermas, J. (1962/1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. (T. Burger, Çev.), Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Haro-de-Rosario, A., Sáez-Martín, A. ve Caba-Pérez, M. C. (2018). Using Social Media to Enhance Citizen Engagement with Local Government. New Media & Society, 20(1), 29-49. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816645652
İnal, A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde ‘Yapısal’ Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111-134.
Iosifidis, P. (2011). The Public Sphere, Social Networks and Public Service Media. Information, Communication & Society, 14(5), 619-637. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2010.514356
Jackson, J. S. ve Welles, B. F. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932-952. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12185
Jensen, B. K. (2015). What’s Social About Social Media? Social Media & Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578874
Jericho, G. (2012). The Rise of the Fifth Estate: Social Media and Blogging in Australian Politcs. Brunswick: Scribe.
Kavada, A. (2015). Social Media as Conversation: A Manifesto. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115580793
KONDA. (2018). Hayat Tarzları. https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/tr/HayatTarzlari2018/#5thPage/1 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Kruse, M. L., Norris, D. R. ve Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62-84. DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143
Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. ve Moon, S. (2010, 26-30 Nisan). What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? 19. International Conference on World Wide Web’de sunulan bildiri (s. 591-600), Raleigh, ABD. Erişim adresi: http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf
Lagos, G. T., Coopman, T. M. ve Tomhave, J. (2013). ‘Parallel Poleis’: Towards a Theoretical Framework of the Modern Public Sphere, Civic Engagement and the Structural Advantages of the Internet to Foster and Maintain Parallel Socio-Political Institutions. New Media & Society, 16(3), 398-414. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813487953
Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1948). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University.
Lee, S. N. P., So, Y. K. C., Lee, F., Leung, L. ve Chan, M. (2018). Social Media and Political Partisanship – A Subaltern Public Sphere’s Role in Democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1949-1957. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.007
Lewis, J., Inthorn, S. ve Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2005). Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us About Political Participation. New York: Open University Press.
Loader, D. B. ve Mercea, D. (2011). Networking Democracy? Social Media Innovations and Participatory Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 757-769. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648
Lounasmeri, L. (2017). Revisiting the Spheres of Public Discussion. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1302-1318. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2016.1259959
Lunt, P. ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Studies’ Fascination with the Concept of the Public Sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 87-96. DOI: 10.1177/0163443712464562
MacKinnon, R. (2012). China’s ‘Networked Authoritarianism’. L. Diamond, M. F. Plattner (Der.). Liberation Technology (s. 71-92) içinde. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Marin A. ve Wellman, B. (2011). Social Network Analysis: An Introduction. J. Scott, P. J. Carrington (Der.). Social Network Analysis (s. 11-25) içinde. London: SAGE.
Meraz, S. ve Papacharissi, Z. (2013). Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 138-166. DOI: 10.1177/1940161212474472
Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to Liberate the World. London: Penguin.
Murthy, D. (2013). Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The Virtual Sphere: The Net as a Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 5-23. DOI: 10.1177/14614440222226244
Quan-Haase, A. ve Sloan, L. (2017). Introduction to the Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. L. Sloan, A. Quan-Haase (Der.). Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (s. 1-9) içinde. London: SAGE.
Rauchfleisch, A. ve Kovic, M. (2016). The Internet and Generalized Functions of the Public Sphere. Social Media+Society, 2(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116646393
Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. U. Flick (Der.). Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (s. 170-183) içinde. London: SAGE.
Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41.
Small, A. T. (2011). What the Hashtag? A Content Analysis of Canadian Politics on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 872-895. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572
Stevenson, N. (2002). Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London: SAGE.
