Geochemistry of Lower-Middle Eocene aged fossiliferous limestones in Eflani area (Karabük): Depositional Environment and Paleotemperature Characteristics

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 5, 1202 - 1215, 01.10.2025

Asuman Kahya , Metin Bağci

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1599840

Öz

The geochemistry of Lower-Middle Eocene fossiliferous limestone of Yağlıca village (Eflani, Karabük) was studied using major, trace elements and stable isotopes to investigate paleo redox condition, depositional environment, and paleoclimate. The fossiliferous limestones in the study area indicate an oxic condition according to the V/Cr, V/Sc, U/Th, Ni/Co ratios, and disoxide environment according to the V/(V+Ni) ratio. Based on the average -1.85 Mn* value, it was determined that the fossiliferous limestones in the study area occurred under reducing conditions. The Ce anomaly value is between 0.47 and 0.59, indicating that it precipitates from seawater under oxidizing conditions. The palaeoclimate index ∑(Fe + Mn + Cr + Ni + V + Co)/∑(Ca + Mg + Sr +Ba + K + Na) ranges from 0.087 to 0.09 indicating an arid condition during the sedimentation of the limestone.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geochemistry , Lower-Middle Eocene , fossilliferous limestone , paleo-redox condition , Yağlıca village , Türkye

Proje Numarası

-

Eflani yöresi (Karabük) Alt-Orta Eosen yaşlı fosilli kireçtaşlarının Jeokimyası: Çökelme Ortamı ve Paleosıcaklık Özellikleri

Öz

Yağlıca köyü (Eflani, Karabük)’nde yer alan Alt-Orta Eosen yaşlı fosilli kireçtaşından oluşan Safranbolu Formasyonu’nun jeokimyası, paleoredoks koşulları, çökelme ortamı ve paleoiklim koşulları ana, eser ve iz elementler değerleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanındaki fosilli kireçtaşının V/Cr, V/Sc, U/Th, Ni/Co oranlarına göre oksik koşulları, V/(V+Ni) oranına göre disoksit ortamı ifade etmektedir. Ortalama -1.85 olan Mn* değerine göre çalışma alanındaki fosilli kireçtaşının indirgen koşullarda oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Ce anomali değeri ise 0,47 ile 0,59 arasında değişmekte olup, oksitleyici koşullar altında deniz suyundan itibaren çökeldiğini ifade etmektedir. 0,038 ila 0,04 arasında değişen paleoiklim indeksi (∑ (Fe + Mn + Cr + Ni + V + Co)/∑ (Ca + Mg + Sr +Ba + K + Na) değerlerine göre, fosilli kireçtaşının çökelmesi sırasında ortamın kurak olduğunu belirtmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

jeokmya , Alt-Orta Eosen , fosilli kireçtaşı , paleoredoks koşulları , Yağlıca köyü , Aflani , Türkiye

Etik Beyan

Herhangibir çıkar çatışması yoktur.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

