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Effect of Grain Size and Dosage of Silica Powder on the Strength, Durability and Porosity Performances of Self-Compacting Mortar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 894 - 909, 20.08.2024

Tekin Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1438648

Öz

In this study investigating the effects of silica powder (ST) replacement with different particle sizes (micro: M-ST and nano: N-ST) on the workability, mechanical, porosity and statistical properties of self-compacting mortars (SCMs) manufactured by exploiting white-Portland cement (W-PC), the SCMs were produced by utilizing only W-PC and replacing W-PC with 2-4-7wt.% M-ST/N-ST at 0.50 and 0.70 water/cement ratios. The workability of fresh mixtures was evaluated according to EFNARC (2005) by subjecting them to mini-slump flow (M−SF) and V-funnel (V-F) tests. The compressive-(CS) and flexural-strength (FS) tests were performed on the hardened-SCMs after 28-56 days, while, freeze-thaw (F-T) and porosity (P) tests were applied after 28 days. The relationship (CS-FS, P-CS and P-FS) models between the findings were also examined with statistical analyses (t- and F-test). The fresh-mixtures test results showed that increasing the ST proportion slightly decreased the SCMs’ workability (decrease in M-SF and increase in V-F time), but all mixtures met the limit-values set by EFNARC (2005). The hardened-SCMs' findings revealed that ST replacement to W-PC improved the strength performances (CS/FS= up to 42.8/22.4%), limited the F-T-induced strength-losses up to 3.7/5.3% for CS/FS, and decreased the porosity from 16.3-17.1% to 14.3-15.5%, regardless of mixture traits. The replacement of 7wt.% ST (especially N-ST) were observed to possess a considerably high contribution on the SCMs’ strength/porosity performance. The statistical analysis results demonstrated that the relationship models between the findings were linear (r≥ 0.845) and the r-values and equations were significant as a result of t- and F-tests.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Micro-/nano-silica powder White-Portland cement Compressive/flexural strength Freeze-thaw Porosity Statistical analysis

Kaynakça

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  • Almohammad-Albakkar, M. and Behfarnia, K., 2021. Effects of the combined usage of micro and nano-silica on the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the self-compacting concrete. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 10(2), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2020.1755382
  • Al-Oran, A.A.A., Safiee, N.A. and Nasir, N.A.M., 2022. Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete using metakaolin and GGBS as cement replacement. Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26, 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1663268
  • Altuncı, Y.T. ve Öcal. C., 2022. Yer fıstığı kabuğu külünün SİFCON’un bazı mühendislik özelliklerine etkisi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(3), 869-877. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.888538
  • Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S., 2022. Effect of ferrosilicon and silica fume on mechanical, durability, and microstructure characteristics of ultra high-performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 320, 126233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126233
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  • ASTM C305-20, 2020. Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C348-21, 2021. Standard test method for flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C642-13, 2022. Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C666M, 2015. Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Benli, A., Karataş, M. and Bakir, Y., 2017. An experimental study of different curing regimes on the mechanical properties and sorptivity of self-compacting mortars with fly ash and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 552-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.228
  • Benli, A., 2019. Mechanical and durability properties of self‐compacting mortars containing binary and ternary mixes of fly ash and silica fume. Structural Concrete, 20(3), 1096-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800302
  • Benli, A. ve Karataş, M., 2019. Uçucu kül ve silis dumanı ikameli üçlü karışımlardan üretilen kendiliğinden yerleşen harçların durabilite ve dayanım özellikleri. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 10(1), 335-345. https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.474074
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  • Bernal, J., Reyes, E., Massana, J., León, N. and Sánchez, E., 2018. Fresh and mechanical behavior of a self-compacting concrete with additions of nano-silica, silica fume and ternary mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 160, 196-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.048
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Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 894 - 909, 20.08.2024

