Araştırma Makalesi
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Sürdürülebilir bölgesel kalkınmada ortak malların yönetilmesinin rolü: Aydın Koçarlı örneği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 198 - 209, 19.03.2025

Öz

Meralar, ormanlar, su kaynakları, kıyı balıkçılığı gibi kullanıcılarını faydasından dışlamanın zor ve tüketiminde rekabetin olduğu mallar ortak mallardır. Devlet, aşırı kullanılması durumunda zarar göreceği varsayımına dayanarak ortak malları kendisi yönetmektedir. Amerikalı bilim insanı Elinor Ostrom, ortak malların devlet müdahalesine gerek kalmadan ya da minimum devlet müdahalesiyle insanlar tarafından sürdürülebilir bir şekilde yönetilebileceğini iddia etmekte ve çeşitli ülkelerden örnekler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir ortak mal örneği olarak Aydın ili Koçarlı ilçesi çam fıstığı ormanlarının kamusal aktörler tarafından mı yoksa piyasa aktörleri tarafından mı yönetilmesi gerektiğini, sürdürülebilir bölgesel kalkınma perspektifinden araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın verileri, mülakat ve gözlem teknikleri ile elde edilmiş olup içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Koçarlı vaka çalışmasının bulguları, ortak malların minimum devlet müdahalesiyle piyasa aktörleri tarafından yönetilebildiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulgularına dayalı olarak, ortak malların oto-regülasyonunun bölgesel kalkınmaya olumlu etkilerinin olduğu iddia edilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawal, A. & Yadama, G. N. (1997). How do local institutions mediate market and population pressures on resources? Forest panchayats in Kumaon, India. Development and Change, 28(3), 435-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00050
  • Akdede, S. H. (2014). Kalkınma ve sanat ilişkisi. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 421-449). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Altunç, Ö. F. (2014). Ekonomik kalkınmanın bir kaynağı olarak uluslararsı rekabet gücü. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 19-48). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Araral, E. (2014). Ostrom, Hardin and the commons: A critical appreciation and a revisionist view. Environmental Science & Policy, 36, 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.07.011
  • Arnold, J. E. M. & Stewart, W. C. (1991). Common property resource management in India. Oxford Forestry Institute.
  • Arnold, J. E. M. (1998). Managing forests as common property. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Arnold, J. M. & Campbell, J. G. (1986). Collective management of hill forests in Nepal: the community forestry development project. In Proceedings of the conference on common property resource management. National Academy Press.
  • Ascher, W. (1995). Communities and sustainable forestry in developing countries. ICS Press.
  • Ashwini, C. & Agrawal, A. (2008). Forest commons and local enforcement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13286-13291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803399105
  • Aydın Ticaret Borsası. (2024). Aydın Çam Fıstığı. 1 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.aydinticaretborsasi.org.tr/aydin-cam-fistigi adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Baden, J. A. & Noonan, D. S. (1998). Managing the commons. Indiana University Press. Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de ekonomik kalkınma: Küresel kalkınma odaklı sorunlar, yeni model arayışları. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Bekmez, S. ve Özsoy, F. N. (2014). Çevresel ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma endekslerinin ekonomiye yansımaları. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 213-234). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B. J. & Acheson, J. M. (1989). The benefits of the commons. Nature, 340(6229), 91-93. Blomquist, W. & Ostrom, E. (1985). Institutional capacity and the resolution of a commons dilemma. Policy Studies Review, 5(2), 383-393.
  • Blomquist, W. (1992). Dividing the waters: Governing groundwater in Southern California. ICS Press.
  • Bromley, D. W., Feeny, D., McKean, M.A., Peters, P., Gilles, J., Oakerson, R., Runge, C. F. & Thomson, J. (1992). Making the commons work: Theory, practice, and policy. ICS Press.
  • Buck, S. J. (1998). The global commons: An introduction. Island Press.
  • Cordell, J. C. & McKean, M. A. (1992). Making the commons work: theory, practice, and policy. D. W. Bromley et al. (Eds.), Sea tenure in Bahia, Brazil içinde (ss. 183-205). ICS Press.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Cox, M., Arnold, G. & Tomás, S. V. (2010). A review of design principles for commnity-based natural resource management. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 38.