MTA Genel Müdürlüğü

Kaynakça

• Akkoca, D.B., 2017. Geochemistry of Neogene Lacustrine Sediments from Western of Elazığ (Turkey): Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Setting. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17/3, 1109-1121. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.66277
• Eker, Ç.S., Arı, U.V., 2022. Geochemical characterization of late Jurassic – early Cretaceous age limestones from Gümüşhane (NE-Turkey): Identification of the source of organic matter and paleoenvironment conditions. Carbonates and Evaporites, 38:12, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-022-00835-9
• German C.R., Hergt, J., Palmer, M.R., Edmond, J.M., 1999. Geochemistry of a hydrothermal sediment core from the OBS vent-field, 21°N East Pacific Rise. Chemical Geology, 155, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00141-7
• Gedik, İ., Önalan, M., 2001. Çamdağ (Sakarya ili) Paleozoyik stratigrafisine ait yeni gözlemler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 14/ 1-2, 61-76.
• Goldberg, E.D., Koide, M., Schmitt, R.A., 1963. Rare earth distributions in the marine environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 68, 4209–4217. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i014p04209
• Görür, N., Monod, O., Okay, A.I., Şengör, A.M.C., Tüysüz, O., Yiğitbaş, E., Sakınç, M., Akkök, R. 1997. Palaeogeographic and tectonic position of the Carboniferous rocks of the western Pontides (Turkey) in the frame of the Variscan belt. Bulletin De La Société Géologique de France, 168(2), 197- 205.
• Haskin, M.A., Haskin, L.A., 1966. Rare Earths İn European Shales, A Redetermination. Science, 154, 507–509. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3748.507
• Jones, B., Manning, D.A.C., 1994. Comparison of geological indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111, 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X Kaya, O., 1978. İstanbul Ordovisiyen ve Silüriyeni. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü Yayın Organı, 4 (1-2), 1-22.
• Kaya, O. ve Dizer, A., 1981. Bolu Kuzeyi Üst Kretase ve paleojen kayalarının Stratigrafisi, MTA Dergisi, Sayı, 97/98, 57-77.
• Kaya, O., 1982. Ereğli, Yığılca, Bolu, Kuzey Mengen alanlarının stratigrafi ve yapı Özellikleri, TPAO Rapor No. 1639.
• Kaya, O., Dizer, A., 1983. Stratigraphy and structural features of the Mengen (Bolu) Eocene coal basin, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 97/98, 123-139.
• Kamber, B.S., Webb, G.E., 2001. The geochemistry of late Archaean microbial carbonate: implications for ocean chemistry and continental erosion history. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 2509-2525. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00613-5
• Kemp, R.A., Trueman, C.N., 2003. Rare earth elements in Solnhofen biogenic apatite: Geochemical clues to the palaeoenvironment. Sedimentary Geology, 155, 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00163-X
• Koçyiğit, A. 1987. Karabük-Safranbolu Tersiyer havzası kuzey kenarının stratigrafisi ve niteliği, 30, 61-69, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, Şubat Sayısı, Ankara.
• Kimura, H., Watanabe, Y., 2001. Oceanic anoxia at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Geology, 29, 995–998. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029%3C0995:OAATPC%3E2.0.CO;2
• Klinkhammer, G.P., Palmer, M.R., 1991. Uranium in the oceans: Where it goes and why. Geochimica et. Cosmochimica Acta, 55/7, 1799-1806p. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90024-Y
• Koçyiğit A (1987) Stratigraphy and nature of the northern margin of the Karabük-Safranbolu Tertiary basin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 30, 61-69.
• Koralay, T., Kılınçarslan, S., 2015. Minero-petrographic and isotopic characterization of two antique marble quarries in the Deni̇zli̇ region (western Anatolia, Turkey). Periodico Di Mineralogia, 84/2, 263-288. https://doi.org/10.2451/2015PM0013
• Liu, Y.G., Miah, M.R.U., Schmitt, R.A., 1988. Cerium, a chemical tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1361–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90207-4
• McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.-s., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, 223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
• Madhavaraju, J., Lee, Y.I., 2009. Geochemistry of the Dalmiapuram Formation of the Uttatur Group (Early Cretaceous), Cauvery basin, southeastern India: implications on provenance and paleoredox conditions. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, 26(2), 380–394.
• Madhavaraju, J., Ramasamy, S., 1999. Rare earth elements in limestones of Kallankurichchi Formation of Ariyalur Group, Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 54, 291–301.
• Madhavaraju, J., Ramasamy, S., 1999a. Rare earth elements in limestones of Kallankurichchi Formation of Ariyalur Group, Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Geological Society of India, 54, 291–301.
