Evulation Metal of Contamination by Natural Background and Average Earth's Crust Values in The Inci Stream Sediments Around Chromite Deposits in Guleman (Alacakaya-Elazığ), Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1056 - 1071, 31.08.2023

Hatice Kara

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1180088

Öz

The total concentration of elements in the Inci stream sediments on the drainage network of chromite deposits was determined to evaluate the level of contamination by natural background, the average of ultramafic and mafic rocks in this study. The average concentration shows that toxic heavy metals originated from mineraliszing in the Inci stream sediments that have a controlling influence on accumulation and transportation both lithologically and anthropogenically. The metal enrichment factors of Pb, As, Ni, Sr, and Ba, and geoaccumulation factor values (Igeo) of Pb, As, Sr, Ba, and Rb indicated that these values are higher than background values and heavily contaminated. The highest metal concentrations and assessments of contaminants were obtained from ultramafic rock normalization. Enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and Igeo values indicate that primary ore metals are represented by Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Cr. Cr's enrichment factor (EF) is moderate contamination due to the high Cr concentration in the host rock. However, Cr is extremely contaminated according to the Earth's average in the stream sediments around the chromites deposit. The calculated Cu, Ni, and Cr threshold values are higher than the probable effect level (PEL) and threshold effect level (TEL). That is why these regions should be evaluated for relationships between human health and geochemistry in further multidisciplinary studies and considered important in terms of potential Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn mineralization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Contaminant factor, enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, Guleman chromite deposite, Stream sediments

Guleman Kromit Yatağı Çevresindeki İnci Çayı Sedimentlerindeki Metal Kirliliğinin Temel Değer ve Ortalama Yerkabuğu Değerleri Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi (Alacakaya-Elazığ), Türkiye

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kromit yatağının drenaj ağı üzerindeki İnci Çayı çökellerindeki toplam element konsantrasyonu, temel değere göre, ultramafik ve mafik kayaçların ortalamasını göre kirlilik düzeyi değerlendirilmiştir. Ortalama konsantrasyon, zehirli ağır metallerin, hem litolojik hem de antropojenik olarak birikim ve taşıma üzerinde kontrol edici bir etkiye sahip olan İnci Çayı çökellerindeki mineralleşmeden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Pb, As, Ni, Sr ve Ba'nın metal zenginleştirme faktörü ve Pb, As, Sr, Ba ve Rb'nin jeoakümülasyon faktörü değerleri (Igeo), bu değerlerin temel değerlerden daha yüksek olduğunu ve yoğun şekilde kontamine olduğunu göstermiştir. En yüksek metal konsantrasyonları ve kirleticilerin değerlendirilmesi ultramafik kayaç normalizasyonundan elde edilmiştir. Zenginleştirme faktörü (EF), kirlilik faktörü (CF) ve Igeo değerleri, birincil cevher metallerinin Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni ve Cr ile temsil edildiğini göstermektedir. Cr'nin zenginleştirme faktörü (EF), ana kayadaki yüksek Cr konsantrasyonundan dolayı orta derecede kirletilmiştir. Ancak kromit yatağının etrafındaki akarsu çökellerinde Cr toprak ortalamasına göre aşırı derecede kirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan Cu, Ni ve Cr eşik değerleri olası etki seviyesinden (PEL) ve eşik etki seviyesinden (TEL) daha yüksektir. Bu nedenle bu bölgeler insan sağlığı ve jeokimya arasındaki ilişkiler açısından, daha ileri multidisipliner çalışmalarda değerlendirilmeli ve potansiyel Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb ve Zn mineralizasyonu açısından önemli kabul edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kirletici faktör, Zenginleştirme faktörü, Jeobirikim indeksi, Guleman kromit yatağı, Dere sedimanları