Tekin Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1438648

Öz

Beyaz-Portland çimentosu (B-PÇ) ile üretilen kendiliğinden yerleşen harçların (KYH) işlenebilirlik, mekanik, porozite ve istatistiksel özellikleri üzerinde farklı tane boyutuna (mikro: M-ST ve nano: N-ST) sahip silika tozu (ST) ikamesinin etkilerinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, 0,50 ve 0,70 su/çimento oranında kontrol KYH ve B-PÇ yerine %2-4-7 oranlarında M-ST ve N-ST ikame edilerek KYH’ler hazırlanmıştır. Taze karışımlar, yayılma çapı (YÇ) ve V-hunisi (V-H) akış süresi testlerine tabi tutularak EFNARC’a (2005) göre karışımların işlenebilirlik özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sertleşmiş KYH’ler üzerinde 28-56 günlük kür süresi sonunda basınç dayanımı (BD) ve eğilme dayanımı (ED) testleri uygulanırken, donma-çözülme (D-Ç) ve porozite (P) testleri 28 gün sonunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bulgular arasındaki (BD-ED, P-BD ve P-ED) ilişki modelleri istatistiksel (t- ve F-testi) olarak incelenmiştir. Taze karışımların test sonuçları, ST miktarı artışının KYH’lerin işlenebilirliklerini (YÇ’de azalma ve V-H süresinde artma) kısmen azalttığını göstermesiyle birlikte tüm karışımlar EFNARC’ın (2005) belirlediği sınır değerleri sağlamıştır. Sertleşmiş KYH’lerin bulguları, B-PÇ’ye yapılan ST ikamesinin, karışım özelliklerinden bağımsız KYH’lerin dayanım performanslarını (BD/ED= %42,8/22,4’e kadar) iyileştirdiğini, D-Ç kaynaklı mukavemet kayıplarını BD/ED için sırasıyla %3,7/5,3’e kadar sınırlandırdığını ve poroziteyi %16,3-17,1’den 14,3-15,5’e azalttığını ortaya koymuştur. KYH’lerin dayanım/porozite performansı konusunda %7 ST (özellikle N-ST) ikamesinin oldukça yüksek katkısının olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz sonuçları, bulgular arasındaki ilişki modellerinin doğrusal olduğunu (r≥ 0,845), ve t- ve F-testleri sonucunda r-değerleri ve eşitliklerin anlamlı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikro-/Nano-silika tozu Beyaz-Portland çimentosu Basınç/eğilme dayanımı Donma-çözülme Porozite İstatistiksel analiz

