Su Örneklerinde 4-Nonylfenolün Tayini için Dispersif Sıvı-Sıvı Mikroekstraksiyon-Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrik Bir Yöntem

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 5, 1103 - 1111, 30.10.2023

Sabahattin Deniz

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1341412

Öz

Bu çalışmada çevre dostu, basit ve oldukça hassas bir teknik olan dağılma sıvı-sıvı mikroekstraksiyon
(DLLME) yöntemi, sucul ortamlarda 4-nonylfenolün ayırma ve analizi için geliştirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon
işlemi, 1-undekanol-su dağılma sıvı-sıvı sistemi kullanılarak 4-nonylfenolün izolasyonunu içermiştir. 1
undekanol ve asetonitril miktarı ile sulu çözeltinin iyonik şiddeti gibi mikroekstraksiyon verimliliğini
etkileyen temel değişkenler hassas bir şekilde ayarlanmıştır. Ayrıca, Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle
Spektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazının kromatografik parametreleri de hassas analiz için optimize edilmiş ve
4-nonylfenol analizi 2-1000 µg/L aralığında lineer kalibrasyon eğrisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir, bu
sayede hızlı bir 6 dakikalık alıkonma süresi elde edilmiştir. Yöntem, 0.05 µg/L tespit limiti ve 188 ön
zenginleştirme faktörüne sahiptir. Analit geri kazanım oranları %96 ile %103 aralığındadır ve göreceli
standart sapma %3'ün altındadır. Geliştirilen prosedür, musluk suyu ve nehir suyu örneklerinin
incelenmesi için etkili bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

4-Nonilfenol, GC-MS, Sıvı-sıvı mikroekstraksiyon, Ön zenginleştirme

A Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method for The Determination of 4-Nonylphenol in Water Samples

Öz

In this study an environmentally-friendly, uncomplicated, and responsive method involving dispersive
liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was presented for the isolation and analysis of 4-nonylphenol in
aquatic environments. The extraction process employed the undecanol–water dispersive liquid-liquid
system to isolate 4-nonylphenol. Essential variables impacting the efficiency of microextraction, such
as the quantities of 1-undecanol and acetonitrile, as well as the ionic strength of the aqueous solution,
were fine-tuned. Furthermore, the chromatographic parameters of the Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometer (GC-MS) were optimized for precise analysis, and the analysis of 4-nonylphenol was
conducted using a linear calibration curve spanning 2-1000 µg/L, achieving a rapid 6-minute retention
time. The method exhibited a detection limit of 0.05 µg/L and a preconcentration factor of 188. Analyte
recovery rates ranged from 96% to 103%, having a relative standard deviation below 3%.The applied
procedure was effectively evaluated for its suitability in examining tap water and river water samples.

