ZnO-NP’lerin Thymbra spicata L. Kullanılarak Fito-Fabrikasyonu; Antibakteriyel, Antibiyofilm ve Antikanser Araştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 6, 1291 - 1300

Yusuf Ceylan , Nesrin Korkmaz , Fatma Nur Kaçan , Ali Aydin

Öz

Bu çalışmamızda Thymbra spicata L. bitkisi özütü kullanılarak ZnO-NP’lerin yeşil sentez yolu ile sentezlenmiştir. T. spicata hem güzel kokusuyla hem de birçok olumlu etkisiyle bilinmektedir. Bu bitkinin içerdiği fitokimyasallar sentez de indirgeyici bir ajan olarak görev almaktadır. Hazırlanan ZnO-NP’lerin karekterizasyonu XRD analizleri, EDX ve STEM görüntüsü ile sağlandı. Karakterizasyon sonucunda XRD analizinde ZnO-NP’lerine atfedilen 32.81⁰, 35.43⁰, 37.42⁰, 44.51⁰, 55.62⁰, 63.86⁰, 65.42⁰, 68.92⁰, 70.13⁰, 73.52⁰, 76.77⁰' pikler gözlendi. STEM görüntü analizlerinde ZnO-NP’leri genelde küresel şekillere sahip oldukları ve ortalama 38 nm olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada yeşil sentezle elde edilmiş olan ZnO-NP’lerin antibakteriyel, antibiyofilm ve antikanser gibi biyolojik aktiviteleri çalışılmıştır. ZnO-NP’lerin tüm bakteri suşlarına karşı antibakteriyel sonuç verdiği belirlenirken, S. gordonii NCTC 7870 suşuna karşı 16 µg/mL konsantrasyonda MİK değeri belirlenmiştir. Biyofilm inhibisyonu ile ilgili yapılan çalışma sonucunda P. aeruginosa AGME ATCC 27853 suşuna karşı 8,55 µg/mL gibi çok düşük bir konsantrasyonda antibiyofilm sonucu elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nanoteknoloji , ZnO-NP , yeşil sentez , kekik , antikanser , antimikrobiyal

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012200897

Teşekkür

Bu araştırma için finansal destek TÜBİTAK 2209-A üniversite öğrencileri araştırma projeleri desteği tarafından desteklenmiştir (Proje No: 1919B012200897).

Phyto-Fabrication of ZnO-NPs using Thymbra spicata L.; Research of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm and Anticancer Properties

Öz

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized through a green synthesis method using the extract of Thymbra spicata L. in this study. The T. spicata plant is well-known for its pleasant aroma and numerous beneficial effects. The phytochemicals present in this plant act as reducing agents during the synthesis. The characterization of the synthesized ZnO-NPs was performed using XRD analysis, EDX, and STEM imaging. The XRD analysis revealed peaks at 32.81⁰, 35.43⁰, 37.42⁰, 44.51⁰, 55.62⁰, 63.86⁰, 65.42⁰, 68.92⁰, 70.13⁰, 73.52⁰, and 76.77⁰, which are attributed to ZnO-NPs. STEM image analysis showed that the ZnO-NPs were predominantly spherical in shape with an average size of 38 nm. The biological activities of the ZnO-NPs synthesized through green synthesis, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer properties, were investigated in this study. The ZnO-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL determined against S. gordonii NCTC 7870. Furthermore, antibiofilm activity was observed at a very low concentration of 8.55 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa AGME ATCC 27853.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nanotechnology , ZnO-NP , green synthesis , thyme , anticancer , antimicrobial