Kaynakça

  • Açıkgenç, M., Karataş, M. ve Ulucan, Z.Ç., 2013. Elazığ yöresine ait atık tuğla ve kireç taşı tozunun kendiliğinden yerleşen harcın mühendislik özelliklerine etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(6), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2013.24633
  • Almohammad-Albakkar, M. and Behfarnia, K., 2021. Effects of the combined usage of micro and nano-silica on the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the self-compacting concrete. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 10(2), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2020.1755382
  • Al-Oran, A.A.A., Safiee, N.A. and Nasir, N.A.M., 2022. Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete using metakaolin and GGBS as cement replacement. Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26, 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1663268
  • Altuncı, Y.T. ve Öcal. C., 2022. Yer fıstığı kabuğu külünün SİFCON’un bazı mühendislik özelliklerine etkisi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(3), 869-877. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.888538
  • Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S., 2022. Effect of ferrosilicon and silica fume on mechanical, durability, and microstructure characteristics of ultra high-performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 320, 126233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126233
  • ASTM C109-16, 2016. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C305-20, 2020. Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C348-21, 2021. Standard test method for flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C642-13, 2022. Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C666M, 2015. Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Benli, A., Karataş, M. and Bakir, Y., 2017. An experimental study of different curing regimes on the mechanical properties and sorptivity of self-compacting mortars with fly ash and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 552-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.228
  • Benli, A., 2019. Mechanical and durability properties of self‐compacting mortars containing binary and ternary mixes of fly ash and silica fume. Structural Concrete, 20(3), 1096-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800302
  • Benli, A. ve Karataş, M., 2019. Uçucu kül ve silis dumanı ikameli üçlü karışımlardan üretilen kendiliğinden yerleşen harçların durabilite ve dayanım özellikleri. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 10(1), 335-345. https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.474074
  • Benli, A., Karatas, M. and Toprak, H.A., 2020. Mechanical characteristics of self-compacting mortars with raw and expanded vermiculite as partial cement replacement at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 239, 117895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117895
  • Bernal, J., Reyes, E., Massana, J., León, N. and Sánchez, E., 2018. Fresh and mechanical behavior of a self-compacting concrete with additions of nano-silica, silica fume and ternary mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 160, 196-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.048
  • Bhagat, N.K. and Gahir, J.S., 2018. Effect of micro-silica and nano-silica on mechanical properties of concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9, 1-7.
  • Çakır, Ö. And Aköz, F., 2008. Effect of curing conditions on the mortars with and without GGBFS. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), 308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.013
  • Du, H., Du, S. and Liu, X., 2014. Durability performances of concrete with nano-silica. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 705-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.014
  • Du, H. and Tan, K.H., 2017. Properties of high volume glass powder concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 75, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.10.010
  • EFNARC, 2005. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. The European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems (EFNARC).
  • Etli, S., Yılmaz, T. and Hansu, O., 2024. Effect of White-Portland cement containing micro and nano silica on the mechanical and freeze-thaw properties of self compacting mortars. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 50, 101614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101614
  • Faheem, A., Rizwan, S.A., Bier, T.A., 2021. Properties of self-compacting mortars using blends of limestone powder, fly ash, and zeolite powder. Construction and Building Materials, 286, 122788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122788
  • Fattouh, M.S., Tayeh, B.A., Agwa, I.S. and Elsayed, E.K., 2023. Improvement in the flexural behaviour of road pavement slab concrete containing steel fibre and silica fume. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01720
  • Felekoğlu, B., Tosun, K., Baradan, B., Altun, A. and Uyulgan, B., 2006. The effect of fly ash and limestone fillers on the viscosity and compressive strength of self-compacting repair mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(9), 1719-1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.04.002
  • Galaa, A.M., Thompson, B.D., Grabinsky, M.W. and Bawden, W.F., 2011. Characterizing stiffness development in hydrating mine backfill using ultrasonic wave measurements. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(8), 1174-1187. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-026
  • Garg, R., Garg, R., Bansal, M. and Aggarwal, Y., 2021. Experimental study on strength and microstructure of mortar in presence of micro and nano-silica. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 769-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.167
  • Garg, R., Garg, R., Eddy, N.O., Khan, M.A., Khan, A.H., Alomayri, T. and Berwal, P., 2023. Mechanical strength and durability analysis of mortars prepared with fly ash and nano-metakaolin. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01796
  • Gesoglu, M., Güneyisi, E., Asaad, D.S. and Muhyaddin, G.F., 2016. Properties of low binder ultra-high performance cementitious composites: Comparison of nanosilica and microsilica. Construction and Building Materials, 102, 706-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.020
  • Gupta, N., Siddique, R. and Belarbi, R., 2021. Sustainable and greener self-compacting concrete incorporating industrial by-products: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124803
  • Güneyisi, E., Gesoğlu, M. and Özbay, E., 2009. Effects of marble powder and slag on the properties of self compacting mortars. Materials and Structures, 42(6), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9426-2
  • Güneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Al-Goody, A. and İpek, S., 2015. Fresh and rheological behavior of nano-silica and fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.142
  • Güneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Azez, O.A. and Öz, H.Ö., 2016. Effect of nano silica on the workability of self-compacting concretes having untreated and surface treated lightweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 115, 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.055
  • Hani, N., Nawawy, O., Ragab, K.S. and Kohail, M., 2018. The effect of different water/binder ratio and nano-silica dosage on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 504-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.045
  • Jiao, Z., Li, X. and Yu, Q., 2021. Effect of curing conditions on freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymer mortars containing various calcium resources. Construction and Building Materials, 313, 125507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125507
  • Kara, İ.B. and Durmuş, Ö.F., 2019. Effect of nano silica on cement mortars containing micro silica. Concrete Research Letters, 10(2), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2019.02.003
  • Karataş, M., Benli, A. and Ergin, A., 2017. Influence of ground pumice powder on the mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 150, 467-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.220
