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THE ADVERTISEMENT AND THE EXPLOITATION OF CHILD CONSUMER

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 14, 23 - 45, 01.12.2010

Öz

The rising proportion of the children in the population and the potential of expenditures on them attract the attention of marketing and advertisement sector on child consumers. Television single out as the favourite media among children. The combined effect of TV utilization and consumption pattern of children brings forth the question on the effects of the TV advertisements targeting the children. This research questions the effects of TV advertisements on the children’s socialization within special focus on the cognitive, affective and behavioural effects

Kaynakça

  • ACHENREINER, G. B. (1997). Materialistic values and susceptibility to influence in children. Advances in Consumer Research, 24:82-87.
  • AMBLER, T. (2006). Does the UK promotion of food and drink to children contribute to their obesity? International Journal of Advertising, 25(2): 137-156.
  • ASSAEL, H. (1992).Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action. Boston: PWSKENT.
  • BANG, H. and REECE, B.B. (2003). Minorities in children’s television commercials: New, improved and stereotyped. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(1):42 -67.
  • BARRY, T.E. and HANSEN, R. W. (1973). How race affects children’s TV Commercials. Journal of Advertising Research, 13:63-67.
  • BELK, W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and the relationships to measure of happiness. Advances in Consumer Research, 12(1): 42-46.
  • BELK, W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in a material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12:265-280.
  • CHAN, K. (2000). Hong Kong children’s understanding of television advertising. Journal of Marketing Communication, 6:37-42.
  • DERBAIX, C. and PECHEUX, C. (2003). A new scale to assess children’s attitude toward TV advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, December:390-399.
  • DERSCHEID, L. I., KWON, Y. H.and FANG, S. R. (1996). Preschoolers’ socialization as consumers of clothing and recognition of symbolism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82:1171-1181.
  • DONOHUE, T.R., HENKE, L.L. and DONOHUE, W. A. (1980). Do kids know what TV commercials intend? Journal of Advertising Research, 20(5):51-57.
  • EASTERLIN, R. A. and CRIMMINS., E. M. (1991). Private materialism, personal self-fulfillment, family life, and public interest. The nature, effects, and causes of recent changes in the values of American youth. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(4):4-9.
  • ELDEN, M., ULUKÖK, Ö. ve YEYGEL, S. (2007). Şimdi Reklamlar. Ġstanbul: ĠletiĢim.
  • FISCHER, M. A. (1985). A development study of preference for advertised toys. Psychology and Marketing, 2(1):3-12.
  • FRIDERES, J.S. (1973). Advertising, buying patterns and children. Journal of Advertising Research, 13:34-36.
  • GARDNER, C. and SHEPPARD, J. (1989). Consuming Passion: The rise of retail culture. Unwin Hyman, London, England.
  • GOLDBERG, M. E. (1990). A quasi-experiment assessing the effectiveness of TV advertising directed to children. Journal of Marketing Research, 27:445-454.
  • GORN, G. J. and FLORSHEIM, R. (1985). The effects of commercials for adult products on children. Journal of Consumer Research, 11:962- 967.
  • GÖNEN, E., ÖZGEN, Ö., BABEKOĞLU, Y. ve UFUK, H. (2001). Gençlerin tüketici davranıĢlarının model yaklaĢımı ile incelenmesi. H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1):137-166.
  • GUNTER, B. and McALEER, J. (1997). Children and Television. Routledge, London.
  • HALFORD, J.C. G., GILLESPIE, J., BROWN, V., PONTIN, E. E.and DOVEY, T. M. (2004). Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children. Appetite, 42: 221-225.
  • HASTINGS, G., STEAD, M., McDERMOTT, L., FORSYTH, A.
  • MacKINTOSH, A. M., RAYNER, M., GODFREY, C., CARAHER, M. and ANGUS, K. (2003). Review of Research on the Effects of Food Promotion to Children. Final Report, Prepared for the Food Standards Agency, 22 September.
  • HAWKES, C. (2004). Marketing Food to Children: The Global Regulatory Environment. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicating Data, Switzerland.
  • HITE, R. E. and ECK, R. (1987). Advertising to children: Attitudes ofbusiness vs. consumers. Journal of Advertising Research, 27:41-53
  • KAPFERER, J. N. (1991). L’enfant et la Publicite: Les Chemins de la Seduction. Çocuk ve Reklam: Baştan Çıkarma Yolları. Çeviren: ġ. Önder. Ġstanbul: Afa.
  • KAVAS, A. (1985). Reklamın toplumsal etkileri ve reklamcılıkta toplumsal ve ahlaki sorumluluk düĢüncesi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 14: 54-75.
  • LIMPSCOMB, T.J. (1988). Indıcators of materialism in children’s free speech: Age and gender comparisons. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5(4):41-46.
  • LOBSTEIN, T. and DIBB, S. (2005). Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight. The International Association for the Study of Obesity, 6:203-208.
  • MANGIR, M. HAKTANIR, G. ve BOSTAN, S. (1993). Dokuz Yaş Çocuklarının Televizyon Reklamlarını Değerlendirmeleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:1293, Bilimsel AraĢtırma ve Ġncelemeler:717. Ankara: A. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Baskı Ofset Ünitesi.