• Madhavaraju, J., Lee, Y.I., 2010. Influence of Deccan volcanism in the sedimentary rocks of Late Maastrichtian-Danian age of Cauvery basin Southeastern India: constraints from geochemistry. Current Sciences, 98(4), 528–537.
• Madhavaraju, J., González-León, C.M., 2012. Depositional conditions and source of rare earth elements in carbonate strata of the Aptian-Albian Mural Formation, Pitaycachi section, northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 29, 478-491.
• Madhavaraju, J., Hussain, S.M., Ugeswari, J., Nagarajan, R., Ramasamy, S., Mahalakshmi, P., 2015. Chapter 10- Paleo-Redox Conditions of the Albian-Danian Carbonate Rocks of the Cauvery Basin, South India: Implications for Chemostratigraphy. Chemostratigraphy, 247-271.
• Marshner, H., 1968. Ca-Mg-distribution in carbonates from the Lower Keuper in NW-Germany. In: Recent developments in carbonate sedimentology in Central Europe. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 128–135.
• Machhour, L., Philip, J., Oudin, J.L., 1994. Formation of laminite deposits in anaerobic–dysaerobic marine environments. Marine Geology, 117, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90021-3
• Mir, A.R., 2015. Rare earth element geochemistry of Post- to Neo-Archean shales from Singhbhum mobile belt, Eastern India: implications for tectonic setting and paleo-oxidation conditions. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 34, 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-015-0052-8
• Morad, S., Al-Aasm, I.S., Sirat, M., Sattar, M.M., 2010. Vein calcite in Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of Abu Dhabi: Record of origin of fluids and diagenetic conditions. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 106, 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.03.002
• Moradi, A.V., Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., 2016. Geochemistry of the Miocene oil shale (Hançili Formation) in the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Central Turkey: Implications for Paleoclimate conditions, source–area. Sedimentary Geology, 341, 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.05.002
• Murray, R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink, M., Jones, D.L., Gerlach, D.C., Price Russ III, G., 1990. Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments in chert and shale. Geology, 18, 268–271. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018%3C0268:REEAIO%3E2.3.CO;2
• Murray, R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink, M., Gerlach, D.C., Price Russ III, G., Jones, D.L., 1992. Interoceanic variation in the rare earth, major and trace element depositional chemistry of chert: perspectives gained from the DSDP and ODP record. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 1897–1913. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90319-E
• Nath, B.N., Roelandts, I., Sudhakar, M., Plueger, W.L., 1992. Rare Earth Element patterns of the Central Indian Basin sediments related to their lithology. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1197–1200.
• Nath, B.N., Bau, M., Ramalingeswara Rao, B., Rao, Ch.M., 1997. Trace and rare earth elemental variation in Arabian Sea sediments through a transect across the oxygen minimum zone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 2375–2388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00094-X
• Nothdurft, L.D., Webb, G.E., Kamber, B.S., 2004. Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates, Canning Basin, Western Australia: confirmation of a seawater proxy in ancient limestones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00422-8
• Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand B, Jolivet L, Horvc¸th F, Ranne M (eds) The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society London Special Publications, 156, 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
• Özyurt, M., Kırmacı, M.Z., Al-Aasm, I., Hollis, C., Taslı, K., Kandemir, R., 2020. REE Characteristics of Lower Cretaceous Limestone Succession in Gümüshane, NE Turkey: Implications for Ocean Paleoredox Conditions and Diagenetic Alteration. Minerals, 10(8)/ 683, 2-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080683
• Pehlivanlı, B.Y., 2019. Factors controlling the paleo-sedimentary conditions of Çeltek oil shale, Sorgun-Yozgat/Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 158, 251-263. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.494703
• Qui, X.W., Liu, C.Y., Wang, F.F., Deng, Y., Mao, G.Z., 2015. Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of the upper triasscic mudstones in the southern ordors basin, central Chine. Geological Journal, 50 (4), 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2542
• Rimmer, S.M., 2004. Geochemical Paleoredox Indicators in Devonian-Mississippian black Shales, central Appalachian basin (USA). Chemical Geology, 206, 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.029
• Sarkar, A., Bhattacharya, S.K., Sarin, M.M., 1993. Geochemical evidence for anoxic deep water in the Arabian Sea during the last glaciation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57/5, 1009-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90036-V
