Development Aid and Turkish Foreign Policy: A Proposal for Periodization (2002-2022)

Yıl 2023, , 40 - 52, 21.06.2023

Ferit Belder

https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1256110

Öz

Development aid has been discussed in the context of international politics as a demonstration of effectiveness and a quest for status, especially for emerging powers. Since the 1990s, Turkey has started to organize development aid within the framework of foreign policy priorities and preferences. This study relates the continuity and change elements of Turkish foreign policy in the 2000s to the evolution of development aid in terms of quantity, geographical, and sectoral distribution, and proposes periodization of foreign policy. Firstly, it summarizes the foreign aid-foreign policy relationship in reference to the literature on emerging powers and addresses the issue of periodization in foreign policy studies. Secondly, it examines different foreign aid practices in a historical context to identify the parallels between changes in foreign policy agenda and foreign aid practices. The study claims that the varying geographical, economic, political, and humanitarian priorities of Turkish development aid at different times provide an illuminating narrative on the transformation of Turkish foreign policy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Development Aid, Cooperation, Foreign Aid, Turkish Foreign Policy

Kalkınma yardımları ve Türk dış politikası: Bir dönemselleştirme önerisi (2002-2022)

Öz

Kalkınma yardımları özellikle yükselen güçler açısından uluslararası politikada bir etkinlik gösterisi ve statü arayışı bağlamında tartışılagelmektedir. Türkiye de 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren kalkınma yardımlarını dış politik öncelik ve tercihler bağlamında organize etmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma ise Türk dış politikasında 2000’li yıllardaki süreklilik ve değişim unsurlarını kalkınma yardımlarının miktar, coğrafi ve sektörel dağılım unsurları bağlamında evrimi ile ilişkilendirmekte ve dış politika dönemselleştirmesi önermektedir. İlk olarak dış politika- dış yardım ilişkisini yükselen güçler literatürüne referansla özetlemekte ve dış politika çalışmalarındaki dönemselleştirme konusunu ele almaktadır. Sonrasında ise farklı dış yardım pratikleri ile dış politika gündemindeki değişiklikler arasındaki paralellikleri tespit etmek amacıyla farklı dış yardım pratikleri tarihsel bir bağlam içerisinde ele almaktadır. Çalışma Türk dış yardımlarının değişik zamanlarda farklılaşan coğrafi, ekonomik, siyasi ve insani önceliklerinin Türk Dış Politikasının dönüşümü üzerine aydınlatıcı bir anlatı sunduğunu iddia etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kalkınma Yardımı, İşbirliği, Dış Yardım, Türk Dış Politikası

