Bağlanma ve Yaşamdaki İzdüşümleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 489 - 501, 31.12.2016

Neslim Güvendeğer Doksat , Arzu Demirci Ciftci

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253561

Cited By: 2

Öz

Çocuk ve ebeveyni arasında kurulan bağ ilişkisine, “bağlanma” adı verilir. “Bağlanma” dendiğinde anne-çocuk arasındaki ilişki, ebeveyn-çocuk arasındaki ilişki veya temel bakım veren-çocuk arasındaki ilişki kast edilmektedir. Çocuğun ruhsal ve fiziksel gelişimi açısından en ideal ve sağlıklı olanı güvenli bir bağlanmanın temin edilmesidir. Güvenli bağlanma çocuğu yüksek düzey stresten koruyan bir mekanizma teşkil eder. Güvensiz bağlanma geliştirmiş olan bireyleri ilerleyen zamanda zihinsel ve fiziksel açıdan gelişimsel gerilikler, kimlik oluşmasında sorunlar, kişilik sorunları ve diğer ruhsal sorunlar beklemektedir. Güvenli bağlanma için, çocuğun temel şevkât, beslenme, korunma, barınma ve sağlık ihtiyaçlarının hepsinin sağlam, tutarlı şekilde karşılanması gereklidir. Bu gözden geçirme makalesinde, bağlanma kavramının özellikleri, çocukta güvensiz bağlanmanın özellikleri ve erişkin hayata olumsuz yansımaları ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağlanma, güvenli bağlanma, güvensiz bağlanma

Attachment and Outcomes in Life

Öz

The term “attachment” is used to imply the bonding between mother and child or the relationship between parents and child. Establishment of secure attachment is the healthiest way for the mental and physical development of the child. Secure attachment system constitutes a protection mechanism from high levels of stress. Insecurely attached children are presented with mental and physical developmental delays and problems in identity formation and personality in the future. To avoid all these, all the requirements of the child by means of affection, nutrition, protection, shelter and health are required to be met in a consistent and healthy way by the caregiver. This review article discuss the term attachment; features associated with insecure attachment and its negative influences in adulthood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attachment, secure attachment, insecure attachment

Kaynakça

• Bowlby J. Güvenli bir Dayanak: Ebeveyn-Çocuk Bağlanması ve Sağlıklı İnsan Gelişimi (Çeviri Ed. S Güneri). İstanbul, Psikoterapi Enstitüsü, 2012.
• Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. NewYork, Basic Books, 1982.
• Solomon J, George C. Disorganized Attachment and Caregiving. New York, The Guilford Press, 2011.
• Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning,2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000.
• Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York, Basic Books, 1973.
• Simpson JA, Campbell L. The Oxford Handbook of Close Relationships. New York, Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Brüne M. Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry: the Origins of Psychopathology. New York, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Ainswort M, Blehar M Watres E, Wall S. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situations. Hillsdale NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.
• Dönmez A.Yakın İlişkiler Psikolojisi. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 2009.
• Brumariu LE. Parent-child attachment and emotion regulation. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2015;148:31-45.
• Morsünbül Ü, Çok F. Bağlanma ve ilişkili değişkenler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2011;3:553-570.
• Decety J, Cacioppo J T. The Oxford Handbook of Social Neuroscience. New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Glazebrook K, Townsend E, Sayal K. The Role of attachment style in predicting repetition of adolescent self-harm: a longitudinal study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2015;45:664-78.
• Lecompte V, Moss E. Disorganized and controlling patterns of attachment, role reversal, and caregiving helplessness: links to adolescents' externalizing problems. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014;84:581-9.
• Moss E, Cyr C, and Dubois-Comtoi K. Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling–caregiving, controlling– punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children. Dev Psychol. 2004;40:519–532.
• Raby KL, Steele RD, Carlson EA, Sroufe LA. Continuities and changes in infant attachment patterns across two generations. Attach Hum Dev. 2015;17:414-28.
• Pennestri MH, Gaudreau H, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Moss E, Lecompte V, Atkinson L et al. Attachment disorganization among children in neonatal ıntensive care unit: preliminary results. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91:601-606.
• Juffer F, Finet C, Vermeer H, van den Dries L. Attachment and cognitive and motor development in the first years after adoption: a review of studies on internationally adopted children from China. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 2015;64:774-92.
• Lionetti F, Pastore M, Barone L. Attachment in institutionalized children: a review and metaanalysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;42:135-45.
• Humphreys KL, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Drury SS. Serotonin transporter genotype (5HTTLPR) moderates the longitudinal impact of atypical attachment on externalizing behavior. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36:409-16.
• Soysal A. Bodur Ş, İşeri E, Şenol S. Bebeklik dönemindeki bağlanma sürecine genel bir bakış. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2005;8:88-99.
• Langton CM, Murad Z, Humbert B. Childhood sexual abuse, attachments in childhood and adulthood, and coercive sexual behaviors in community males: main effects and a moderating function for attachment. Sex Abuse. 2015; doi10.1177/1079063215583853.
• Deniz ME. Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk-utanç arasındaki ilişki. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2006;22:89-99.
• Ding YH, Xu X, Wang ZY, Li HR, Wang WP. The relation of infant attachment to attachment and cognitive and behavioural outcomes in early childhood. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90:459-64.
• Meng X, D'Arcy C, Adams GC. Associations between adult attachment style and mental health care utilization: findings from a large-scale national survey. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229:454-461.
• Alexandrov EO, Cowan PA, Cowan CP. Couple attachment and the quality of marital relationships: method and concept in the validation of the new coupla attachment interview and coding system. Attach Hum Dev. 2005;7:123-152.
• Doğan T, Karaman NG, Çoban AE, Çok F. Ergenlerde arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin yordayıcısı olarak cinsiyet ve aileye ilişkin değişkenler. Ilköğretim Online. 2012;11:1010-1020.
• Schindler A, Bröning S. A review on attachment and adolescent substance abuse: empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Subst Abus. 2015; 36:304-13.
• Serra G, Tiryaki A, Topbaş M. Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanma ve anne babaya bağlanma biçimleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2010;11: 305-312.
• Outcalt J, Dimaggio G, Popolo R, Buck K, Chaudoin-Patzoldt KA, Kukla M et al. Metacognition moderates the relationship of disturbances in attachment with severity of borderline personality disorder among persons in treatment of substance use disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;64:22-8.
• Kesebir S, Kavzoğlu SÖ., Üstündağ MF. Bağlanma ve psikopatoloji. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2011;3:321-342.
• Agerup T, Lydersen S, Wallander J, Sund AM. Associations between parental attachment and course of depression between adolescence and young adulthood. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2015;46:632-42.
• Kerns KA, Brumariu LE. Is insecure parent-child attachment a risk factor for the development of anxiety in childhood or adolescence? Child Dev Perspect. 2014;8:12-17.
• Milan S, Acker JC. Early attachment quality moderates eating disorder risk among adolescent girls. Psychol Health. 2014;2 :896-914.
• Tasca GA, Balfour L. Attachment and eating disorders: a review of current research. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:710-7.
• Davidovitz R, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, İzsak R, Popper M. Leaders as attachment figures: leaders’ attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers’ performance and mental health. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;93:632-650.