İnsan Odaklı Gezegenin Çevresel Etkileri ve Yol Açtığı Sağlık Sorunları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 16 - 28, 31.03.2024

Kübra Doğanay Bulduk , Birgül Piyal

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1333246

Öz

Geçmişten günümüze insan toplulukları dünyayı kendi yaşam kalıplarına uyarlama çabası içindedir. Bunun sonucu olarak çevresel değişikliklere ve bozulmalara neden olmuşlardır. Bu çevresel değişiklikler insan sağlığı için elde edilen gelişmeleri tehdit etmekte, var olan eşitsizlikleri derinleştirmekte ve yeni sağlık riskleri ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çevresel bozulmalardan en önemlilerinden biri kabul edilen iklim değişikliğinin 2030 ile 2050 yılları arasında yılda yaklaşık 250.000 ek ölüme neden olacağı öngörülmektedir. Özellikle en savunmasız bireyler ya da gruplar etkilenecektir. Bu nedenle bu değişikliklere yönelik eyleme geçilmesi ivedi bir gerekliliktir. Bu çerçevede gezegen sağlığı gibi sağlık tanımına daha geniş açıdan bakan yaklaşımların benimsenmesi son derece önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antroposen, Çevresel Etkiler, Çevresel hastalıklar, Çevresel sorunlara maruziyet, Çevrenin korunması

Human Oriented Planet’s Environmental Impacts and Health Problems

Öz

From past to present human populations effort to adopt the world to their own life patterns. As a result of this, they have caused environmental changes and deterioration. These environmental changes threaten advances in human health, deepen existing inequalities, and pose new health risks. Climate change, which is considered one of the most important of these environmental degradations is predicted to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050. Especially the most vulnerable individuals or groups will be affected by this situation. Therefore, taking action towards these changes is an urgent necessity. In this context, it is extremely important to accept approaches that define health from a broader perspective, such as planetary health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anthropocene, Environmental Impacts, Environmental Illness, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Protection