  • Cox, S. J. B. (1985). No tragedy on the commons. Environmental Ethics, 7(1), 49-61.
  • Curtis, D. (1991). Beyond government: Organisations for common benefit. Macmillan Education.
  • Çelik, E. (2015). Ortak malların yönetilmesinde piyasa ekonomisinin rolü [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
  • Çetin, M. (2006). Teori ve uygulamada bölgesel sürdürülebilir kalkınma. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-20.
  • Dasgupta, P. (1982). The control of resources. Harvard University Press.
  • Destek, M. A. (2019). Hedefler arası uyum ve çatışmalarıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınma. Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Ekiz, D. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Feeny, D. H. (1988). Agricultural expansion and forest depletion in Thailand, 1900-1975. J. F. Richards & R. P. Tucker (Eds.), World deforestation in the twentieth century içinde (ss. 112-143). Duke University Press.
  • Finlayson, A. & McCay, B. J. (1998). Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: the commercial extinction of northern cod. F. Berkes & C. Folke (Eds.), Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience içinde (ss. 322-332). Cambridge University Press.
  • Fortmann, L. & Bruce, J. W. (1988). Whose trees? Proprietary dimensions of forestry. Westview Press.
  • Gadgil, M. & Iyer, P. (1989). On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society. F. Berkes, (Eds.), Common property resources içinde (ss. 240-255). Belhaven.
  • Goodland, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 1-24.
  • Gönel, F. D. (2016). Kalkınma ekonomisi. Efil Yayınevi.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.
  • Heinberg, R. (2010). The post carbon reader series: Foundation concepts what is sustainability. Post Carbon Institute.
  • Hess, C. & Ostrom, E. (2007). Introduction: An overview of the knowledge commons. C. Hess & E. Ostrom (Eds.), Understanding Knowledge as a commons: From theory to practice içinde (ss. 3-26). MIT Press.
  • Hess, C. (2000). Is there anything new under the sun? A discussion and survey of studies on new commons and the Internet. Presented at the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Higgs, R. (1996). Legally induced technical regress in the Washington salmon fishery. L. J. Alston, T. Eggertsson & D. C. North (Eds.), Empirical studies in institutional change içinde (ss. 247-279). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hughes, T., Huang, H. & Young, M. (2012). The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs. Conservation Biology, 27(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x
  • Jodha, N. S. (1990). Depletion of common property resources in India: Micro-level evidence. G. McNicoll & M. Cain (Eds.), Rural development and Population: Institutions and policy içinde (ss. 261-283). Oxford University Press.
  • Jodha, N. S. (1996). Property rights and development. S. S. Hanna, C. Folke & K-G. Mäler (Eds.), Rights to nature içinde (ss. 205-222). Island Press.
  • Kallhoff, A. (2014). Why societies need public goods. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(6), 635-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2014.904539
  • Kuhlman, T. & Farrington, J. (2010). What is sustainability? Sustainability, 2(11), 3436-3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113436
  • Kurbanova, Z. & Yusupov, M. (2023). Sustainable development of regional economy: Institutional framework. In E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences.
  • Lessig, L. (2001). The future of ideas: The fate of the commons in a connected world. Random House.
  • Madani, K. (2021). Hardin versus Ostrom: Can development affect the propensity to cooperate over environmental commons? Social Research: An International Quarterly, 88(1), 99-114.
  • McCay, B. & Acheson, J. (1987). The question of the commons: The culture and ecology of communal resources. University of Arizona Press.
  • Micklin, P. & Aladin, N. V. (2008). Reclaiming the Aral Sea. Scientific American, 298(4), 64-71.
  • National Research Council. (1986). Proceedings of the conference on common property resource management. The National Academy Press.
  • Netting, R. M. (1993). Smallholders, householders: Farm families and the ecology of ıntensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. (2008). Tragedy of the commons. The New Palgrave Dictionary Of Economics, 2, 1-4.
  • Ostrom, E. (2009). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press.
  • Ostrom, E., Gardner, R. & Walker, J. (1994). Rules, games and common-pool resources. University of Michigan Press.
