ROMA BETON KUBBELERİNİN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞ SÜRECİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 11, 30 - 52, 20.06.2022

Uygar Ozan Usanmaz

Öz

Beton kubbeler yapı mimarisinde asırlardır kullanılagelmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra beton kubbe inşalarından önce bindirme tekniği Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde kademeli olarak gelişmiştir. Bu teknik kemer ve tonozların inşasında uygulanmıştır. Kemer ve tonoz mimarileri sayesinde ise beton olmayan kubbeler inşa edilebilmiştir. Ancak bindirme tekniği ile inşa edilmiş bu tip kubbelerde kiriş açıları oldukça sınırlı kalmıştır. Ayrıca beton olmayan kubbelerde kullanılmış kireç harcı, kerpiç gibi malzemeler de neme karşı dayanıksızdır. Kereste kullanımından dolayı geniş kirişleri olan ahşap kubbeler ise yangın ve mantara karşı savunmasızdır. Bu tip problemler Romalılar tarafından geliştirilen beton kubbeler sayesinde çözülmüştür. Puzolan, beton kubbe inşasında kullanılan bir hammadde olarak önemli gelişmelere neden olmuştur. Sonrasında beton kubbelerdeki tipolojik ve teknik gelişimler antik toplumların ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde kısa sürede tüm Akdeniz Havzası’na yayılmıştır. Bahsi geçen beton kubbeler MÖ birinci yüzyıl ile MS ikinci yüzyılın ilk yarısı sonları arasında oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Kubbeler üzerine çeşitli çalışmaların olmasına rağmen beton kubbelerin kökeni ve gelişimleri üzerine güncel bir araştırma mevcut değildir. Bu makalede beton kubbelerin ortaya çıkış sürecine dair bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Bu sürecin detaylıca anlaşılabilmesi için beton öncesi kubbe mimari tarihine de kısaca değinmek gerekir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kubbe, tonoz, puzolan, beton, opus caementicium

A GLIMPSE INTO THE ORIGINS OF ROMAN CONCRETE DOMES

Öz

Structures have been covered with concrete domes for ages. Before building concrete domes, the technique of corbelling was developed gradually during the Roman Empire. This technique was key to building arches and vaults. Domes appeared significantly thanks to arch and vault architecture. However, corbelled domes were insufficient for large spans. Also, lime mortar or adobe were not durable against moisture. Although timber provided a large span, it was vulnerable to fire and fungi. Romans solved those problems by inventing concrete domes. Pozzolana was one of the more important raw materials, it played an important role in this innovation. Consequently, typology and technique used in concrete domes spread all over the Mediterranean basin. So, this development was a quick response to the needs of ancient societies. These concrete domes were very common from the first century BCE until the end of the first half of the second century CE. Although there are comprehensive studies on domes, the origins and evolution of the concrete domes were not researched thoroughly by scholars until very recently. In this article, we will focus on the origin of concrete domes as well as the origin of the dome architecture to understand the appearance of concrete domes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

dome, vault, pozzolana, concrete, opus caementicium

Kaynakça

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