  • MARTHENSEN, A. and HANSEN, F. (1999). Children’s knowledge and understanding of commercial advertising intentions, truthfulness and viewing habits. Proceedings of Conference at Copenhagen Business School 2001. Forum for Advertising Research.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1979). Children as consumers. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 7:346-359.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1992). Kids as customers, A handbook of marketing to children. New York: Lexington Books.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1993). Born to shop: Children’s shopping patterns. American Demographics, 15(6):34-39.
  • MOSCHIS, G. P. and CHURCHILL, G. A. (1979). An analysis of adolescent consumer. Journal of Marketing, 43-48.
  • MOSCHIS, G. P.(1987). Consumer Socialization. Lexington Boks: D.C. Heath Company, USA.
  • NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE. (2004). United Kingdom National Statistics Website O’SULLIVAN, T. (2005). Advertising and children: What do the kids think? Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(4):371-384.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. (2003). An analysis of child consumers in Turkey. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 27(5):366-380.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. and GÖNEN, E. (1989). Consumer behavior of children in primary school age. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 13:175-187.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. and GÖNEN, E. (1992). İlkokul Çağındaki Çocukların Tüketim Davranışları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:1270, Bilimsel AraĢtırma ve Ġncelemeler:703. Ankara: A. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Baskı Ofset Ünitesi.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö., DEMĠRCĠ, A. and TAġ, A. S. (2006). Media, Materialism and Socialization of Child Consumers. 8 th International Conference on Education. 25-28 May 2006, Athens, Greece.
  • PELENK, A. (2003). Televizyon Reklamlarının Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkileri. YayınlanmamıĢ Yüksek Lisans Tezi. EskiĢehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi SBE.
  • PRESTON, C. (2004). Children’s advertising: The ethics of economic socialisation. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(4):364- 370.
  • ROBERTS, M. and PETTIGREW, S. (2007). A thematic content analysis of children’s food advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 26(3): 357-367.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S. and ROSSITER J.R. (1973). Children’s responsiveness to commercials. Journal of Communication, 27:101-106.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S. and ROSSITER, J.R. (1974). Children and commercial persuasion: An attribution theory analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 1:12-20.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S., ZIELINSKY, J. and WARD, S. (1984). Consumer Behavior. Scott, Foresman and Co.,USA.
  • ROBINSON, T. N. (1999). Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282: 1561- 1567.
  • ROEDDER- JOHN, D. (1999). Consumer socialization of children: A retrospective look at twenty-five years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3):183-213.
  • ROEDDER, D. L. (1981). Age differences in children’s responses to television advertising: An information processing approach. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2):144-153.
  • ROSSITER, J. (1979). Does TV advertising affect children? Journal of Advertising Research, 19:49-53.
  • SHEIKH, A. A., PRASAD, V. K. and RAO, T.R. (1974). Children’s TV commercials: A review of research. Journal of Communication, 24:126-136.
  • SHEIKH, A.A. and MOLESKI, L.M. (1977). Conflict in the family over commercials. Journal of Communication, 27:152-157. STIPP, H. (1988). Children as consumers. American Demographics, February:27-32.
  • ġENER, A. ve BABAOĞUL, M. (2007). Çocuk ve genç tüketiciler. Tüketici Yazıları 1. Editörler: A. ġener ve M. Babaoğul, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, TÜPADEM. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi. 127-152.
  • TEK, Ö. B. (1999). Pazarlama İlkeleri, Global Yönetimsel Yaklaşım, Türkiye Uygulamaları. Ġstanbul: Beta.
  • TĠKVEġ, Ö. (2003). Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklamcılık. Ġstanbul: Beta. TOKGÖZ, O. (1979). Televizyon reklamları ve çocuklar. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-4:93-110.
  • TOKGÖZ, O. (1982). Televizyon Reklamlarının Anne-Çocuk Ġkilisine Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları: 501, A.Ü. SBF. Ankara: Basın ve Yayın Yüksek Okulu Basımevi.
  • TOSUN, N. B. (2003). Pazarlama Halkla İlişkileri ve Reklam. Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişimi Yönlü bir Yaklaşım. Ġstanbul: Türkmen.
  • VALKENBURG, P. M. (2000). Media and youth consumerism. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27: 52-56.
  • WARD, S. and WACKMAN, D. (1971). Family and media influences on adolescent consumer learning. American Behavioral Scientist, 14:415- 427.
  • WARD, S. WACKMAN, D. B. and WARTELLA, E. (1977). How Children Learn to Buy: The Development of Consumer Information-Processing Skills. Sage Publications, USA.
  • WIMAN, A. R. (1983). Parental influence and children’s responses to television advertising. Journal of Advertising, 12(1):12-1.
  • WIMAN, A. R. and NEWMAN, L. R. (1989). Television advertising exposure and children’s nutritional awareness. Academy of Marketing Science. 17(2): 179-188.
  • YEġĠLTUNA, D. Ç. (1999). Kitle iletiĢim sürecinde çocuk. İletişim Ortamlarında Çocuk Birey Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 13-15 Nisan, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları No:1172 139-148.
  • YÖRÜKOĞLU, A. (1996). Gençlik Çağı, Ruh Sağlığı ve Ruhsal Sorunları. Ġstanbul:Özgür. ZOLLO, P. (1995). Talking to teens. American Demographics, November:22

