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ALGILANAN MAĞDURİYETİN AFFETME EĞİLİMİ VE İNTİKAM NİYETİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÇALIŞANLARINA YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 87 - 106, 01.06.2014

Ö Devrim Yılmaz

https://izlik.org/JA82HX27RL

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı iş yaşamında affetme eğilimi ve intikam niyeti düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve sonuçların çalışanların saldırgan davranış algılarına göre nasıl değişebileceğinin açıklanmasıdır. Araştırma İzmir’de faaliyet gösteren 5 yıldızlı otel işletmeleri çalışanları ile yapılmış ve bu bağlamda 187 anket çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde katılımcıların neredeyse yarısının işyerinde saldırgan davranışlara uğradığı ve bu çalışanların çoğunluğunun kadın ve daha az iş deneyimine sahip çalışanlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmanın temel araştırma konusu olan mağduriyet algısındaki artışın affetme eğilimini olumsuz yönde, intikam niyetini ise olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Araştırmanın diğer bir sonucu çalışanların uzun süre saldırgan davranışlara maruz kalmaları durumunda kolaylıkla intikam almayı seçebilecekleri yönündedir. Bu açıdan araştırma sonuçları müşteri memnuniyeti kadar çalışan memnuniyetinin de önemli olduğu konaklama işletmeleri yöneticileri ve turizm araştırmacıları tarafından dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • ALLEMAND, Mathias, JOB, V., CHRISTIEN, S. and KELLER, M. (2008) “Forgivingness and Action Orientation”, Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 8, pp. 762-766.
  • ANDERSSON, Lynne M. and PEARSON, C. M. (1999) “Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace”, Academy of Management Review, 24, 3, pp. 452-471.
  • ANGELO, Rocco M. and VLADIMIR, A. M. (2001) “Hospitality Today: An Introduction”, Michigan: Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BRADFIELD, M. (1999) “The Effects of Blame Attributions and Offender Likableness on Forgiveness and Revenge in the Workplace”, Journal of Management, 25, 5, pp. 607-631.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BRADFIELD, M.(2000) “Perceived Victimization in the Workplace: The Role of Situational Factors and Victim Characteristics”, Organization Science, 11, 5, pp. 525-537.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BYRON, K. (2002) “Dominating Interpersonal Behavior and Perceived Victimization in Groups: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship”, Journal of Management, 28, 1, pp. 69-87.
  • AQUINO, Karl (2000) “Structural and Individual Determinants of Workplace Victimization: The Effects of Hierarchical Status and Conflict Management Style”, Journal of Management, 26, 2, pp.171-193.
  • BARBER, Louise, MALTBY, J. and MACASKILL, A. (2005) “Angry Memories and Thoughts of Revenge: The Relationship between Forgiveness and Anger Rumination”, Personality and Individual Differences, 39, pp. 253-262.
  • BARON, Robert A. and NEUMAN, J. H. (1996) “Workplace Violence and Workplace Agression: Evidence on Their Relative Frequency and Potential Causes”, Aggressive Behavior, 22, pp. 161-173.
  • BARON, Robert A. and NEUMAN, J. H. (1998) “Workplace Aggression: The Iceberg Beneath The Tip of Workplace Violence: Evidence on Its Forms, Frequency, And Potential Causes”, Public Administration Quarterly, 21, pp. 446–464.
  • BARON, Robert A. (1993) “Reducing Aggression And Conflict: The Incompatible Response Approach or Why People Who Feel Good Usually Won’t Be Bad”, In: Brannigan G.G, Merrens M.R, (Eds). The Undaunted Psychologist. Philadelphia: McGraw- Hill, Inc., pp. 203–218.
  • BIES, Robert, AQUINO, K. and TRIPP, T. (2007) “Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge, Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Avoidance”, Social Justice Research, 20, 1, March, pp. 10-34.
  • CAMERON, Kim and ARRAN C. (2002) “Organizational and Leadership Virtues and the Role of Forgiveness”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 1, pp. 33-48.
  • COSGROVE, Lisa and KONSTAM, V. (2008), “Forgiveness and Forgetting: Clinical Implications for Mental Health Counselors”, Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 1, January, pp. 1-13.
  • CROSSLEY, Craig D. (2009) “Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Social Undermining: A Closer Lokk at Perceived Offender Motives”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, pp. 14-24.
  • DAVILA, José Camilo (2004) “Forgiveness as a Function of Offense Severity, Apology Extensiveness and Perceived Sincerity: A Theoretical Model”, Association Francophone de Gestion des Ressources Humaines. Available at: www.agrh2004esg.uqam.ca/pdf/Tome2/Davila.pdf, (Erişim: 24/08/2013).
  • EATON, Judy and STRUTHERS, C. W. (2006) “The Reduction of Psychological Aggression Across Varied Interpersonal Contexts Through Repentance and Forgiveness”, Aggressive Behavior, 32, pp. 195-206.
  • FELDMAN, Theodore and JOHNSON, P. W. (1996) “Workplace Violence: A New Form of Lethal Aggression”, in Hall, Harold V. (Ed.), Lethal Violence 2000: A Sourcebook on Fatal Domestic, Acquaintance and Stranger Aggression, Kamuela, HI: Pacific Institute for the Study of Conflict and Aggression, pp. 311–338.
  • GAUCHÉ, Mélanie and MULLET, E. (2005) “Do We Forgive Physical Aggression in the Same Way That We Forgive Psychological Aggression?”, Aggressive Behavior, 31, pp. 559-570.