Kaynakça

• 1. Almada AA, Golden CD, Osofsky SA, Myers SS. A case for Planetary Health/GeoHealth. Geohealth. 2017;1(2):75–8.
• 2. Steffen W, Rockström J, Richardson K, Lenton TM, Folke C, Liverman D, et al. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proc NatAcad Sci USA. 2018;115(33):8252–9.
• 3. Myers SS. Planetary health: protecting human health on a rapidly changing planet. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2860–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32846-5
• 4. Polat E, Kahraman S. Antroposen Çağı’nda Kentsellik, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Dirençlilik. Resilience Journal. 2019;3(2):319–26.
• 5. Planetary Health Alliance. Gezegen Sağlığı İttifakı. Available from: https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/home-page Accessed: 3 October 2022
• 6. Gonzalez-Holguera J, Gaille M, del Rio Carral M, Steinberger J, Marti J, Bühler N, et al. Translating Planetary Health Principles Into Sustainable Primary Care Services. Front Public Health. 2022;10. doi:10.3389/FPUBH.2022.931212
• 7. Myers S, Frumkin H. Planetary Health: Protecting nature to protect ourselves. Myers S, editor. Washington: Island Press; 2020.
• 8. Panorama. Planetary Health 101: İnformation and Resources. The Rockefeller Foundation; 2017.
• 9. Global Warming vs. Climate Change | Facts – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Available from: https://climate.nasa.gov/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ Accessed: 3 October 2022
• 10. Burrows K, Fussell E. A life course epidemiology approach to climate extremes and human health. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(7):e549–50.
• 11. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Boykoff M, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836–78.
• 12. WHO. Climate Change and Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health Accessed: 3 October 2022
• 13. Masson-Delmotte V. Global warming of 1.5 C. IPCC. 2018. Available from: https://apps.ipcc.ch/outreach/documents/451/1551801374.pdf Accessed: 3 October 2022
• 14. Friel S. Climate Change and the People’s Health Available from: https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=f9B2DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=eQS_4E2n6W&sig=ZsDmPd3QwNXcyCERmn3WQj8ECgk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed: 4 October 2022
• 15. Friel S. Climate change and the people’s health: the need to exit the consumptagenic system. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):666–8.
• 16. Topçu FH. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi: Müzakereden Uygulamaya. Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2012;1(21):57–97.
• 17. Habibullah MS, Din BH, Tan SH, Zahid H. Impact of climate change on biodiversity loss: global evidence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(1):1073–86.
• 18. Rounsevell MDA, Harfoot M, Harrison PA, Newbold T, Gregory RD, Mace GM. A biodiversity target based on species extinctions. Science (1979). 2020;368(6496):1193–5.
• 19. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global Biodiversity Outlook 5 [Internet]. United Nations Environment Programme. Available from: https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo5/publication/gbo-5-en.pdf Accessed: 4 October 2022
• 20. Pongsiri MJ, Roman J, Ezenwa VO, Goldberg TL, Koren HS, Newbold SC, et al. Biodiversity Loss Affects Global Disease Ecology. Bioscience. 2009;59(11):945–54.
• 21. Rapport DJ, Costanza R, McMichael AJ. Assessing ecosystem health. Trends Ecol Evol. 1998;13(10):397–402.
• 22. Frumkin H, Haines A. Global Environmental Change and Noncommunicable Disease Risks. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:261–82.
• 23. Smith MR, Singh GM, Mozaffarian D, Myers SS. Effects of decreases of animal pollinators on human nutrition and global health: a modelling analysis. Lancet. 2015;386(10007):1964–72.
• 24. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N (Nil), et al. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet. 2018;391(10119):462–512.
• 25. WHO. Household air pollution and health. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health Accessed: 6 October 2022
• 26. WHO. Air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 Accessed: 5 October 2022
• 27. WHO. Air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_2 Accessed: 6 October 2022
• 28. Kara Rapor 2021: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri - Temiz Hava Hakkı. Available from: https://www.temizhavahakki.com/kararapor2021/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw1vSZBhDuARIsAKZlijQYx4STaNCt4zr-q3mBW_xyCWk6nzDDv1-WPNW7ifK5sqhgOVx11dwaAnpJEALw_wcB Accessed: 6 October 2022
• 29. Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, et al. Human health and ocean pollution. Ann Glob Health. 2020;86(1):1–64.
• 30. Bayazit S, Yılmaz S. The Effects of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Natural Sources on Human Health. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2011;16(2):15–27. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/183817 Accessed: 10 October 2022
• 31. Escobar LE, Ryan SJ, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Finkelstein JL, King CA, Qiao H, et al. A global map of suitability for coastal Vibrio cholerae under current and future climate conditions. Acta Trop. 2015;149:202–11.
• 32. Karadurmuş U, Sari M, Zool TJ. Marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and its effects on the marine ecosystem: mass deaths. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 2022;46(1):1–1.