  • Ostrom, V., Feeny, D. & Picht, H. (1993). Rethinking institutional analysis and development: Issues, alternatives, and choices. ICS Papers.
  • Panayotou, T. & Ashton, P. S. (1992). Not by timber alone: Economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Island Press.
  • Pearce, F. (2007). When the rivers run Dry: What happens when our water runs out?. Eden Project Press.
  • Pinkerton, E. (1989). Co-operative management of local fisheries: New directions for ımproved management and community development. University BC Press.
  • Rozas, D., Tenorio Fornés, A., Díaz Molina, S. & Hassan, S. (2021). When Ostrom meets blockchain: Exploring the potentials of blockchain for commons governance. Sage Open, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002526
  • Scoones, I. (2007). Sustainability. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469609
  • Shepherd, G. (1992). Managing Africa's tropical dry forests: A review of indigenous methods. Overseas Development Institute Press.
  • Sutton, P. (2004). A perspective on environmental sustainability. A paper for the victorian commissioner for environmental sustainability. 24 Kasım 2024 tarihinde https://www.donboscogozo.org/images/pdfs/energy/A-Perspective-on-Environmental-Sustainability.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Tang, S. Y. (1992). Institutions and collective action: Self-Governance in irrigation. ICS Papers.
  • Thomson, J. T. (1977). Ecological deterioration: Local-level rule making and enforcement problems in Niger. M. H. Glantz (Eds.), Desertification: Environmental degradation in and around arid lands içinde (ss. 57-79). Westview Press.
  • Tiryakioğlu, F. Ö. (2022). Ortak malların trajedisi yaklaşımı çerçevesinde Türkiye'de balıkçılığın tarihsel analizi: Antalya ve Muğla illeri araştırması. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Xie, J., Liebenthal, A., Warford, J., Dixon, J., Wang, M., Gao, S., Wang, S., Jiang, Y. & Ma, Z. (2009). Addressing China’s water scarcity: Recommendations for selected water resource management issues. The World Bank Press.

The role of governing the commons in sustainable regional development: The case of Aydın Koçarlı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 198 - 209, 19.03.2025

Öz

Commons are those goods that are difficult to exclude users from their benefits and are subject to competition in their consumption, such as pastures, forests, water resources, and coastal fisheries. The government manages the commons itself based on the assumption that excessive use will cause harm. American scientist Elinor Ostrom claims that commons can be managed sustainably by people without government intervention or minimal government intervention and provides examples from various countries. This study aims to investigate whether pine nut forests in the Koçarlı district of Aydın province, as an example of a commons, should be managed by public actors or market actors from a sustainable regional development perspective. The study data were obtained through interviews and observation and subjected to content analysis. The findings of the Koçarlı case study show that market actors can manage commons with minimal government intervention. Based on the study's findings, it can be claimed that the auto-regulation of commons positively affects regional development.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawal, A. & Yadama, G. N. (1997). How do local institutions mediate market and population pressures on resources? Forest panchayats in Kumaon, India. Development and Change, 28(3), 435-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00050
  • Akdede, S. H. (2014). Kalkınma ve sanat ilişkisi. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 421-449). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Altunç, Ö. F. (2014). Ekonomik kalkınmanın bir kaynağı olarak uluslararsı rekabet gücü. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 19-48). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Araral, E. (2014). Ostrom, Hardin and the commons: A critical appreciation and a revisionist view. Environmental Science & Policy, 36, 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.07.011
  • Arnold, J. E. M. & Stewart, W. C. (1991). Common property resource management in India. Oxford Forestry Institute.
  • Arnold, J. E. M. (1998). Managing forests as common property. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Arnold, J. M. & Campbell, J. G. (1986). Collective management of hill forests in Nepal: the community forestry development project. In Proceedings of the conference on common property resource management. National Academy Press.
  • Ascher, W. (1995). Communities and sustainable forestry in developing countries. ICS Press.