  • GOLLWITZER, Mario and DENZLER, M. (2009) “What Makes Revenge Sweet: Seeing the Offender Suffer or Delivering a Message?”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, pp. 840-844.
  • JONES, David A. (2004) “Counterproductive Work Behavior Toward Supervisors & Organizations: Injustice, Revenge, & Context”, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 6, pp. 1-6.
  • KAMAT, Vidhya I., JONES, W. H. and ROW, K. L. (2006) “Assessing Forgiveness as a Dimension of Personality”, Individual Differences Research, 4, 5, pp. 322-330.
  • KAUKIAINEN, Ari, SALMIVALLI, C., BJORKQVIST, K., ÖSTERMAN, K., LAHTINEN, A., KOSTAMO, A. and
  • LAGERSPETZ, K. (2001) “Overt and Covert Aggression in Work Settings in Relation to the Subjective WellBeing of Employees”, Aggressive Behavior, 27, pp. 360-371.
  • LEYMANN, Heinz. (1996) “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 2, pp. 165-184.
  • LITTLE, Laura, SIMMONS, B. L. and NELSON, D. L. (2007) “Health Among Leaders: Positive and Negative Effect, Engagement and Burnout, Forgiveness and Revenge”, Journal of Management Studies, 44, 2, March, pp. 243-260.
  • MADSEN, Susan R., GYGI, J., HAMMOND, S. C. and PLOWMAN, S. F. (2009) “Forgiveness as a Workplace Intervention: The Literature and a Proposed Framework”, Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 10, 2, January, pp. 246-262.
  • MALTBY, John, DAY, L. and BARBER, L. (2004) “Forgiveness and Mental Health Variables: Interpreting the Relationship Using an Adaptational-Continuum Model of Personality and Coping”, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, pp. 1629-1641.
  • MALTBY, John, MACASKILL, A. and DAY, L. (2001) “Failure to Forgive Self and Others: A Replication and Extention of the Relationship Between Forgiveness, Personality, Social Desirability and General Health”, Personality and Individual Differences, 30, pp. 881-885.
  • MOLDEN, Daniel C. and FINKEL, E. J. (2010) “Motivations for Promotion and Prevention and the Role of Trust and Commitment in Interpersonal Forgiveness”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, pp. 255- 268.
  • O’LEARY-KELLY, Anne M., GRIFFIN, R. W. and GLEW, D. J. (1996) “Organization-Motivated Aggression: A Research Framework”, Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, pp. 225-253.
  • ÖZDEVECİOĞLU, Mahmut (2003) “Algılanan Örgütsel Adaletin Bireylerarası Saldırgan Davranışlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (Temmuz-Aralık), ss. 77-96.
  • PRYOR, John. B., GIEDD, J. L. and WILLIAMS, K. B. (1995) “A Social Psychological Model for Predicting Sexual Harassment”, Journal of Social Issues, 51, pp. 69-84.
  • ROBINSON, Sandra L. and BENNETT, R. J. (1995) “A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study”, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 2, pp. 555-572.
  • RUTTER, Angela and HINE, D. W. (2005) “Sex Differences in Workplace Aggression: An Investigation of Moderation and Mediation Effects”, Aggressive Behavior, 31, pp. 254-270.
  • RYE, Mark S. and PARGAMENT, K. I. (2002) “Forgiveness and Romantic Relationships in College: Can It Heal the Wounded Heart?”, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 4, pp. 419-441.
  • RYE, Mark S., LOIACONO, D. M., FOLCK, C. D., OLSZEWSKI, B. T., HEIM, T. A. and MADIA, B. P. (2001) “Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Two Forgiveness Scales”, Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 20, 3, pp. 260-277.
  • SALIN, Denise (2001) “Prevalence and Forms of Bullying among Business Professionals: A Comparison of Two Different Strategies for Measuring Bullying”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 4, pp. 425-441.
  • SASTRE, Maria T. M., VINSONNEU, G., CHABROL, H. and MULLET, E. (2005) “Forgivingness and the Paranoid Personality Style”, Personality and Individual Differences, 38, pp. 765-772.
  • SEKARAN, Uma (2000) Research Methods for Business, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • SOMMERS, Jennifer A., SCHELL, T. L. and VODANOVICH, S. J. (2002) “Developing a Measure of Individual Differences in Organizational Revenge”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 2, pp. 207-222.
  • STILLWELL, Arlene M., BAUMEISTER, R. F. and REGAN, E. D. P. (2008) “We're All Victims Here: Toward a Psychology of Revenge”, Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 30, 3, July- September, pp. 253-263.
  • THOMPSON, Laura, Y., SNYDER, C. R., HOFFMAN, L., MICHAEL, S. T., RASMUSSEN, H. N., BILLINGS, L. S., HEINZE, L., NEUFELD, J. E., SHOREY, H. S., ROBERTS, J. C., and ROBERTS, D. E. (2005) “Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations”, Journal of Personality, 73, pp. 313-359.
  • TRIPP, Thomas M., BIES, R. J. and AQUINO, K. (2002) “Poetic Justice or Petty Jealousy? The Aesthetics of Revenge”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, pp. 966-984.
  • VIANO, Emilio. C. (1989) “Victimology Today: Major Issues in Research and Public Policy”, In E. C. Viano (Ed.), Crime and Its Victims: International Research and Public Policy Issues, 3–14. New York: Hemisphere.
  • WADE, S. H. (1989) “The Development of a Scale to Measure Forgiveness”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary: California.
  • WITVLIET, Charlotte V. O., WORTHINGTON, E. L., ROOT, L. M., SATO, A. F., LUDWIG, T. E. and EXLINE, J. J. (2008) “Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice and Forgiveness: An Experimental Psychophysiology Analysis”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, pp. 10-25.