• 33. TTB. Yaşamın Vazgeçilmezi: Su. Available from: https://www.ttb.org.tr/haber_goster.php?Guid=0f21ed06-8aff-11eb-9f45-e823f4620c17 Accessed: 7 October 2022
• 34. WHO. Drinking Water. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water Accessed: 8 October 2022.
• 35. UNICEF. Su kıtlığı. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water Accessed: 8 October 2022
• 36. Tülay F, Algan K, Bilen S. Toprak Kirlenmesi ve Biyolojik Çevre. Atatürk Üniv Zir Fak Derg. 2005;36(1):83–8.
• 37. World Environment Situation Room. Land Soil Pollution. Available from: https://wesr.unep.org/landsoilpollution Accessed: 8 November 2022
• 38. Talukder B, Ganguli N, Matthew R, vanLoon GW, Hipel KW, Orbinski J. Climate change-triggered land degradation and planetary health: A review. Land Degrad Dev. 2021;32(16):4509–22.
• 39. Nuhoğlu Y, Şakar S. Ekolojik Dolaşımlar ve Ekolojik Dolaşımlara İnsan Etkilerinin Sonuçları. Available from: https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/resume/downloadfile/sakar?key=33b52e10-0e71-42f4-bdde-fad76b8b234a Accessed: 14 November 2022
• 40. Ankara Üniversitesi Açık Ders. Ötrifikasyon. Available from: https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/131910/mod_resource/content/1/restorasyon%20teknikleri_II.pdf Accessed: 14 October 2022
• 41. FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI). Rome, İtaly; 2022. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/cc0639en/cc0639en.pdf Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 42. Gıda Güvencesini Sağlanmanın Anahtarı: Sürdürülebilir Gıda Sistemleri. Available from: https://apelasyon.com/yazi/29/gida-guvencesini-saglanmanin-anahtari-surdurulebilir-gida-sistemleri Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 43. Kalkınma Güncesi. Sürdürülebilir Gıda Sistemleri ve 2050 Yılına Bakış. Available from: https://kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr/index.php/2020/04/28/surdurulebilir-gida-sistemleri-ve-2050-yilina-bakis/ Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 44. WHO. UN Report: Global hunger numbers rose to as many as 828 million in 2021. WHO. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/06-07-2022-un-report--global-hunger-numbers-rose-to-as-many-as-828-million-in-2021 Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 45. UNICEF. BM Raporu uyarıyor: Dünyada her geçen gün açlık çeken insan sayısı artarken ve kötü beslenme giderek yaygınlaşırken 2030 yılı itibariyle Sıfır Açlık Hedefine ulaşmak mümkün olmayabilir. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/bas%C4%B1n-b%C3%BCltenleri/bm-raporu- uyar%C4%B1yor-d%C3%BCnyada-her-ge%C3%A7en-g%C3%BCn-a%C3%A7l%C4%B1k-%C3%A7eken-insan-say%C4%B1s%C4%B1-artarken-ve-k%C3%B6t%C3%BC Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 46. WHO. Nutrition. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/nutrition Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 47. WHO. Food Safety. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/food-safety Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 48. Schütte S, Gemenne F, Zaman M, Flahault A, Depoux A. Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. Lancet Planet Health 2018;2(2):e58–9.
• 49. World Resources Institute. Fighting Food Loss and Waste. Available from: https://www.wri.org/initiatives/champions-123 Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 50. World Resources Institute. Champions 12.3 Available from: https://www.wri.org/initiatives/champions-123 Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 51. World Resources Institute. Creating a Sustainable Food Future [Internet]. World Resources Institute. [cited 2022 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.wri.org/food Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 52. WHO. Food Systems for Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/initiatives/food-systems-for-health Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 53. Ranganathan J, Waite R, Searchinger T, Hanson C. How to Sustainably Feed 10 Billion People by 2050, in 21 Charts. 2018. Available from: https://www.wri.org/insights/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 54. Dünya Kaynakları Enstitüsü. 21 Grafikte 2050’ye Kadar 10 Milyar İnsan Sürdürülebilir Şekilde Nasıl Beslenir. Available from: https://www.wri.org/insights/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21- charts Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 55. WHO. Urban health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health#tab=tab_1 Accessed: 17 October 2022.
• 56. WHO. Urban health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health#tab=tab_1 Accessed: 17 October 2022
• 57. Çalişkan O. Şehir İçi Yeşil Alanlar ve İnsanların Doğayla Kenetlenmesi. Available from: https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/66257/%C5%9Eehir%20i%C3%A7i%20ye%C5%9Fil%20alanlar%20ve%20insanlar%C4%B1n%20do%C4%9Fayla%20kenetlenmesi.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Accessed: 15 December 2022
• 58. WHO. Disasters and emergencies. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/clinical-services-and-systems/surgical-care/disasters-and-emergencies Accessed: 31 October 2022
• 59. Scheelbeek PFD, Chowdhury MAH, Haines A, Alam DS, Hoque MA, Butler AP, et al. Drinking Water Salinity and Raised Blood Pressure: Evidence from a Cohort Study in Coastal Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(5).
• 60. UN-Water. SDG 6 İnfographics Available from: https://www.unwater.org/publications/sdg-6-infographics Accessed: 8 November 2022