TELEVİZYON REKLAMLARI VE ÇOCUK TÜKETİCİLERİN İSTİSMARI

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 14, 23 - 45, 01.12.2010

Öz

Çocukların nüfus içindeki paylarının giderek artması, harcadıkları ve kendileri için harcanan para miktarının yüksek olması, ailede verilen tüketim kararlarını etkilemeleri ve geleceğin yetişkin tüketicileri olmaları pazarlamacıların ve reklamcıların dikkatini çekmektedir. Televizyonun, çocuklar tarafından diğer kitle iletişim araçlarından çok daha önce fark edilmesi ve sevilmesi, televizyon reklamlarında verilen mesajların çocukların bilişsel gelişimi, tüketici davranışları ve beslenme alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkilerinin giderek daha çok tartışılmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çocuk tüketicilerin sosyalizasyonu, çocuklara yönelik reklamların bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal etkileri, reklam mesajları, çocukların materyalist tutumlar geliştirmelerinde ve sağlıksız beslenme alışkanlıkları kazanmalarında reklamların rolü konularına değinilmiş, yasal düzenlemelere yer verilmiş, reklamların etik bakış açısı ile değerlendirilme gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır

Kaynakça

  • ACHENREINER, G. B. (1997). Materialistic values and susceptibility to influence in children. Advances in Consumer Research, 24:82-87.
  • AMBLER, T. (2006). Does the UK promotion of food and drink to children contribute to their obesity? International Journal of Advertising, 25(2): 137-156.
  • ASSAEL, H. (1992).Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action. Boston: PWSKENT.
  • BANG, H. and REECE, B.B. (2003). Minorities in children’s television commercials: New, improved and stereotyped. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(1):42 -67.
  • BARRY, T.E. and HANSEN, R. W. (1973). How race affects children’s TV Commercials. Journal of Advertising Research, 13:63-67.
  • BELK, W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and the relationships to measure of happiness. Advances in Consumer Research, 12(1): 42-46.
  • BELK, W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in a material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12:265-280.
  • CHAN, K. (2000). Hong Kong children’s understanding of television advertising. Journal of Marketing Communication, 6:37-42.
  • DERBAIX, C. and PECHEUX, C. (2003). A new scale to assess children’s attitude toward TV advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, December:390-399.
  • DERSCHEID, L. I., KWON, Y. H.and FANG, S. R. (1996). Preschoolers’ socialization as consumers of clothing and recognition of symbolism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82:1171-1181.
  • DONOHUE, T.R., HENKE, L.L. and DONOHUE, W. A. (1980). Do kids know what TV commercials intend? Journal of Advertising Research, 20(5):51-57.
  • EASTERLIN, R. A. and CRIMMINS., E. M. (1991). Private materialism, personal self-fulfillment, family life, and public interest. The nature, effects, and causes of recent changes in the values of American youth. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(4):4-9.
  • ELDEN, M., ULUKÖK, Ö. ve YEYGEL, S. (2007). Şimdi Reklamlar. Ġstanbul: ĠletiĢim.
  • FISCHER, M. A. (1985). A development study of preference for advertised toys. Psychology and Marketing, 2(1):3-12.
  • FRIDERES, J.S. (1973). Advertising, buying patterns and children. Journal of Advertising Research, 13:34-36.
  • GARDNER, C. and SHEPPARD, J. (1989). Consuming Passion: The rise of retail culture. Unwin Hyman, London, England.
  • GOLDBERG, M. E. (1990). A quasi-experiment assessing the effectiveness of TV advertising directed to children. Journal of Marketing Research, 27:445-454.
  • GORN, G. J. and FLORSHEIM, R. (1985). The effects of commercials for adult products on children. Journal of Consumer Research, 11:962- 967.
  • GÖNEN, E., ÖZGEN, Ö., BABEKOĞLU, Y. ve UFUK, H. (2001). Gençlerin tüketici davranıĢlarının model yaklaĢımı ile incelenmesi. H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1):137-166.
