A Study on Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Waters in The Area of Dereli (Giresun, Turkey)
Öz
Some physicochemical characteristics of surface waters (main river and some streams) in the area of Dereli (Giresun) were investigated. Additionally, certain parameters and quality indices, which may affect the usability of waters for agriculture, were assessed. Available data indicate that the waters have slightly alkaline in character, with pH values ranging from 7.6 to 8.35. The waters are classified as fresh based on their EC values, which ranges from 210–590 µS/cm. The predominant anion in nearly all of the investigated waters is bicarbonate (HCO3-). Sulfate (SO42-) is, after bicarbonate, the second most abundant anion in the waters, followed by chloride (Cl−). Calcium (Ca2+) is the most abundant cation in the waters examined, followed by magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in descending order. The levels of all ions examined in the waters are in the ranges recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for irrigation water. Moreover, the calculated values of U.S. Salinity (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly’s ratio (KR) and Magnesium hazard (MH) indicate suitable of the waters for irrigation. In general, the surface waters in the locations studied are of good physicochemical quality, and also adequate for irrigation.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
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Proje Numarası
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Kaynakça
- Ayers, R.S. and Westcot D.W., 1985. Water quality for agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
- Charalambous A. N., 2013. Transferable groundwater rights. Integrating Hydrogeology, Law and Economics, Taylor & Francis Group. 208.
- Eaton, F.M., 1950. Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil Science, 39, 123–133.
- Gupta I.C. and Gupta S.K., 2002. Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, 3rd revised edition, Scientific Publishers, 1-302.
- Hem, J.D., 1985. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural waters, 3rd edition, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 263.
- Kabata-Pendias, A. 2010. Trace elements in soils and plants Boca Raton: CRC Press, (4th ed. p. 505).
- Kacmaz, H., 2020. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in natural waters of Dereli, Giresun: an area containing mineral deposits in northeastern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 91, 1-12.
- Kazancı, G. N., Ekingen A, P., Türkmen, G., Başören, Ö., Dügel, M. and Gültutan, Y., 2010. Assessment of ecological quality of Aksu Stream Giresun Turkey in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive WFD methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 3, 165-184.
- Kelly, W.P., 1940. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 66, 607-613.
- Kelly, W.P., 1951. Alkali Soils-Their Formation Properties and Reclamation. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York.
- Langmuir, D., 1997. Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall, 600.
- Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnostic and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Handbook 60, Washington DC, USA. 160.
- Sharma C. B., 2021. Applied Environmental Sciences & Engineerings, BFC Publications, 1-794.
- Srivastava, P., Gupta, M., Tsakiris, G., and Nevil Q., 2020. Agricultural Water Management 1st Edition, Academic Press, 490.
- Szabolcs, I., Darab C., 1964. The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In: Proceedings of 8th. International Congress of ISSS, Trans, vol II, 803–812.
- US Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvements of Saline and Alkali Soils. US Department of Agriculture Handbook, Washington DC, No. 60, 160.
- USEPA 2018. Drinking water standards and health advisories tables. Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC March. https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/2018-drinking-water-standardsand- advisory-tables
- Weiner R. E., 2008. Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Second edition, CRC press. Taylor & Francis Group. 442.
- Wilcox L. V., 1955. Classification and use of irrigation water. US Department of Agriculture, Circular no 969. Washington DC.
- Wilcox, L. V., 1958. Water quality from the standpoint of irrigation. Journal American Water Works Association. 50 (5): 650-654. Wiley.
- Internet references (Int. ref.) 1-https://www.ngwa.org/what-is-groundwater/About-groundwater/information-on-earths-water
- 2- M.T.A 2010. General directorate of mineral research and exploration, Mineral and energy resources in Giresun (http://www.mta.gov.tr). Accessed September 2019.
- 3-https://www.water-research.net/index.php/watertreatment/tools/the-ph-of-water. Accessed June 2021
- 4-https://www.yokogawa.com/library/resources/application-notes/ph-in-fish-farming/.
- 5- https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms59.html.
- 6- Hydrology Project-Technical Assistance (1999) Training module # WQ - 28: Major ions in water. Training notes of the World Bank and Government of Netherlands funded. http://nhp.mowr.gov.in/docs/HP2/MANUALS/Water%20Quality/5014/-download-manuals-WaterQuality-WQManuals 28MajorIonsinWater.pdf. Accessed Feb 2021.