Proje Numarası

1919B012200897

Kaynakça

• Agarwal, H., Venkat Kumar, S., & Rajeshkumar, S. 2017. A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles – An eco-friendly approach. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 3(4), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REFFIT.2017.03.002
• Alheety, N. F., Mohammed, L. A., Majeed, A. H., Aydin, A., Ahmed, K. D., Alheety, M. A., Guma, M. A., & Dohare, S. 2023. Antiproliferative and antimicrobial studies of novel organic-inorganic nanohybrids of ethyl 2-((5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetate (EMBIA) with TiO2 and ZnO. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1274, 134489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134489
• Alshamsi, H., Al-Bedairy, M. A., & Alshamsi, H. A. H. 2018. Environmentally Friendly Preparation of Zinc Oxide, Study Catalytic Performance of Photodegradation by Sunlight for Rhodamine B Dye. Article in Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 13(6), 72. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejac/101785
• Ayodhya, D., Ambala, A., Balraj, G., Kumar, M. P., & Shyam, P. (2022). Green synthesis of CeO2 NPs using Manilkara zapota fruit peel extract for photocatalytic treatment of pollutants, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. Results in Chemistry, 4, 100441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100441
• Benli, M., & Yiğit, N. (2005). Ülkemizde yaygın kullanımı olan kekik (Thymus vulgaris) bitkisinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 3(8), 1–8.
• Bruunsgaard, H. 2005. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 78(4), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0505247
• Dagdeviren, C., Hwang, S.-W., Su, Y., Kim, S., Cheng, H., Gur, O., Haney, R., Omenetto, F. G., Huang, Y., Rogers, J. A., Dagdeviren, C., Hwang, S., Kim, S., Haney, R., Rogers, J. A., Su, Y., Cheng, H., Huang, Y., Gur, O., & Omenetto, F. G. 2013. Transient, Biocompatible Electronics and Energy Harvesters Based on ZnO. Nano Micro Small, 9(20), 3398–3404. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMLL.201300146
• Dönmez, S. 2020. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Zingiber Officinale Root Extract and Their Applications in Glucose Biosensor. El-Cezeri, 7(3), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.31202/ECJSE.729462
• Erci, F. 2018. Yeşil sentez ile elde edilen metal nanopartiküllerin antimikrobiyal ve antibiyoflim etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 195.
• Erci, F., Cakir-Koc, R., Isildak, I. 2018. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (zahter) aqueous leaf extract and evaluation of their morphology-dependent antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, 46(sup1), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1415917
• Erdoğan, Ö., Birtekocak, F., Oryaşin, E., Abbak, M., Demirbolat, G. M., Paşa, S., & Çevik, Ö. 2019. Enginar Yaprağı Sulu Ekstraktı Kullanılarak Çinko Oksit Nanopartiküllerinin Yeşil Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu, Anti-Bakteriyel ve Sitotoksik Etkileri. Duzce Medical Journal, 21(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.18678/DTFD.482351
• Faisal, S., Jan, H., Shah, S. A., Shah, S., Khan, A., Akbar, M. T., ... & Syed, S. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans: their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS omega, 6(14), 9709-9722. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00310
• Gedikoğlu, A., Sökmen, M., & Çivit, A. (2019). Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata essential oils and plant extracts for chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Food science & nutrition, 7(5), 1704-1714. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1007
• Gopala Krishna, P., Paduvarahalli Ananthaswamy, P., Yadavalli, T., Bhangi Mutta, N., Sannaiah, A., & Shivanna, Y. 2016. ZnO nanopellets have selective anticancer activity. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 62, 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEC.2016.02.039
• Görgeç, A. 2017. Metalik nanopartiküllerin biyolojik sentezi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya, 64.
• Güneş. Çimen C. 2021. Kekik Özütü Kullanarak Yeşil Sentezlenmiş Gümüş Nanopartikül Katkılı PCL/PLA Nanokompozit Fiber Üretimi, Karakterizasyonu ve Antibakteriyel Etkisinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstititüsü, Konya, 127.
• Gur, T., Meydan, I., Seckin, H., Bekmezci, M., & Sen, F. 2022. Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environmental Research, 204, 111897. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.111897
• Hasanuzzaman, M., Mokammel, M., Islam, M. J., Hashmi, S. 2023. Co-doped (N and Fe) TiO2 photosensitising nanoparticles and their applications: a review. Advanced in Materials and Processing Technologies, 10(3), 1320-1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2189634.
• Hong, R., Pan, T., Qian, J., Li, H. 2006. Synthesis and surface modification of ZnO nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 119(2–3), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2006.03.003
• Jadoun, S., Arif, R., Jangid, N. K., Meena, R. K. 2021. Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(1), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01074-x
• Jiang, J., Pi, J., & Cai, J. 2018. The Advancing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 208, 1062562. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1062562
• Karakaya, F. 2021. Yeşil sentez yöntemiyle Ruscus aculeatus L. bitkisi kullanılarak gümüş nanopartiküllerin sentezi ve antibiyofilm, antimikrobiyal, antikanser aktivitelerinin incelenmesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın, 98.
• Karam, S. T., Abdulrahman, A. F. 2022. Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles by Using Thyme Plant Leaf Extract. Photonics, 9(8), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/PHOTONICS9080594
• Kaviya, S., Santhanalakshmi, J., & Viswanathan, B. 2011. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract along with D-sorbitol: Study of antibacterial activity. Journal of Nanotechnology, 1613475. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/152970
