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FREE SERENGETI: THE ANIMAL RIGHTS IN THE AFRICAN INDIGENOUS TRADITIONS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 22, 63 - 82, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.743010

Öz

As animal rights are fed by phenomena that come from anthropological contexts, theoretical assessment about them are to be taken under control with religious dogmatic teachings along with the moral economic condemnation determined by punishment and binding in legal regulations. In this respect, The indigenous belief systems of Africa, as a whole, embrace all the living and inanimate beings, as wide spectrum from human beings to animals and plants and even to mountains and rivers; by this way this belief system becomes an integrated and holistic system protecting their ontological rights. As a matter of fact, the consciousness of the African people does not only focusing on the human kind but also includes the animals and the plants all around the African environment. In this article, we will consider the main characteristics of African Indigenous belief systems that they give a wide place to animal rights, their features of ecological lives and biological diversity as well as their rituals, myth and folklores that form these ritual cults, and finally contemporary critiques dealing about these religious practices.

Kaynakça

  • Elizabeth, Andrade. “Animals”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 55-57. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Antonio, Edward, P. “Indigenous African Traditions as Models for Theorizing Religion”, Religion Theory Critique- Classic and Contemporary Approaches and Methologies. ed. Richard King, 147- 154. New York: Colombia University Press, 2017.
  • Asente, Molefi Kete - Ama Mazama. “Introduction”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. XXI-XXX. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete. “Animism”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 58-59. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete. “Chiwara”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 163-165. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Antonio, Edward P. “Religion and the Environment”. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religion. Ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 140-151. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2012.
  • Cannon, Brown - Willie. “Bull”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 140-141.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Cannon, Brown - Willie. “Jola”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 354-355. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Chivaura, Vimbai Gukwe. “Sacred, Grooves”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama, 297-298.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Cochrane, James R. “Religion, Health, and Economy”. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religion. Ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 430-442. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2012.
  • Grim, John. “Knowing and Being Known by Animals”. A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Science, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 373-390. New York: Colombia University Press, 2006.
  • Goodall, Jane. “Foreword“. Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Ed. Marc Bekoff. I-X. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  • Houessou - Adin, Thomas. “Mawu-lisa”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 412-413. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Horsthemke, Kai. “Animals and African Ethics”. Journal of African Ethics 7 (2007), 119-147.
  • Horsthemke, Kai. Animals and African Ethics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, 2015.
  • Kayange, Grivas M - Simon Makwinja. “Exploring the Ethical Basis of Animal”. Journal of Humanites (Zomba) 24 (2016), 29 43.
  • Affliction and healing: Salvation in African Religion. Journal of Theology in Southern Af-rica, 103, 1-12.
  • Martin, Denisin. “Animal Images”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 54-55.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Mazama, Ama. “Masaai”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 397-398. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • MacDonald, James. “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes”. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 20 (1891), 113-140.
  • Murove, Munyaradzi F. “An African Commitment to Ecological Conservation: The Shona Concepts of Ukama and Ubuntu”. Mankind Quarterly 45/2 (2004), 195-215.
  • Nneji, B. “Eco-responsibility: The Cogency of Environmental Ethics in Africa”. Essays in Philosophy 11/1 (2010), 31-43.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “God”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 281-293. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “Bumuntu”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 142- 147. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “Epistemology”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Mo-lefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 242-245. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel Kombem. “Abela”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 2-3. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Peterson, A. C. “Africa”. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 38/1 (2013), 81-117.
  • Opoku, Kofi. “Animals in African Mythology”, A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Sci-ence, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 351- 359. New York: Colombia University Press, 2006.
  • Serpell, James A. “Attitudes Towards Animals”. Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Ed. Marc Bekoff, 76-78. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. Smart, Ninian. Religions of the West, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994.
  • Taringa, Nisbert. “How Environmental is African Traditional Religion?”. Exchange 35/2 (2006), 191-214.
  • Waldao, Paul. “Pushing Environmental Justice”. A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Science, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 629-642. New York: Co-lombia University Press, 2006.
  • Yount, Lisa. Animal Rights, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008.

