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Drugs Used in Sexual Assaults: Features and Toxicological Investigations

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 418 - 425, 01.09.2013

Öz

Drugs used in sexual assault, which are also called as date rape drugs, are common phenomenon of crime in many countries. In a typical scenario, a perpetrator adds a date-rape drug which has sedative effect into alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage of an unsuspecting person. After drug administration, mostly amnesia and symptoms such as confussion, loss of memory, lack of muscle control, dizziness occur. The main drugs in sexual assaults are benzodiazepines such as γ-hydroxy butyrate and its analogs, clonazepam, alprazolam, flunitrazepam, oxazepam, ketamine, barbiturates, antidepressants, cocaine and stimulants. Most of these drugs are colorless, odorless and highly soluble in alcohol or other beverages quickly. They are rapidly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration. A victim may complain to police or other legal forces after several days due to emotional trauma as shame, fear, doubt and disbelief. For this reason, It is important to know what time the sample is taken from the victim to confirm the presence of the drug. In this study, we will present a general approach to date-rape drugs used in sexual assault.

Kaynakça

  • Jickells S, Negrusz A. Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicolog,. 3rd ed. London, Pharmaceutical Press, 2008: Mozayani A, Noziglia C. The forensic laboratory handbook procedures and practice, 2 nd ed. New York, Springer, 2011.
  • Kantarcı N, Öztürk B, Halıcı Z, Kandemir E. İlaçla kolaylaştırılmış cinsel saldırı ve Türkiye’de yaşanan sorunlar. J Clin Anal Med. 2012; 3:482-7.
  • United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). www.justice.gov.tr/dea/druginfo.(accessed March 4, 2013).
  • Druid H, Holmgren P, Ahlner J. Flunitrazepam: an evulation of abuse and toxicity. Forensic Sci Int. 2001; 122:136-41.
  • Negrusz A, Gaensslen RE. Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drugfacilitated sexual assault. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003; 376:1192-7.
  • Matilla MAK, Larni HM. Flunitrazepam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1980; 20:353-73.
  • Németh Z, Kun B, Demetrovics Z. The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24:1281-7.
  • Lee SJ, Levounis P. Gamma hydroxybutyrate: an ethnographic study of recreational use and abuse. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008; 40:245-53.
  • Andresen H, Stimpfl T, Sprys N, Schnitgerhans T, Müller A. Liquid ecstasy- a significant drug problem. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008; 105:599-603.
  • Baselt RC, Cravey RH. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 3rd edition. USA, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1989.
  • George Mason University Sexual assault service. www.sas.gmu.edu. (accessed March 12, 2013) Kintz P, Villain M, Dumestre-Toulet V, Ludes B. Drug facilitated sexual assault and analytical toxicology: the role of LC-MS/MS: a case involving zolpidem. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005; 12:36-41. Castro A, Lendoiro E, Quintela Ó, Concheiro M, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A. Hair analysis interpretation of unusual case of alleged scopolamine-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Toxicol. 2012: 30:193-8.
  • Kintz P. Hair analysis for doxylamine.Forensic Toxicol. 2012; 30:173-178.
  • Scott KS. The use of hair as a toxicological tool in DFC casework. Sci Justice. 2009; 49:250-3.
  • Society of Forensic Toxicologists. www.soft-tox-org.(accessed Feb 18, 2013).

Cinsel Saldırılarda Kullanılan İlaçlar:Özellikleri ve Toksikolojik İncelemeleri

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 418 - 425, 01.09.2013

Öz

Cinsel saldırılarda kullanılan ve tecavüz hapı olarak adlandırılan ilaçlar pek çok ülkede ortak suç fenomenidir. Tipik senaryoda saldırgan şüphelenmeyen kişinin alkollü ya da alkolsüz içeceğine sedatif etkili bir tecavüz hapı ekler. İlaç uygulamasından sonra konfüzyon, hafıza kaybı, kas kontrol eksikliği, baş dönmesi gibi semptomlar ve sıklıkla amnezi meydana gelmektedir. Cinsel saldırılarda kullanılan başlıca ilaçlar; γ-hidroksi bütirat ve analogları, klonazepam, alprazolam, flunitrazepam, oxazepam gibi benzodiazepinler, ketamin, barbitüratlar, antidepresanlar, kokain ve amfetamin gibi stimülanlardır. Bu ilaçların çoğu renksiz, kokusuz ve yüksek oranda alkolde veya diğer içeceklerde hızlıca çözünmektedir. Oral uygulamadan sonra hızlıca emilerek elimine edilirler. Kurban; utanma, korku, inkar etme, adalete güvensizlik gibi duygusal travmalardan dolayı olay gerçekleştikten birkaç gün sonra polise ya da diğer hukuk güçlerine şikayette bulunabilir. Bu sebeple ilacın varlığını doğrulamak için kurbandan biyolojik örneğin ne zaman alındığını bilmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmada cinsel saldırılarda kullanılan tecavüz ilaçlarına genel bir yaklaşım sunulacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Jickells S, Negrusz A. Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicolog,. 3rd ed. London, Pharmaceutical Press, 2008: Mozayani A, Noziglia C. The forensic laboratory handbook procedures and practice, 2 nd ed. New York, Springer, 2011.
  • Kantarcı N, Öztürk B, Halıcı Z, Kandemir E. İlaçla kolaylaştırılmış cinsel saldırı ve Türkiye’de yaşanan sorunlar. J Clin Anal Med. 2012; 3:482-7.
  • United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). www.justice.gov.tr/dea/druginfo.(accessed March 4, 2013).
  • Druid H, Holmgren P, Ahlner J. Flunitrazepam: an evulation of abuse and toxicity. Forensic Sci Int. 2001; 122:136-41.
  • Negrusz A, Gaensslen RE. Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drugfacilitated sexual assault. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003; 376:1192-7.
  • Matilla MAK, Larni HM. Flunitrazepam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1980; 20:353-73.
  • Németh Z, Kun B, Demetrovics Z. The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24:1281-7.
  • Lee SJ, Levounis P. Gamma hydroxybutyrate: an ethnographic study of recreational use and abuse. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008; 40:245-53.
  • Andresen H, Stimpfl T, Sprys N, Schnitgerhans T, Müller A. Liquid ecstasy- a significant drug problem. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008; 105:599-603.
  • Baselt RC, Cravey RH. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 3rd edition. USA, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1989.
  • George Mason University Sexual assault service. www.sas.gmu.edu. (accessed March 12, 2013) Kintz P, Villain M, Dumestre-Toulet V, Ludes B. Drug facilitated sexual assault and analytical toxicology: the role of LC-MS/MS: a case involving zolpidem. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005; 12:36-41. Castro A, Lendoiro E, Quintela Ó, Concheiro M, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A. Hair analysis interpretation of unusual case of alleged scopolamine-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Toxicol. 2012: 30:193-8.
  • Kintz P. Hair analysis for doxylamine.Forensic Toxicol. 2012; 30:173-178.
  • Scott KS. The use of hair as a toxicological tool in DFC casework. Sci Justice. 2009; 49:250-3.
  • Society of Forensic Toxicologists. www.soft-tox-org.(accessed Feb 18, 2013).
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Pınar Efeoğlu Bu kişi benim

Nebile Dağlıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Hilal Bu kişi benim

Mete Korkut Gülmen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Efeoğlu P, Dağlıoğlu N, Hilal A, Gülmen MK. Cinsel Saldırılarda Kullanılan İlaçlar:Özellikleri ve Toksikolojik İncelemeleri. aktd. Eylül 2013;22(3):418-425.