  • Karatas, M., Benli, A. and Arslan, F., 2020. The effects of kaolin and calcined kaolin on the durability and mechanical properties of self-compacting mortars subjected to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 265, 120300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120300
  • Koksal, F., Yıldırım, M.S., Benli, A. and Gencel, O., 2021. Hybrid effect of micro-steel and basalt fibers on physico-mechanical properties and durability of mortars with silica fume. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00649
  • Li, H., Xiao, H.G., Yuan, J. and Ou, J., 2004. Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites Part B: Engineering, 35(2), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00052-0
  • Li, L.G., Huang, Z.H., Zhu, J., Kwan, A.K.H. and Chen, H.Y., 2017a. Synergistic effects of micro-silica and nano-silica on strength and microstructure of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 140, 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.115
  • Li, L.G., Zhu, J., Huang, Z.H., Kwan, A.K.H. and Li, L.J., 2017b. Combined effects of micro-silica and nano-silica on durability of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 157, 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.105
  • Mohseni, E., Miyandehi, B.M., Yang, J. and Yazdi, M.A., 2015. Single and combined effects of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2 on the mechanical, rheological and durability properties of self-compacting mortar containing fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 84, 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.006
  • Nandhini, K. and Ponmalar, V., 2021. Effect of blending micro and nano silica on the mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting concrete. Silicon, 13(3), 687-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00475-5
  • Naniz, O.A. and Mazloom, M., 2018. Effects of colloidal nano-silica on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.08.014
  • Nasr, D., Behforouz, B., Borujeni, P.R., Borujeni, S.A. and Zehtab, B., 2019. Effect of nano-silica on mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting mortar containing natural zeolite: Experimental investigations and artificial neural network modeling. Construction and Building Materials, 229, 116888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116888
  • Nili, M. and Ehsani, A., 2015. Investigating the effect of the cement paste and transition zone on strength development of concrete containing nanosilica and silica fume. Materials & Design, 75, 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.024
  • Omran, A.F., Etienne, D., Harbec, D. and Tagnit-Hamou, A., 2017. Long-term performance of glass-powder concrete in large-scale field applications. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.218
  • Öz, H.Ö., 2017. Atık cam tozu ve yüksek fırın cürufunun içeren kendiliğinden yerleşen harçların taze, mekanik ve durabilite özellikleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.356752
  • Quercia, G., Spiesz, P., Hüsken, G. and Brouwers, H.J.H., 2014. SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica. Cement and Concrete Composites, 45, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.001
  • Saraç, S., Karatas, M. and Benli, A., 2023. The effect of dunite powder and silica fume on the viscosity, physico-mechanical properties and sulphate resistance of self-compacting mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 375, 130970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130970
  • Schwarz, N., Cam, H. and Neithalath, N., 2008. Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison to fly ash. Cement and Concrete composites, 30(6), 486-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.02.001
  • Seifan, M., Mendoza, S. and Berenjian, A., 2020. Mechanical properties and durability performance of fly ash based mortar containing nano-and micro-silica additives. Construction and Building Materials, 252, 119121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119121
  • Senff, L., Hotza, D., Repette, W.L., Ferreira, V.M. and Labrincha, J.A., 2010. Effect of nanosilica and microsilica on microstructure and hardened properties of cement pastes and mortars. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 109(2), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1179/174367509X12502621261659
  • Sun, M., Bennett, T. and Visintin, P., 2022. Plastic and early-age shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): Experimental study of the effect of water to binder ratios, silica fume dosages under controlled curing conditions. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16, e00948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00948
  • Şahmaran, M., Christianto, H.A. and Yaman, İ.Ö., 2006. The effect of chemical admixtures and mineral additives on the properties of self-compacting mortars. Cement and concrete composites, 28(5), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.12.003
  • Türk, E., Karataş, M. and Dener, M., 2022. Rheological, mechanical and durability properties of self-compacting mortars containing basalt powder and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 356, 129229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129229
  • Tüysüz, N. ve Yaylalı-Abanuz, G., 2012. Jeoistatistik; Kavramlar ve Bilgisayarlı Uygulamalar, KTÜ Matbaası, 382 s.
  • Uygunoğlu, T., Topçu, İ.B., Şimşek, B. ve Çınar, E., 2018. Kendiliğinden yerleşen harçların elektriksel özdirenci üzerine mineral katkıların etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 986-992. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.46877
  • Uygunoğlu, T., Güneş, İ., Ersoy, B. ve Evcin, A., 2017. Kendiliğinden yerleşen polimerik harçlarda mineral katkının reolojik özeliklere etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(4), 1365-1378. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.369858
  • Wang, W., Wang, S., Yao, D., Wang, X., Yu, X. and Zhang, Y., 2020. Fabrication of all-dimensional superhydrophobic mortar with enhanced waterproof ability and freeze-thaw resistance. Construction and Building Materials, 238, 117626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117626
  • Zhang, P. and Li, Q.F., 2013. Effect of silica fume on durability of concrete composites containing fly ash. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 20(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0081
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tekin Yılmaz 0000-0003-3288-5192

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, T. (2024). Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 894-909. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1438648
AMA Yılmaz T. Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Ağustos 2024;24(4):894-909. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1438648
Chicago Yılmaz, Tekin. “Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu Ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite Ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24, sy. 4 (Ağustos 2024): 894-909. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1438648.
EndNote Yılmaz T (01 Ağustos 2024) Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24 4 894–909.
IEEE T. Yılmaz, “Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 4, ss. 894–909, 2024, doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.1438648.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Tekin. “Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu Ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite Ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24/4 (Ağustos 2024), 894-909. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1438648.
JAMA Yılmaz T. Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;24:894–909.
MLA Yılmaz, Tekin. “Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu Ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite Ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 4, 2024, ss. 894-09, doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1438648.
Vancouver Yılmaz T. Silika Tozu Tane Boyutu ve Dozajının Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Harçların Dayanım, Durabilite ve Porozite Performansına Etkisi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;24(4):894-909.
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