ÖZGÜR SERENGETİ: AFRİKA YEREL DİNLERİNDE HAYVAN HAKLARI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 22, 63 - 82, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.743010

Öz

Hayvan hakları, antropolojik açıdan kültürel öğelerle beslenirken, dinî öğretilerle teolojik açıdan kontrol altına alınmakta, ahlaki açıdan kınayıcı son olarak hukuki düzenlemelerle cezalandırıcı ve bağlayıcı bir şekilde tasnif edilip tam olarak belirlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda Afrika yerel inançları, bir bütün olarak insan, hayvan, bitki, dağ, ırmak gibi canlı veya cansız tüm varlığı kuşatmakta ve onların ontolojik hakkını koruyan bütüncül ve entegre edici bir sisteme dönüşmektedir. Zaten Afrikalının bilinci, canlı derken sadece insanı merkeze almamakta aksine Afrika çevresindeki insan, hayvan ve bitkiyi de içermektedir.
Bu çalışmada Afrika yerel inanç sisteminde hayvan haklarının ekolojik hayat ve biyolojik çeşitlilik açısından karakteristik özelliklerini, ritüelleri, külte dönüşen bu ritüellerin arkasındaki mit ve halk inanışlarını ve son olarak da dinî uygulamalara yönelik çağdaş eleştiriler ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Elizabeth, Andrade. “Animals”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 55-57. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Antonio, Edward, P. “Indigenous African Traditions as Models for Theorizing Religion”, Religion Theory Critique- Classic and Contemporary Approaches and Methologies. ed. Richard King, 147- 154. New York: Colombia University Press, 2017.
  • Asente, Molefi Kete - Ama Mazama. “Introduction”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. XXI-XXX. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete. “Animism”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 58-59. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete. “Chiwara”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 163-165. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Antonio, Edward P. “Religion and the Environment”. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religion. Ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 140-151. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2012.
  • Cannon, Brown - Willie. “Bull”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 140-141.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Cannon, Brown - Willie. “Jola”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 354-355. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Chivaura, Vimbai Gukwe. “Sacred, Grooves”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama, 297-298.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Cochrane, James R. “Religion, Health, and Economy”. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religion. Ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 430-442. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing, 2012.
  • Grim, John. “Knowing and Being Known by Animals”. A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Science, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 373-390. New York: Colombia University Press, 2006.
  • Goodall, Jane. “Foreword“. Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Ed. Marc Bekoff. I-X. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  • Houessou - Adin, Thomas. “Mawu-lisa”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 412-413. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Horsthemke, Kai. “Animals and African Ethics”. Journal of African Ethics 7 (2007), 119-147.
  • Horsthemke, Kai. Animals and African Ethics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, 2015.
  • Kayange, Grivas M - Simon Makwinja. “Exploring the Ethical Basis of Animal”. Journal of Humanites (Zomba) 24 (2016), 29 43.
  • Affliction and healing: Salvation in African Religion. Journal of Theology in Southern Af-rica, 103, 1-12.
  • Martin, Denisin. “Animal Images”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 54-55.California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Mazama, Ama. “Masaai”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 397-398. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • MacDonald, James. “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes”. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 20 (1891), 113-140.
  • Murove, Munyaradzi F. “An African Commitment to Ecological Conservation: The Shona Concepts of Ukama and Ubuntu”. Mankind Quarterly 45/2 (2004), 195-215.
  • Nneji, B. “Eco-responsibility: The Cogency of Environmental Ethics in Africa”. Essays in Philosophy 11/1 (2010), 31-43.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “God”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 281-293. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “Bumuntu”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 142- 147. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Nkulu - N’Sengha, Mutombo. “Epistemology”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Mo-lefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 242-245. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel Kombem. “Abela”. Encyclopedia of African Religion. Ed. Molefi Kete Asente - Ama Mazama. 2-3. California: Sage Publishing, 2009.
  • Peterson, A. C. “Africa”. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 38/1 (2013), 81-117.
  • Opoku, Kofi. “Animals in African Mythology”, A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Sci-ence, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 351- 359. New York: Colombia University Press, 2006.
  • Serpell, James A. “Attitudes Towards Animals”. Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Ed. Marc Bekoff, 76-78. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. Smart, Ninian. Religions of the West, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994.
  • Taringa, Nisbert. “How Environmental is African Traditional Religion?”. Exchange 35/2 (2006), 191-214.
  • Waldao, Paul. “Pushing Environmental Justice”. A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Science, Religion, and Ethics. Ed. Paul Waldau - Kimberly Patton. 629-642. New York: Co-lombia University Press, 2006.
  • Yount, Lisa. Animal Rights, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Alıcı 0000-0002-8070-8425

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Alıcı, M. (2020). ÖZGÜR SERENGETİ: AFRİKA YEREL DİNLERİNDE HAYVAN HAKLARI. AKRA Kültür Sanat Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 8(22), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.743010

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