  • GUNTER, B. and McALEER, J. (1997). Children and Television. Routledge, London.
  • HALFORD, J.C. G., GILLESPIE, J., BROWN, V., PONTIN, E. E.and DOVEY, T. M. (2004). Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children. Appetite, 42: 221-225.
  • HASTINGS, G., STEAD, M., McDERMOTT, L., FORSYTH, A.
  • MacKINTOSH, A. M., RAYNER, M., GODFREY, C., CARAHER, M. and ANGUS, K. (2003). Review of Research on the Effects of Food Promotion to Children. Final Report, Prepared for the Food Standards Agency, 22 September.
  • HAWKES, C. (2004). Marketing Food to Children: The Global Regulatory Environment. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicating Data, Switzerland.
  • HITE, R. E. and ECK, R. (1987). Advertising to children: Attitudes ofbusiness vs. consumers. Journal of Advertising Research, 27:41-53
  • KAPFERER, J. N. (1991). L’enfant et la Publicite: Les Chemins de la Seduction. Çocuk ve Reklam: Baştan Çıkarma Yolları. Çeviren: ġ. Önder. Ġstanbul: Afa.
  • KAVAS, A. (1985). Reklamın toplumsal etkileri ve reklamcılıkta toplumsal ve ahlaki sorumluluk düĢüncesi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 14: 54-75.
  • LIMPSCOMB, T.J. (1988). Indıcators of materialism in children’s free speech: Age and gender comparisons. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5(4):41-46.
  • LOBSTEIN, T. and DIBB, S. (2005). Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight. The International Association for the Study of Obesity, 6:203-208.
  • MANGIR, M. HAKTANIR, G. ve BOSTAN, S. (1993). Dokuz Yaş Çocuklarının Televizyon Reklamlarını Değerlendirmeleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:1293, Bilimsel AraĢtırma ve Ġncelemeler:717. Ankara: A. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Baskı Ofset Ünitesi.
  • MARTHENSEN, A. and HANSEN, F. (1999). Children’s knowledge and understanding of commercial advertising intentions, truthfulness and viewing habits. Proceedings of Conference at Copenhagen Business School 2001. Forum for Advertising Research.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1979). Children as consumers. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 7:346-359.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1992). Kids as customers, A handbook of marketing to children. New York: Lexington Books.
  • MC NEAL, J. (1993). Born to shop: Children’s shopping patterns. American Demographics, 15(6):34-39.
  • MOSCHIS, G. P. and CHURCHILL, G. A. (1979). An analysis of adolescent consumer. Journal of Marketing, 43-48.
  • MOSCHIS, G. P.(1987). Consumer Socialization. Lexington Boks: D.C. Heath Company, USA.
  • NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE. (2004). United Kingdom National Statistics Website O’SULLIVAN, T. (2005). Advertising and children: What do the kids think? Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(4):371-384.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. (2003). An analysis of child consumers in Turkey. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 27(5):366-380.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. and GÖNEN, E. (1989). Consumer behavior of children in primary school age. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 13:175-187.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö. and GÖNEN, E. (1992). İlkokul Çağındaki Çocukların Tüketim Davranışları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:1270, Bilimsel AraĢtırma ve Ġncelemeler:703. Ankara: A. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Baskı Ofset Ünitesi.
  • ÖZGEN, Ö., DEMĠRCĠ, A. and TAġ, A. S. (2006). Media, Materialism and Socialization of Child Consumers. 8 th International Conference on Education. 25-28 May 2006, Athens, Greece.
  • PELENK, A. (2003). Televizyon Reklamlarının Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkileri. YayınlanmamıĢ Yüksek Lisans Tezi. EskiĢehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi SBE.