ALGILANAN MAĞDURİYETİN AFFETME EĞİLİMİ VE İNTİKAM NİYETİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÇALIŞANLARINA YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 87 - 106, 01.06.2014

Ö Devrim Yılmaz

https://izlik.org/JA82HX27RL

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı iş yaşamında affetme eğilimi ve intikam niyeti düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve sonuçların çalışanların saldırgan davranış algılarına göre nasıl değişebileceğinin açıklanmasıdır. Araştırma İzmir’de faaliyet gösteren 5 yıldızlı otel işletmeleri çalışanları ile yapılmış ve bu bağlamda 187 anket çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde katılımcıların neredeyse yarısının işyerinde saldırgan davranışlara uğradığı ve bu çalışanların çoğunluğunun kadın ve daha az iş deneyimine sahip çalışanlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmanın temel araştırma konusu olan mağduriyet algısındaki artışın affetme eğilimini olumsuz yönde, intikam niyetini ise olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Araştırmanın diğer bir sonucu çalışanların uzun süre saldırgan davranışlara maruz kalmaları durumunda kolaylıkla intikam almayı seçebilecekleri yönündedir. Bu açıdan araştırma sonuçları müşteri memnuniyeti kadar çalışan memnuniyetinin de önemli olduğu konaklama işletmeleri yöneticileri ve turizm araştırmacıları tarafından dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Algılanan mağduriyet Affetme eğilimi İntikam Niyeti Konaklama İşletmeleri Turizm Sektörü