• Khatami, M., Varma, R. S., Zafarnia, N., Yaghoobi, H., Sarani, M., & Kumar, V. G. 2018. Applications of green synthesized Ag, ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles for making clinical antimicrobial wound-healing bandages. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 10, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCP.2018.08.001
• Kiper, T. 2007. Yeni bazı benzimidazol türevi bileşiklerin sentez, yapı aydınlatılması ve biyolojik aktiviteleri üzerinde çalışmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 197.
• Koçer, O. K. 2021. Hatay Yöresinde Yetişen Thymbra spicata L. (Zahter/Karabaş Kekiği) Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağ Oran ve Bileşenlerinin Belirlenmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 27, 446–449. https://doi.org/10.31590/EJOSAT.963053
• Korbekandi, H., Iravani, S., & Abbasi, S. 2012. Optimization of biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 87(7), 932–937. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCTB.3702
• Korkmaz, N. 2019. Saintpaulia Sulu Yaprak Özütü Kullanılarak Sentezlenen Gümüş Nanopartiküllerin Antibakteriyel ve Antibiyofilm Aktivitesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4), 2225–2234. https://doi.org/10.21597/JIST.561197
• Malaikozhundan, B., Vinodhini, J., Mohamed, ·, Kalanjiam, A. R., Vinotha, V., Palanisamy, S., Sekar Vijayakumar, ·, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, & Mariyappan, A. 2020. High synergistic antibacterial, antibiofilm, antidiabetic and antimetabolic activity of Withania somnifera leaf extract-assisted zinc oxide nanoparticle. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 43, 1533–1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-020-02346-0
• Mandal, B. K. 2016. Scopes of green synthesized metal and metal oxide nanomaterials in antimicrobial therapy. Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy: Applications of Nanobiomaterials, 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-42864-4.00009-9
• Matei, A., Cernica, I., Cadar, O., Roman, C., & Schiopu, V. (2008). Synthesis and characterization of ZnO-polymer nanocomposites. International Journal of Material Forming, 1(SUPPL. 1), 767–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0288-5
• Meulenkamp, E. A. 1998. Synthesis and growth of ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102(29), 5566–5572. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp980730h
• Nagajyothi, P. C., Minh An, T. N., Sreekanth, T. V. M., Lee, J. Il, Joo, D. L., & Lee, K. D. 2013. Green route biosynthesis: Characterization and catalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles. Materials Letters, 108, 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.06.095
• Nartop, P. 2019. Yeşil Sentez Yolu ile Gümüş Nanopartiküllerin Elde Edilmesinde Bitkisel Ekstrelerin İndirgeyici Ajan Olarak Kullanılması. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi-C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, 8(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40995-016-0065-0
• Obeizi, Z., Benbouzid, H., Ouchenane, S., Yılmaz, D., Culha, M., & Bououdina, M. 2020. Biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities. Materials Today Communications, 25, 101553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101553
• Ökten, S., Aydın, A., Koçyiğit, Ü. M., Çakmak, O., Erkan, S., Andac, C. A., Taslimi, P., & Gülçin, İ. 2020. Quinoline‐based promising anticancer and antibacterial agents, and some metabolic enzyme inhibitors. Archiv Der Pharmazie, 353, e2000086. https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.202000086
• O’Toole, G. A., & Kolter, R. 1998. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Molecular Microbiology, 30(2), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2958.1998.01062.X
• Rasmussen, J. W., Martinez, E., Louka, P., & Wingett, D. G. 2010. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective destruction of tumor cells and potential for drug delivery applications. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 7(9), 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2010.502560
• Şahin, B. 2021. Bartın iletim hattını kurutma sahip bazı bitki türlerinden yeşil sentez yöntemi ile elde edilen nanomalzemelerin biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın, 181.
• Suresh, J., Pradheesh, G., Alexramani, V., Sundrarajan, M., & Hong, S. I. 2018. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using insulin plant (Costus pictus D. Don) and investigation of its antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 9(1), 015008. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/AAA6F1
• Tang, S., & Zheng, J. (2018). Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: structural effects. Advanced healthcare materials, 7(13), 1701503. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701503
• Vaizoğullar, A. İ. 2018. ZnO/CuO Nanopartiküllerinin Sentezi Karakterizasyonu ve Fotokatalitik Aktivitesinin 2,6-Diklor Fenol Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.302604
• Vanaja, M., Gnanajobitha, G., Paulkumar, K., Rajeshkumar, S., Malarkodi, C., & Annadurai, G. 2013. Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Cissus quadrangularis: influence of physicochemical factors. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-8865-3-17
• Velsankar, K., Preethi, R., Ram, P. S. J., Ramesh, M., & Sudhahar, S. 2020. Evaluations of biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles via Allium Sativum flower extract in biological applications. Applied Nanoscience (Switzerland), 10(9), 3675–3691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01463-2
• Vidya, C., Hiremath, S., Chandraprabha M. N., Antonyraj M. L., Gopal, I. V., Jain, A., & Bansal, K. 2013. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Calotropis gigantea. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 1(1), 118–120.
• Yavuz, İ., Şebnem Yılmaz, E. 2021. Biyolojik Sistemli Nanopartiküller. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4843592