  • PRESTON, C. (2004). Children’s advertising: The ethics of economic socialisation. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(4):364- 370.
  • ROBERTS, M. and PETTIGREW, S. (2007). A thematic content analysis of children’s food advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 26(3): 357-367.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S. and ROSSITER J.R. (1973). Children’s responsiveness to commercials. Journal of Communication, 27:101-106.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S. and ROSSITER, J.R. (1974). Children and commercial persuasion: An attribution theory analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 1:12-20.
  • ROBERTSON, T.S., ZIELINSKY, J. and WARD, S. (1984). Consumer Behavior. Scott, Foresman and Co.,USA.
  • ROBINSON, T. N. (1999). Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282: 1561- 1567.
  • ROEDDER- JOHN, D. (1999). Consumer socialization of children: A retrospective look at twenty-five years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3):183-213.
  • ROEDDER, D. L. (1981). Age differences in children’s responses to television advertising: An information processing approach. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2):144-153.
  • ROSSITER, J. (1979). Does TV advertising affect children? Journal of Advertising Research, 19:49-53.
  • SHEIKH, A. A., PRASAD, V. K. and RAO, T.R. (1974). Children’s TV commercials: A review of research. Journal of Communication, 24:126-136.
  • SHEIKH, A.A. and MOLESKI, L.M. (1977). Conflict in the family over commercials. Journal of Communication, 27:152-157. STIPP, H. (1988). Children as consumers. American Demographics, February:27-32.
  • ġENER, A. ve BABAOĞUL, M. (2007). Çocuk ve genç tüketiciler. Tüketici Yazıları 1. Editörler: A. ġener ve M. Babaoğul, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, TÜPADEM. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi. 127-152.
  • TEK, Ö. B. (1999). Pazarlama İlkeleri, Global Yönetimsel Yaklaşım, Türkiye Uygulamaları. Ġstanbul: Beta.
  • TĠKVEġ, Ö. (2003). Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklamcılık. Ġstanbul: Beta. TOKGÖZ, O. (1979). Televizyon reklamları ve çocuklar. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-4:93-110.
  • TOKGÖZ, O. (1982). Televizyon Reklamlarının Anne-Çocuk Ġkilisine Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları: 501, A.Ü. SBF. Ankara: Basın ve Yayın Yüksek Okulu Basımevi.
  • TOSUN, N. B. (2003). Pazarlama Halkla İlişkileri ve Reklam. Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişimi Yönlü bir Yaklaşım. Ġstanbul: Türkmen.
  • VALKENBURG, P. M. (2000). Media and youth consumerism. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27: 52-56.
  • WARD, S. and WACKMAN, D. (1971). Family and media influences on adolescent consumer learning. American Behavioral Scientist, 14:415- 427.
  • WARD, S. WACKMAN, D. B. and WARTELLA, E. (1977). How Children Learn to Buy: The Development of Consumer Information-Processing Skills. Sage Publications, USA.
  • WIMAN, A. R. (1983). Parental influence and children’s responses to television advertising. Journal of Advertising, 12(1):12-1.
  • WIMAN, A. R. and NEWMAN, L. R. (1989). Television advertising exposure and children’s nutritional awareness. Academy of Marketing Science. 17(2): 179-188.
  • YEġĠLTUNA, D. Ç. (1999). Kitle iletiĢim sürecinde çocuk. İletişim Ortamlarında Çocuk Birey Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 13-15 Nisan, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları No:1172 139-148.
  • YÖRÜKOĞLU, A. (1996). Gençlik Çağı, Ruh Sağlığı ve Ruhsal Sorunları. Ġstanbul:Özgür. ZOLLO, P. (1995). Talking to teens. American Demographics, November:22
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Özlen Özgen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Özgen, Ö. (2010). TELEVİZYON REKLAMLARI VE ÇOCUK TÜKETİCİLERİN İSTİSMARI. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(14), 23-45.