Kaynakça

  • ALLEMAND, Mathias, JOB, V., CHRISTIEN, S. and KELLER, M. (2008) “Forgivingness and Action Orientation”, Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 8, pp. 762-766.
  • ANDERSSON, Lynne M. and PEARSON, C. M. (1999) “Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace”, Academy of Management Review, 24, 3, pp. 452-471.
  • ANGELO, Rocco M. and VLADIMIR, A. M. (2001) “Hospitality Today: An Introduction”, Michigan: Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BRADFIELD, M. (1999) “The Effects of Blame Attributions and Offender Likableness on Forgiveness and Revenge in the Workplace”, Journal of Management, 25, 5, pp. 607-631.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BRADFIELD, M.(2000) “Perceived Victimization in the Workplace: The Role of Situational Factors and Victim Characteristics”, Organization Science, 11, 5, pp. 525-537.
  • AQUINO, Karl and BYRON, K. (2002) “Dominating Interpersonal Behavior and Perceived Victimization in Groups: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship”, Journal of Management, 28, 1, pp. 69-87.
  • AQUINO, Karl (2000) “Structural and Individual Determinants of Workplace Victimization: The Effects of Hierarchical Status and Conflict Management Style”, Journal of Management, 26, 2, pp.171-193.
  • BARBER, Louise, MALTBY, J. and MACASKILL, A. (2005) “Angry Memories and Thoughts of Revenge: The Relationship between Forgiveness and Anger Rumination”, Personality and Individual Differences, 39, pp. 253-262.
  • BARON, Robert A. and NEUMAN, J. H. (1996) “Workplace Violence and Workplace Agression: Evidence on Their Relative Frequency and Potential Causes”, Aggressive Behavior, 22, pp. 161-173.
  • BARON, Robert A. and NEUMAN, J. H. (1998) “Workplace Aggression: The Iceberg Beneath The Tip of Workplace Violence: Evidence on Its Forms, Frequency, And Potential Causes”, Public Administration Quarterly, 21, pp. 446–464.
  • BARON, Robert A. (1993) “Reducing Aggression And Conflict: The Incompatible Response Approach or Why People Who Feel Good Usually Won’t Be Bad”, In: Brannigan G.G, Merrens M.R, (Eds). The Undaunted Psychologist. Philadelphia: McGraw- Hill, Inc., pp. 203–218.
  • BIES, Robert, AQUINO, K. and TRIPP, T. (2007) “Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge, Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Avoidance”, Social Justice Research, 20, 1, March, pp. 10-34.
  • CAMERON, Kim and ARRAN C. (2002) “Organizational and Leadership Virtues and the Role of Forgiveness”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 1, pp. 33-48.
  • COSGROVE, Lisa and KONSTAM, V. (2008), “Forgiveness and Forgetting: Clinical Implications for Mental Health Counselors”, Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 1, January, pp. 1-13.
  • CROSSLEY, Craig D. (2009) “Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Social Undermining: A Closer Lokk at Perceived Offender Motives”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, pp. 14-24.
  • DAVILA, José Camilo (2004) “Forgiveness as a Function of Offense Severity, Apology Extensiveness and Perceived Sincerity: A Theoretical Model”, Association Francophone de Gestion des Ressources Humaines. Available at: www.agrh2004esg.uqam.ca/pdf/Tome2/Davila.pdf, (Erişim: 24/08/2013).
  • EATON, Judy and STRUTHERS, C. W. (2006) “The Reduction of Psychological Aggression Across Varied Interpersonal Contexts Through Repentance and Forgiveness”, Aggressive Behavior, 32, pp. 195-206.
  • FELDMAN, Theodore and JOHNSON, P. W. (1996) “Workplace Violence: A New Form of Lethal Aggression”, in Hall, Harold V. (Ed.), Lethal Violence 2000: A Sourcebook on Fatal Domestic, Acquaintance and Stranger Aggression, Kamuela, HI: Pacific Institute for the Study of Conflict and Aggression, pp. 311–338.
  • GAUCHÉ, Mélanie and MULLET, E. (2005) “Do We Forgive Physical Aggression in the Same Way That We Forgive Psychological Aggression?”, Aggressive Behavior, 31, pp. 559-570.
  • GOLLWITZER, Mario and DENZLER, M. (2009) “What Makes Revenge Sweet: Seeing the Offender Suffer or Delivering a Message?”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, pp. 840-844.
  • JONES, David A. (2004) “Counterproductive Work Behavior Toward Supervisors & Organizations: Injustice, Revenge, & Context”, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 6, pp. 1-6.
  • KAMAT, Vidhya I., JONES, W. H. and ROW, K. L. (2006) “Assessing Forgiveness as a Dimension of Personality”, Individual Differences Research, 4, 5, pp. 322-330.
  • KAUKIAINEN, Ari, SALMIVALLI, C., BJORKQVIST, K., ÖSTERMAN, K., LAHTINEN, A., KOSTAMO, A. and
  • LAGERSPETZ, K. (2001) “Overt and Covert Aggression in Work Settings in Relation to the Subjective WellBeing of Employees”, Aggressive Behavior, 27, pp. 360-371.
  • LEYMANN, Heinz. (1996) “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 2, pp. 165-184.