• Saner, S., Taner, I., Aksoy, Z., Siyako, M., Bürkan, K.A., 1980. Karabük-Safranbolu bölgesinin jeolojisi, Türkiye 5. Petrol Kongresi, s:111-122.
• Serdar, H., Demir, O., 1983. Bolu, Mengen, Devrek dolayının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları. TPAO rapor No.1322 (yayınlanmamış).
• Scherer, M., Seitz, H., 1980. Rare-earth element distribution in Holocene and Pleistocene corals and their distribution during diagenesis. Chemical Geology, 28, 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(80)90049-2
• Schieber, J., 1988. Redistribution of rare earth elements during diagenesis of carbonate rocks from Mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation, Montana, USA. Chemical Geology, 69, 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90163-5
• Somayajulu, B.L.K., Yadav, D.N., Sarin, M.M., 1994. Recent sedimentary records from the Arabian Sea. Proceedings of the Indian Academy Sciences, 103, 315–327.
• Srivastava, V.K., Singh, B.P., 2018. Depositional environments and sources for the middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation, Kachchh Basin, western India: Evidences from facies analysis, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Geology Journal, 54(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3154.
• Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F., (1989). Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
• Tao, S., Xu, Y., Tang, D., Xu, H., Li, S., Chen, S., Liu, W., Cui, Y., Gou, M., 2017. Geochemistry of the Shitoumei oil shale in the Santanghu Basin, Northwest China: Implications for paleoclimate conditions, weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Internationa Journal of Coal Geology, 184, 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.11.007
• Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T.J., Lyons, T., Riboulleau, A., 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update. Chemical Geology, 232, 12–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012
• Tlig, S., M’Rabet, A., 1985. A comparative study of the Rare Earth element (REE) distributions within the lower Cretaceous dolomites and limestones of Central Tunisia, Sedimentology, 32, 897–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-91.1985.tb00739.x
• Veizer, J., 1983. Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique. In: Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J., and Land, L.S. (eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. The Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists, 3-100p.
• Wedepohl, K.H., 1978b. Manganese: abundance in common sediments and sedimentary rocks; in K. H. Wedepohl, ed., Handbook of Geochemistry, II-3, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 25-K-1-25-K-17.
• Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: its Composition And Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 21-1, 312 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350210116
• Wignall, P.B., Twitchett, R.J., 1996. Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science, 272, 1155–1158. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5265.1155
• Zhang, K., Liu, R., Liu, Z.J., Li, B.L., Han, J.B., Zhao, K.A., 2020. Influence of volcanic and hydrothermal activity on organic matter enrichment in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, southern Ordos Basin, Central China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 112, 104059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104059
• Zhao, Z.Y., Zhao, J.H., Wang, H.J., Liao, J.D., Liu, C.M., 2007. Distribution characteristics and applications of trace elements in Junggar Basin. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 30, 30–33 (in Chinese with English abstract).
• Zhao, Y.Y., Zheng, Y.F., Chen, F., 2009. Trace element and strontium isotope constraints on the sedimentary environment of Ediacaran carbonates in southern Anhui, South China. Chemical Geology, 265, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.04.015
• Timur, E., Aksay, A., 2002. 1/100000 ölçekli, Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasi, Zonguldak-F29 Paftası.
• Wignall, P.B., Myers, K.J., 1988. Interpreting the benthic oxygen levels in mudrocks, a new approach. Geology, 16(5), 452–455. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016%3C0452:IBOLIM%3E2.3.CO;2
• Wright, J., Seymour, R.S., Shaw, H.I., 1984. REE and Nd isotopes in conodont apatite variations with geological age and depositional environment. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 196, 325–340.
• Wignall, P.B., 1994. Black shales. University of Leeds, Clarendon Press, Oxford,30, 136p.
• Turgeon, S., Brumsack, H.J., 2006. Anoxic vs dysonic events reflected in sediment geochemistry during the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event (Cretaceous) in the Umbria-Marche Basin of central Italy. Chemical Geology, 234(3-4), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.05.008