Twitter. (2020). About Twitter. https://about.twitter.com/en_us.html adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Vicari, S. (2017). Twitter and Non-Elites: Interpreting Power Dynamics in the Life Story of the (#) BRCA Twitter Stream. Social Media+Society, 3(3), 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/2056305117733224
We Are Social. (2020). Digital in 2020. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Yang, S., Quan-Haase, A. ve Rannenberg, K. (2017). The Changing Public Sphere on Twitter. New Media & Society, 19(12), 1983-2002. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816651409
Türkiye’de Twitter’ın Kamusal Tartışmalardaki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Türkiye’de Twitter kullanıcıları her gün hashtagler aracılığıyla çeşitli konularda tartışmalar yapmaktadırlar. Bu tartışmalar hem Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü görmek hem de Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamak açısından büyük bir olanak sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları analiz ederek Twitter’ın kamusal alan açısından rolünü ve Türkiye’deki kamusal tartışma kültürünü anlamaya yarayacak anlamlı sonuçlar üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Dahlgren’in (1995) kuramına yaslanarak Twitter dolayımlı tartışmaları üç ayrı boyutta analiz etmektedir: yapısal, temsili ve etkileşimsel. Çalışmanın nicel verisi üç örnekolaya ilişkin altı hashtag ve bunların altında üretilen 18,500 tweetten oluşmaktadır. Tweetlerin analizinde iki farklı yöntem kullanılmıştır: niteliksel içerik analizi ve sosyal ağ analizi. Çalışma üç sonuç üretmiştir. Twitter’ın yapısal boyut açısından analizi bu platformun kamusal tartışmalarda dışlayıcı değil görece kapsayıcı olduğunu göstermiştir. Böyle olmakla birlikte, Twitter’ın temsili boyut açısından analizi kullanıcıların bu platformda kamusal tartışmalara katkı sağlayacak nitelikte içerik üretmediklerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Twitter’ın etkileşimsel boyut açısından analizi ise bu platformun retweet özelliğinin kamusal tartışmaları genişletmekten çok kendi içine kapattığını göstermiştir.
Anduiza, E., Cantijoch, M. ve Gallego, A. (2009). Political Participation and the Internet: A Field Essay. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 860-878. DOI: 10.1080/13691180802282720
Ausserhofer, J. ve Maireder, A. (2013). National Politics on Twitter: Structures and Topics of a Networked Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291-314. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050
Barbera, P. ve Rivero, G. (2015). Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 712-729. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314558836
Batorski, D. ve Grzywińska, I. (2018). Three Dimensions of the Public Sphere on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 356-374. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281329
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T. ve Grimes, J. M. (2012). Promoting Transparency and Accountability Through ICTs, Social Media, and Collaborative e-Government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 6(1), 78-91.
Boulianne, S. (2015). Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta-Analysis of Current Research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524-538. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Boyd, D. ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
Boyd, D., Golder, S. ve Lotan, G. (2010, 5-8 Ocak). Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter. 43. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences’ta sunulan bildiri (s. 1-10), Kauai, ABD. Erişim adresi: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5428313
Brandtzaeg, B. P. (2017). Facebook is No ‘Great Equalizer’: A Big Data Approach to Gender Differences in Civic Engagement Across Countries. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1), 103-125. DOI: 10.1177/0894439315605806
Bruns, A. (2015). Making Sense of Society Through Social Media. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578679
Bruns, A. ve Stieglitz, S. (2012). Quantitative Approaches to Comparing Communication Patterns on Twitter. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(3-4), 160-185. DOI: 10.1080/15228835.2012.744249
Carey, J. (1995). The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse. T. L. Glasser, C. T. Salmon (Der.). Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent (s. 373-402) içinde. New York: Guilford.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cheshire, T. (2017, 6 Şubat). Social media ‘echo chamber’ causing political tunnel vision, study finds. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/social-media-echo-chamber-causing-political-tunnel-vision-study-finds-10755219 adresinden 18.09.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Choi, S. (2015). The Two-Step Flow of Communication in Twitter-Based Public Forums. Social Science Computer Review, 33(6), 696-711. DOI: 10.1177/0894439314556599
Dahlgren, P. (1995). Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: SAGE.
Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160
Dahlgren, P. (2012). Kamusal Alan ve Medya. (H. Köse, Çev.), E. Dacheux (Der.). Kamusal Alan (s. 45-58) içinde. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Eranti, V. ve Lonkila, M. (2015). The Social Significance of the Facebook Like Button. First Monday, 20(6).
Felt, M. (2016). Social Media and the Social Sciences: How Researchers Employ Big Data Analytics. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2053951716645828
Ferree, M. M., Gamson W. A., Gerhards, J. ve Rucht, D. (2002). Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies. Theory and Society, 31(3), 289-324.
Freeman, J. (2016). Digital Civic Participation in Australian Local Governments. M. Z. Sobaci (Der.). Social Media and Local Governments: Theory and Practice (s. 195-218) içinde. New York: Springer.
Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE.