Kaynakça

• Ackerman, F., 1980. A procedure for correcting the grain size effect in heavy metal analysis of eustrine and coastal sediments. Environmental Technology Letters, 1, 518-527.
• Aktaş, G. and Robertson, H.F., 1984. The Maden Complex. SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin. J.E. Dixon. A.H.F. Robertson (Eds.). The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, The Geological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford. London. Edinburgh. Boston. Palo Alto. Melbourn, 375-401.
• Alexakis, D., 2011. Diagnosis of stream sediment quality and assessment of toxic element contamination sources in East Attica, Greece. Environment Earth Science, 63, 1369-1383.
• Başpinar, G., 2006. Platinum group element geochemistry of the Guleman (Elazığ) chromium deposits district. Master Thesis, Firat University Sciences Institute, Elazığ, 138.
• Bakshe, P. and Jugade, R., 2021. Distribution Association and Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Influencing Factors in Major Industrial Stream Sediments of Chandrapur District, Central India. Water Air Soil Pollution, 232, 4-16.
• Buhiyan, M.A.H., Parvez, L., Islam, M.A., Dampare, S.B. and Suzuki, S., 2010. Heavy metal pollution of coal mine effected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173, 384-392.
• Cook, J.A., Andrew, S.M. and Johnson, M.S., 1990. Lead, zinc, cadmium and fluoride small mammals from contaminated grass-land established on fluorspar tailings. Water Air soil Pollution, 51, 43-54.
• Çakır, Ü., 1994. Geological characteristics of the Batı Kef (Guleman-Elazığ) chromium deposit. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 37, 15-29.
• Çimen, O., Köksal Toksoy, F., Öztüfekçi Önal, A. and Örgün Tutay, Y., 2015. Environmental Contamination of Heavy Metals and Chrysotile Asbestos in The Munzur and Pülümür Streams (Tunceli, Turkey). Ofioliti, 40, 27-36.
• Engin, T., 1985. Petrology of the peridotite and structural setting of the Batı Kef-Doğu Kef chromite deposits, Guleman, Elazığ, Eastern Turkey. Metallogeny of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks, I.M.M. Edinburg. England, 229-240.
• Ertürk, M.A., Beyarslan, M., Chung, S.L. and Lin Te-H., 2018. Eocene magmatism (Maden Complex) in the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt: Magma genesis and tectonic implications. Geoscience Frontiers, 9, 1829-1847.
• Essien, J.P., Antai, S.P. and Olajire, A.A., 2009. Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Ecotoxicological Significance of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Cross River Estuary Mangrove Swamp. Water Air Soil Pollution, 197, 91-105.
• Förstner, U. and Müller, G., 1981. Concentration of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in River Sediments: Geochemical Background, Mans Influence and Environmental Impact. Geological Journal, 417-432.
• Galan, E., Gomez-Ariza, J.L., Gonzalez, I., Fernandez-Caliani. J.C., Morales. E., Giesy. J.P. and Hoke, R.A., 1990. Freshwater sediment quality criteria: Toxicity bioassessment, In sediment chemistry and toxicity of in-place pollutants. Ed: R. Baudo. J.P. Giesy and M. Muntao. Ann Arbor: Lewis Publishers 391.
• Hakanson, L., 1980. Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sediment logical approach. Water Research, 14, 975-1001.
• Helke, A., 1962. The metallogeny of the chromite deposits of the Guleman area. Economic Geology, 57, 954-962.
• Kalender, L. and Bölücek, C., 2004. Major and Trace Elemet Contamination of Groundwaters Stream Sédiments and Plants of the Abandoned Mines in Keban District (Elazığ) of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. 57. Geological Congress of Turkey, 187-188.
• Kalender, L. and Bölücek, C., 2007. Environmental Impact and Drainage Geochemistry in the Vicinity of the Harput Pb-Zn-Cu Veins; Elaziğ, SE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 241-255.
• Kalender, L., 2012. Environmental impact and drainage geochemistry of the abandoned Keban Ag-Pb-Zn deposit working Maden Cu deposit and alpine type Cr deposit in the Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Geochemistry, Ed: Dionisions Panagiotaras. in Technology Croatian, 345-370.