Kaynakça

• Akilli, E., & Çelenk, B. (2019). TİKA’s Soft Power: Nation Branding in Turkish Foreign Policy. Insight Turkey, 21(3), 135–152.
• Akpınar, P. (2013). Turkey’s Peacebuilding in Somalia: The Limits of Humanitarian Diplomacy. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 735–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.863448
• Altunişik, M. B., & Martin, L. G. (2011). Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP. Turkish Studies, 12(4), 569–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2011.622513
• Altunışık, M. B. (2008). The Possibilities and Limits of Turkey’s Soft Power in the Middle East. Insight Turkey. https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/the-possibilities-and-limits-of-turkeys-soft-power-in-the-middle-east
• Apaydin, F. (2012). Overseas Development Aid Across the Global South: Lessons from the Turkish Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. The European Journal of Development Research, 24(2), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2012.5
• Aral, B. (2009). Turkey in the UN Security Council: Its Election and Performance. Insight Turkey, 11(4), 151–168.
• Aras, B. (2014). Davutoğlu Era in Turkish Foreign Policy Revisited. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(4), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2014.938451
• Belder, F., & Dipama, S. (2018). A Comparative Analysis of China and Turkey’s Development Aid Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. In E. Parlar Dal (Ed.), Middle Powers in Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey (pp. 231–253). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5_11
• Benhaïm, Y., & Öktem, K. (2015). The rise and fall of Turkey’s soft power discourse. Discourse in foreign policy under Davutoğlu and Erdoğan. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey, 21, Article 21. https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.5275
• Çevik, S. B. (2019). Reassessing Turkey’s Soft Power: The Rules of Attraction. Alternatives, 44(1), 50–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375419853751
• Cihangir-Tetik, D., & Müftüler-Baç, M. (2018). Turkey’s compliance with the European Union’s development policy: A pattern of external differentiated integration? Journal of European Integration, 40(7), 939–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2018.1482291
• Cihangir-Tetik, D., & Müftüler-Baç, M. (2021). A comparison of development assistance policies: Turkey and the European Union in sectoral and humanitarian aid. Journal of European Integration, 43(4), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1734587
• Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı. (2022). Türkiye’nin Dost Eli: İnsani Diplomasi. Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları.
• Dal, E. P. (2019). Status-seeking policies of middle powers in status clubs: The case of Turkey in the G20. Contemporary Politics, 25(5), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2019.1627766
• Davutoğlu, A. (2013). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy: Objectives, challenges and prospects. Nationalities Papers, 41(6), 865–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.857299
• Ekşi, M., & Erol, M. S. (2018). The Rise and Fall of Turkish Soft Power and Public. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 11(23), 15–45.
• Hausmann, J., & Lundsgaarde, E. (2015). Turkey’s Role in Development Cooperation. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research.
• Ipek, P. (2015). Ideas and Change in Foreign Policy Instruments: Soft Power and the Case of the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency. Foreign Policy Analysis, 11(2), 173–193.
• Mehmetcik, H. (2018). Turkey and India in the Context of Foreign Aid to Africa. In E. Parlar Dal (Ed.), Middle Powers in Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey (pp. 255–275). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72365-5_12
• Mehmetci̇k, H. (2019). Humanitarian NGOs: Motivations, Challenges and Contributions to Turkish Foreign Policy. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 24(2), Article 2.
• Mehmetcik, H., & Dal, E. P. (2019). 2000’li Yıllar sonrası Türkiye’nin Yükselişini Neoklasik Gerçekçilik Çerçevesinden Anlamak. In T. Oğuzlu & Y. Ongun (Eds.), Türk Dış Politikasında Güncel Sorunlar ve Teorik Uygulamalar (pp. 27–45). Nobel Yayınları.
• Oğuzlu, T. (2007). Soft power in Turkish foreign policy. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710601142518
• Oğuzlu, T. (2012). The ‘Arab Spring’ and the Rise of the 2.0 Version of Turkey’s ‘zero problems with neighbors’ Policy. SAM Papers, 1. http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-papers/SAM_Papers-No.-01.pdf
• Özdamar, Ö., Hali̇Stoprak, B. T., & Sula, İ. E. (2014). From Good ‘Neighbor to Model’: Turkey’s Changing Roles in the Middle East in the Aftermath of die Arab Spring. Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations, 11(42), 93–113.
• Ozkan, M. (2010). Turkey’s Rising Role in Africa (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 1855989). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1855989
• Ozkan, M. (2013). Does “rising power” mean “rising donor”? Turkey’s development aid in Africa. Africa Review, 5(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09744053.2013.855358
• Özkan, M. (2014). Turkey’s Involvement in Somalia: Assessment of a State-Building in Progress. SETA.
• Ozkan, M., & Orakci, S. (2015). Viewpoint: Turkey as a “political” actor in Africa – an assessment of Turkish involvement in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(2), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2015.1042629
• Özkan, G., & Demirtepe, M. T. (2012). Transformation of a Development Aid Agency: TİKA in a Changing Domestic and International Setting. Turkish Studies, 13(4), 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2012.746442
• Si̇radag, A. (2014). African Regional and Sub-Regional Organisations’ Security Policies: Challenges and Prospects. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 7(2), Article 2.
• TİKA. (t.y.). Tarihçe. Retrieved 26 January 2023, from https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr/sayfa/tarihce-222
• Tüylüoğlu, Y. (2021). Turkish Development Assistance as a Foreign Policy Tool and Its Discordant Locations. Centre for Applied Turkey Studies Working Papers, 2. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/arbeitspapiere/CATS_Working_Paper_Nr_2_2021_Turkish_Development_Assistance_as_a_Foreign_Policy_Tool.pdf