Öz
Bu çalışmada, Dereli bölgesi yüzey sularının (ana nehir ve akarsular) bazı fizikokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, suların tarımsal sulama için kullanılabilirliğini etkileyebilecek bazı parametreler ve kalite indeksleri değerlendirilmiştir. Mevcut veriler, suların hafif alkali karakterde olduğunu ve pH değerlerinin 7.6 ile 8.35 arasında olduğunu göstermektedir. İncelenen sular 210-590 µS/cm arasında değişen EC değerlerine göre taze olarak sınıflandırılır. İncelenen suların neredeyse tamamında baskın olan anyon bikarbonattır (HCO3-). Sülfat (SO42-), bikarbonattan sonra sularda en bol bulunan ikinci anyondur ve bunu klorür (Cl−) takip eder. İncelenen sularda en bol bulunan katyon ise kalsiyum (Ca2+) olup, bunu sırasıyla magnezyum (Mg2+), sodyum (Na+) ve potasyum (K+) izlemektedir. Sularda belirlenen tüm iyon seviyeleri Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO)' nün sulama suları için önerdiği aralıktadır. Ayrıca, ABD Tuzluluğu (SAR), Kalıntı Sodyum Karbonat (RSC), Sodyum Yüzdesi (Na %), Kelly oranı (KR) ve Magnezyum Tehlikesi (MH) için hesaplanan değerler, suların tarımsal amaçlı sulama için uygun olduğunu göstermektedir. Genel olarak, incelenen lokasyonlardaki yüzey suları fizikokimyasal kimyasal olarak iyi kalitededir ve tarımsal amaçlı kullanım için elverişlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
-
Kaynakça
- Ayers, R.S. and Westcot D.W., 1985. Water quality for agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
- Charalambous A. N., 2013. Transferable groundwater rights. Integrating Hydrogeology, Law and Economics, Taylor & Francis Group. 208.
- Eaton, F.M., 1950. Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil Science, 39, 123–133.
- Gupta I.C. and Gupta S.K., 2002. Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, 3rd revised edition, Scientific Publishers, 1-302.
- Hem, J.D., 1985. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural waters, 3rd edition, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 263.
- Kabata-Pendias, A. 2010. Trace elements in soils and plants Boca Raton: CRC Press, (4th ed. p. 505).
- Kacmaz, H., 2020. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in natural waters of Dereli, Giresun: an area containing mineral deposits in northeastern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 91, 1-12.
- Kazancı, G. N., Ekingen A, P., Türkmen, G., Başören, Ö., Dügel, M. and Gültutan, Y., 2010. Assessment of ecological quality of Aksu Stream Giresun Turkey in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive WFD methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 3, 165-184.
- Kelly, W.P., 1940. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 66, 607-613.
- Kelly, W.P., 1951. Alkali Soils-Their Formation Properties and Reclamation. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York.
- Langmuir, D., 1997. Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall, 600.
- Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnostic and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Handbook 60, Washington DC, USA. 160.
- Sharma C. B., 2021. Applied Environmental Sciences & Engineerings, BFC Publications, 1-794.
- Srivastava, P., Gupta, M., Tsakiris, G., and Nevil Q., 2020. Agricultural Water Management 1st Edition, Academic Press, 490.
- Szabolcs, I., Darab C., 1964. The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In: Proceedings of 8th. International Congress of ISSS, Trans, vol II, 803–812.
- US Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvements of Saline and Alkali Soils. US Department of Agriculture Handbook, Washington DC, No. 60, 160.
- USEPA 2018. Drinking water standards and health advisories tables. Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC March. https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/2018-drinking-water-standardsand- advisory-tables
- Weiner R. E., 2008. Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Second edition, CRC press. Taylor & Francis Group. 442.
- Wilcox L. V., 1955. Classification and use of irrigation water. US Department of Agriculture, Circular no 969. Washington DC.
- Wilcox, L. V., 1958. Water quality from the standpoint of irrigation. Journal American Water Works Association. 50 (5): 650-654. Wiley.
- Internet references (Int. ref.) 1-https://www.ngwa.org/what-is-groundwater/About-groundwater/information-on-earths-water
- 2- M.T.A 2010. General directorate of mineral research and exploration, Mineral and energy resources in Giresun (http://www.mta.gov.tr). Accessed September 2019.
- 3-https://www.water-research.net/index.php/watertreatment/tools/the-ph-of-water. Accessed June 2021
- 4-https://www.yokogawa.com/library/resources/application-notes/ph-in-fish-farming/.
- 5- https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms59.html.
- 6- Hydrology Project-Technical Assistance (1999) Training module # WQ - 28: Major ions in water. Training notes of the World Bank and Government of Netherlands funded. http://nhp.mowr.gov.in/docs/HP2/MANUALS/Water%20Quality/5014/-download-manuals-WaterQuality-WQManuals 28MajorIonsinWater.pdf. Accessed Feb 2021.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Yer Bilimleri ve Jeoloji Mühendisliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | - |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 5 |