• Kalender, L. and Çiçek Uçar, S., 2013. Assessment of metal contamination in sediments in the tributaries of the Euphrates River using pollution indices and the determination of the pollution source, Turkey. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 134, 73-84. Lazzari, A., Rampazzo, G. and Pavoni, B., 2004. Geochemistry of sediments in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Science, 59, 429-440.
• Mac Donald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G. and Berger, T.A., 2000. Development and evaluation of consensus based sediment quality guidelines for fresh water ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 39, 20-31.
• Mason, B., 1966. Principles of geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 328.
• Muller, G., 1981. Die Schwermetallbelstung der sedimente des Neckarsund seiner Nebenflusse: eine Bestandsaufnahme. Chemanager Zeithung, 105, 157-164.
• Obiora, S.C., Chukwu, A., Toteu, S.F. and Davies, T.C., 2016. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils Around Lead (Pb) - Zinc (Zn) Mining Areas in Enyigba, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal Geological Society of India, 87, 453-462.
• Özek, G., Akgül, M., Nurlu, N. and Yapici, N., 2017. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Guleman ophiolite (Elaziğ) and PGE contents of chromite and their host rocks. International Participation 40th Year Geology Symposium Adana/Turkey, v.1.
• Persaud, D., Jagumagi, R. and Hayton, A., 1993. Guidelines for the protection and menagement of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario, Water Resorces Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment Toronto, Ontario, 27.
• Rhoads, B.L. and Cahill, R.A., 1999. Geomorphological assessment of sediment contamination in an urban stream system. Applied Geochemistry, 14, 459-483.
• Romero, A., Gonzalez, I. and Galan, E., 2013. Trace elements absorption by citrus in a heavily polluted mining site. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 113, 76-85.
• Sağıroğlu, A., Akgül, B., Akgül, M. and Kalender, L., 2009. Isotope geochemistry of the mineralizations relationship to Upper Cretaceous Elazig Magmatites in the East Anatolia District: an approach to investigate the sources of metals and magmatites, TÜBİTAK, Project No:106Y175.
• Sakan, S.M., Djordjevic, D.S., Manojlovic, D.D. and Polic, P.S., 2009. Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of Environment Management, 90, 3382-3390. Shutherland, R.A., 2000. Bed sediment associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu. Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39, 611-627.
• Singh, M., Ansari, A.A., Muller, G. and Singh, I.B., 1997. Heavy metals in freshly deposit sediments of Gomti river (atributary of the Ganga river): effects of human activities. Environmental Geology, 29, 246-252.
• Smith, S.L., Mac Donald, D.D., Koenleyside, K.A., Ingersoll, C.G. and Field, J., 1996. A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22, 624-638.
• Stercekeman, T., Douay, F., Baize, D., Fourrier, H., Proix, N. and Schvartz, C., 2006. Trace elements in soil developed in sedimentary materials from Northern France. Geoderma, 136, 912-929.
• Swartz, R.C., 1999. Consensus sediment quality guidelines for PAH mixtures. Environmental Toxicol Chemical, 18, 780-787.
• Tomlinson, D.C., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R. and Jeffery, D.W., 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoland Wiss. Meeresunters, 33, 566-575.
• Üşümezsoy, Ş., 1990, On the formation mode of the Guleman chromite deposits (Turkey). Mineral Deposita, 25, 89-95.
• Varol, M., 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355-364.
• Yılmaz, Y., Yiğitbaş, E. and Yıldırım, M., 1987. Güneydoğu Anadoluda Triyas sonu tektonizması ve bunun jeolojik anlamı. Türkiye 7. Petrol Kongresi Bildiriler, 65-77.
• Yiğitbaş, E., Genç, S.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1993. Güneydoğu Anadolu Orojenik kuşağında Maden Grubu'nun tektonik konumu ve jeolojik önemi. A.Suat Erk Jeoloji Sempozyumu 2-5 Eylül Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi, Ankara, 251-264.