Anahtar Kelimeler

4-Nonylphenol, GC-MS, Liquid-liquid microextraction, Preconcentration

Kaynakça

• Abdulla Bin-Dohaish, E. J., 2012. The effects of 4-nonylphenol contamination on livers of Tilapia fish (Oreochromus spilurs) in Jeddah, Biological Research, 45(1),15-20.
• Altunay, N., Elik, A., Gürkan, R., 2019. A simple and green microextraction procedure for extraction of morin in food and beverages using ionic liquid, Food Analytical Methods, 12, 1747-1758.
• Anthemidis, A. N., Ioannou, K. I. G., 2009. Recent developments in homogeneous and dispersive liquid–liquid extraction for inorganic elements determination. A review, Talanta, 80(2),413-421. Aracier, E. D., Kök Yetimoğlu, E., Aydın Urucu, O., 2023. An eco-friendly and sensitive deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction procedure for extraction preconcentration of Pb (II) ions, Analytical Sciences, 39, 1065-1071.
• Aydın Urucu, O. A., Yurtman Gündüz, Z., Deniz, S., Kök Yetimoğlu, E., Aydın, A., 2014. A novel ligand for cloud point extraction to determine gold content in ore samples, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12, 449-453.
• Aydın Urucu, O., Aracier, E.D., 2021. Switchable solvent based liquid phase microextraction method for detection of cadmium in water samples with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Journal of AOAC International, 140(3), 645-649.
• Aydın Urucu, O., Yurtman Gündüz, Z., Kök Yetimoğlu, E., 2013. Cloud point preconcentration of gold (III) and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 20, 106-110.
• Bakanov, N., Honert, C., Eichler, L., Lehmann, G. U., Schulz, R., Brühl, C. A., 2023. A new sample preparation approach for the analysis of 98 current-use pesticides in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-MS/MS in combination with an acetonitrile-based extraction, Chemosphere, 331, 138840.
• Chormey, D. S., Bakırdere, S., 2023. Enhancing the quantification accuracy for selected endocrine disruptors in different tea samples by GC–MS using matrix matching calibration strategy, Microchemical Journal, 191, 108875.
• Deniz, S., Dartan, G., Türkmenoğlu, Y. K., 2018. Sistein İçeren Yeni Bir Adsorban Sentezi ve Sulu Ortamdan Pb (II) ve Hg (II) İyonlarının Giderimi, Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(3), 195-200.
• Erarpat, S., Bodur, S., Chormey, D.S., Bakırdere, S., 2019. Switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the determination of 4‑n‑nonylphenol in municipal wastewater, Microchemical Journal, 144, 1-5.
• Fattahi, N., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M. R. M., Jahromi, E. Z., 2007. Determination of chlorophenols in water samples using simultaneous dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and derivatization followed by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection, Journal of Chromatography A, 1157(1-2), 23-29.
• Fukamachi, K., Han, B.S., Kim, C.K., Takasuka, N.,Matsuoka, Y.,Matsuda, E., Yamasaki, T., Tsuda, H., 2004. Possible enhancing effects of atrazine and nonylphenol on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene-induced mammary tumor development in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats, Cancer Sci, 95, 404–410.
• Hailiang, Y. I. N., Tao, S. U. N., Tongna, Z. H. O. U., Xinliang, L. I. U., Yuan, P. A. N., Youhe, W. A. N. G., Di, L. I. U., 2023. Simultaneous determination of nine APs and BPA in water by solid-phase extraction and GC–MS analysis, Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 51(7), 100258.
• Hu, S., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Yang, J., Chen, D., Yan, P., 2021. Development of a pH-dependent homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction by cold-induced phase separation in acetonitrile/water mixtures for determination of quinolone residues in animal-derived foods, Journal of Chromatography A, 1649, 462235.
• Jie, X., Li, J., Zheng, F., Lei, G., Biao, Z., Jie, Yu., 2013. Neurotoxic effects of nonylphenol: a review, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 125, 61–70.
• Peng, G., He, Q., Al-Hamadani, S., Zhou, G., Liu, M., Zhu, H., Chen, J., 2015. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the determination of thiamphenicol and florfenicol in environmental water samples, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 115, 229-33.
• Pirsaheb, M., Fattahi, N., Shamsipur, M., 2013. Determination of organophosphorous pesticides in summer crops using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop, Food Control, 34, 378-385.
• Soylak, M., Unsal, Y. E., Yilmaz, E., Tuzen, M., 2011. Determination of rhodamine B in soft drink, waste water and lipstick samples after solid phase extraction, Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49(8), 1796-1799.
• Staniszewska, M., Nehring, I., Falkowska, L., Bodziach, K., 2018. Analytical methods for determination of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in herrings and physiological fluids of the grey seal, MethodsX, 5, 1124-1128.
• Urucu, O. A., Yetimoğlu, E. K., Dönmez, Ş., Deniz, S., 2019. Undecanol–ethanol–water ternary system-based microextraction for the detection of cadmium, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 84(4), 435-443.
• Weatherly, S., Lyons, R., 2023. The photolytic conversion of 4-nonylphenol to 4-nonylcatechol within snowpack of the Palisade Glacier, Sierra Nevada, CA, USA, The Science of The Total Environment, 876, 162835.
• Xiao, Q., Hu, B., Yu, C., Xia, L., Jiang, Z., 2006. Optimization of a single-drop microextraction procedure for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water and fruit juice with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection, Talanta, 69(4), 848-855.
• Xu, Y., Sun, M.-H., Xu, Y., Ju, J.-Q., Pan, M.-H., Pan, Z.-N., Sun, S.-C., 2020. Nonylphenol exposure affects mouse oocyte quality by inducing spindle defects and mitochondria dysfunction, Environ. Pollut., 266(1), 114967.
• Xue, L., Zhang, D., Wang, T., Wang, X., Du, X., 2014. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of phthalic esters in environmental water samples, Analytical Methods, 6, 1121-1127.
• Zhang, Y., Yan, P., Wan, Q., Yang, N., 2018. Integration of chromium terephthalate metal-organic frameworks with reduced graphene oxide for voltammetry of 4-nonylphenol, Carbon, 134, 540-547. Zhao, W., Zhao, J., Zhao, H., Cao, Y., Liu, W., 2018. Supramolecular solvent‐based vortex‐mixed microextraction: Determination of chiral triazole fungicide in beer samples, Chirality, 30(3), 302-309.
• Zheng, L., Zhang, C., Ma, J., Hong, S., She, Y., Abd Ei-Aty, A.M., He, Y., Yu, H., Liu, H., Wang, J., 2018. Fabrication of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid nanocomposites for the determination of 4-nonylphenol in packaged milk samples, Analytical Biochemistry, 559, 44-50.
• Zhou, Q., Gao, Y., Xie, G., 2011. Determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector, Talanta, 85(3), 1598-1602.