  • LITTLE, Laura, SIMMONS, B. L. and NELSON, D. L. (2007) “Health Among Leaders: Positive and Negative Effect, Engagement and Burnout, Forgiveness and Revenge”, Journal of Management Studies, 44, 2, March, pp. 243-260.
  • MADSEN, Susan R., GYGI, J., HAMMOND, S. C. and PLOWMAN, S. F. (2009) “Forgiveness as a Workplace Intervention: The Literature and a Proposed Framework”, Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 10, 2, January, pp. 246-262.
  • MALTBY, John, DAY, L. and BARBER, L. (2004) “Forgiveness and Mental Health Variables: Interpreting the Relationship Using an Adaptational-Continuum Model of Personality and Coping”, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, pp. 1629-1641.
  • MALTBY, John, MACASKILL, A. and DAY, L. (2001) “Failure to Forgive Self and Others: A Replication and Extention of the Relationship Between Forgiveness, Personality, Social Desirability and General Health”, Personality and Individual Differences, 30, pp. 881-885.
  • MOLDEN, Daniel C. and FINKEL, E. J. (2010) “Motivations for Promotion and Prevention and the Role of Trust and Commitment in Interpersonal Forgiveness”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, pp. 255- 268.
  • O’LEARY-KELLY, Anne M., GRIFFIN, R. W. and GLEW, D. J. (1996) “Organization-Motivated Aggression: A Research Framework”, Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, pp. 225-253.
  • ÖZDEVECİOĞLU, Mahmut (2003) “Algılanan Örgütsel Adaletin Bireylerarası Saldırgan Davranışlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (Temmuz-Aralık), ss. 77-96.
  • PRYOR, John. B., GIEDD, J. L. and WILLIAMS, K. B. (1995) “A Social Psychological Model for Predicting Sexual Harassment”, Journal of Social Issues, 51, pp. 69-84.
  • ROBINSON, Sandra L. and BENNETT, R. J. (1995) “A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study”, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 2, pp. 555-572.
  • RUTTER, Angela and HINE, D. W. (2005) “Sex Differences in Workplace Aggression: An Investigation of Moderation and Mediation Effects”, Aggressive Behavior, 31, pp. 254-270.
  • RYE, Mark S. and PARGAMENT, K. I. (2002) “Forgiveness and Romantic Relationships in College: Can It Heal the Wounded Heart?”, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 4, pp. 419-441.
  • RYE, Mark S., LOIACONO, D. M., FOLCK, C. D., OLSZEWSKI, B. T., HEIM, T. A. and MADIA, B. P. (2001) “Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Two Forgiveness Scales”, Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 20, 3, pp. 260-277.
  • SALIN, Denise (2001) “Prevalence and Forms of Bullying among Business Professionals: A Comparison of Two Different Strategies for Measuring Bullying”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 4, pp. 425-441.
  • SASTRE, Maria T. M., VINSONNEU, G., CHABROL, H. and MULLET, E. (2005) “Forgivingness and the Paranoid Personality Style”, Personality and Individual Differences, 38, pp. 765-772.
  • SEKARAN, Uma (2000) Research Methods for Business, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • SOMMERS, Jennifer A., SCHELL, T. L. and VODANOVICH, S. J. (2002) “Developing a Measure of Individual Differences in Organizational Revenge”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 2, pp. 207-222.
  • STILLWELL, Arlene M., BAUMEISTER, R. F. and REGAN, E. D. P. (2008) “We're All Victims Here: Toward a Psychology of Revenge”, Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 30, 3, July- September, pp. 253-263.
  • THOMPSON, Laura, Y., SNYDER, C. R., HOFFMAN, L., MICHAEL, S. T., RASMUSSEN, H. N., BILLINGS, L. S., HEINZE, L., NEUFELD, J. E., SHOREY, H. S., ROBERTS, J. C., and ROBERTS, D. E. (2005) “Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations”, Journal of Personality, 73, pp. 313-359.
  • TRIPP, Thomas M., BIES, R. J. and AQUINO, K. (2002) “Poetic Justice or Petty Jealousy? The Aesthetics of Revenge”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, pp. 966-984.
  • VIANO, Emilio. C. (1989) “Victimology Today: Major Issues in Research and Public Policy”, In E. C. Viano (Ed.), Crime and Its Victims: International Research and Public Policy Issues, 3–14. New York: Hemisphere.
  • WADE, S. H. (1989) “The Development of a Scale to Measure Forgiveness”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary: California.
  • WITVLIET, Charlotte V. O., WORTHINGTON, E. L., ROOT, L. M., SATO, A. F., LUDWIG, T. E. and EXLINE, J. J. (2008) “Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice and Forgiveness: An Experimental Psychophysiology Analysis”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, pp. 10-25.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Yazarlar

Bu kişi benim

Ö Devrim Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Eylül 2015
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
IZ https://izlik.org/JA82HX27RL
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1


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