Gerhards, J. ve Schäfer, S. M. (2010). Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143-160. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809341444
Habermas, J. (1962/1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. (T. Burger, Çev.), Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Haro-de-Rosario, A., Sáez-Martín, A. ve Caba-Pérez, M. C. (2018). Using Social Media to Enhance Citizen Engagement with Local Government. New Media & Society, 20(1), 29-49. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816645652
İnal, A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde ‘Yapısal’ Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111-134.
Iosifidis, P. (2011). The Public Sphere, Social Networks and Public Service Media. Information, Communication & Society, 14(5), 619-637. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2010.514356
Jackson, J. S. ve Welles, B. F. (2015). Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 932-952. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12185
Jensen, B. K. (2015). What’s Social About Social Media? Social Media & Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115578874
Jericho, G. (2012). The Rise of the Fifth Estate: Social Media and Blogging in Australian Politcs. Brunswick: Scribe.
Kavada, A. (2015). Social Media as Conversation: A Manifesto. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1177/2056305115580793
KONDA. (2018). Hayat Tarzları. https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/tr/HayatTarzlari2018/#5thPage/1 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Kruse, M. L., Norris, D. R. ve Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62-84. DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143
Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. ve Moon, S. (2010, 26-30 Nisan). What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? 19. International Conference on World Wide Web’de sunulan bildiri (s. 591-600), Raleigh, ABD. Erişim adresi: http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf
Lagos, G. T., Coopman, T. M. ve Tomhave, J. (2013). ‘Parallel Poleis’: Towards a Theoretical Framework of the Modern Public Sphere, Civic Engagement and the Structural Advantages of the Internet to Foster and Maintain Parallel Socio-Political Institutions. New Media & Society, 16(3), 398-414. DOI: 10.1177/1461444813487953
Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B. ve Gaudet, H. (1948). The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University.
Lee, S. N. P., So, Y. K. C., Lee, F., Leung, L. ve Chan, M. (2018). Social Media and Political Partisanship – A Subaltern Public Sphere’s Role in Democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1949-1957. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.007
Lewis, J., Inthorn, S. ve Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2005). Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us About Political Participation. New York: Open University Press.
Loader, D. B. ve Mercea, D. (2011). Networking Democracy? Social Media Innovations and Participatory Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 757-769. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648
Lounasmeri, L. (2017). Revisiting the Spheres of Public Discussion. Journalism Practice, 11(10), 1302-1318. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2016.1259959
Lunt, P. ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Studies’ Fascination with the Concept of the Public Sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 35(1), 87-96. DOI: 10.1177/0163443712464562
MacKinnon, R. (2012). China’s ‘Networked Authoritarianism’. L. Diamond, M. F. Plattner (Der.). Liberation Technology (s. 71-92) içinde. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Marin A. ve Wellman, B. (2011). Social Network Analysis: An Introduction. J. Scott, P. J. Carrington (Der.). Social Network Analysis (s. 11-25) içinde. London: SAGE.
Meraz, S. ve Papacharissi, Z. (2013). Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 138-166. DOI: 10.1177/1940161212474472
Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to Liberate the World. London: Penguin.
Murthy, D. (2013). Twitter: Social Communication in the Twitter Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The Virtual Sphere: The Net as a Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 5-23. DOI: 10.1177/14614440222226244
Quan-Haase, A. ve Sloan, L. (2017). Introduction to the Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. L. Sloan, A. Quan-Haase (Der.). Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (s. 1-9) içinde. London: SAGE.
Rauchfleisch, A. ve Kovic, M. (2016). The Internet and Generalized Functions of the Public Sphere. Social Media+Society, 2(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/2056305116646393
Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. U. Flick (Der.). Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (s. 170-183) içinde. London: SAGE.
Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41.
Small, A. T. (2011). What the Hashtag? A Content Analysis of Canadian Politics on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 872-895. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572
Stevenson, N. (2002). Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London: SAGE.
Twitter. (2020). About Twitter. https://about.twitter.com/en_us.html adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Vicari, S. (2017). Twitter and Non-Elites: Interpreting Power Dynamics in the Life Story of the (#) BRCA Twitter Stream. Social Media+Society, 3(3), 1-14. DOI: 10.1177/2056305117733224
We Are Social. (2020). Digital in 2020. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 adresinden 02.04.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Yang, S., Quan-Haase, A. ve Rannenberg, K. (2017). The Changing Public Sphere on Twitter. New Media & Society, 19(12), 1983-2002. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816651409
Kıyan, Z., & Kocager, U. (2020). Türkiye’de Twitter’ın Kamusal Tartışmalardaki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(34), 464-489. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.781854