  • Ashwini, C. & Agrawal, A. (2008). Forest commons and local enforcement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13286-13291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803399105
  • Aydın Ticaret Borsası. (2024). Aydın Çam Fıstığı. 1 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.aydinticaretborsasi.org.tr/aydin-cam-fistigi adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Baden, J. A. & Noonan, D. S. (1998). Managing the commons. Indiana University Press. Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de ekonomik kalkınma: Küresel kalkınma odaklı sorunlar, yeni model arayışları. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Bekmez, S. ve Özsoy, F. N. (2014). Çevresel ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma endekslerinin ekonomiye yansımaları. S. Bekmez (Eds.), Farklı boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de kalkınma içinde, (ss. 213-234). Efil Yayınevi.
  • Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B. J. & Acheson, J. M. (1989). The benefits of the commons. Nature, 340(6229), 91-93. Blomquist, W. & Ostrom, E. (1985). Institutional capacity and the resolution of a commons dilemma. Policy Studies Review, 5(2), 383-393.
  • Blomquist, W. (1992). Dividing the waters: Governing groundwater in Southern California. ICS Press.
  • Bromley, D. W., Feeny, D., McKean, M.A., Peters, P., Gilles, J., Oakerson, R., Runge, C. F. & Thomson, J. (1992). Making the commons work: Theory, practice, and policy. ICS Press.
  • Buck, S. J. (1998). The global commons: An introduction. Island Press.
  • Cordell, J. C. & McKean, M. A. (1992). Making the commons work: theory, practice, and policy. D. W. Bromley et al. (Eds.), Sea tenure in Bahia, Brazil içinde (ss. 183-205). ICS Press.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Cox, M., Arnold, G. & Tomás, S. V. (2010). A review of design principles for commnity-based natural resource management. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 38.
  • Cox, S. J. B. (1985). No tragedy on the commons. Environmental Ethics, 7(1), 49-61.
  • Curtis, D. (1991). Beyond government: Organisations for common benefit. Macmillan Education.
  • Çelik, E. (2015). Ortak malların yönetilmesinde piyasa ekonomisinin rolü [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
  • Çetin, M. (2006). Teori ve uygulamada bölgesel sürdürülebilir kalkınma. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-20.
  • Dasgupta, P. (1982). The control of resources. Harvard University Press.
  • Destek, M. A. (2019). Hedefler arası uyum ve çatışmalarıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınma. Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Ekiz, D. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Feeny, D. H. (1988). Agricultural expansion and forest depletion in Thailand, 1900-1975. J. F. Richards & R. P. Tucker (Eds.), World deforestation in the twentieth century içinde (ss. 112-143). Duke University Press.
  • Finlayson, A. & McCay, B. J. (1998). Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: the commercial extinction of northern cod. F. Berkes & C. Folke (Eds.), Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience içinde (ss. 322-332). Cambridge University Press.
  • Fortmann, L. & Bruce, J. W. (1988). Whose trees? Proprietary dimensions of forestry. Westview Press.
  • Gadgil, M. & Iyer, P. (1989). On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society. F. Berkes, (Eds.), Common property resources içinde (ss. 240-255). Belhaven.
  • Goodland, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 1-24.
  • Gönel, F. D. (2016). Kalkınma ekonomisi. Efil Yayınevi.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.
  • Heinberg, R. (2010). The post carbon reader series: Foundation concepts what is sustainability. Post Carbon Institute.
  • Hess, C. & Ostrom, E. (2007). Introduction: An overview of the knowledge commons. C. Hess & E. Ostrom (Eds.), Understanding Knowledge as a commons: From theory to practice içinde (ss. 3-26). MIT Press.
  • Hess, C. (2000). Is there anything new under the sun? A discussion and survey of studies on new commons and the Internet. Presented at the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Higgs, R. (1996). Legally induced technical regress in the Washington salmon fishery. L. J. Alston, T. Eggertsson & D. C. North (Eds.), Empirical studies in institutional change içinde (ss. 247-279). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hughes, T., Huang, H. & Young, M. (2012). The wicked problem of China’s disappearing coral reefs. Conservation Biology, 27(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x
  • Jodha, N. S. (1990). Depletion of common property resources in India: Micro-level evidence. G. McNicoll & M. Cain (Eds.), Rural development and Population: Institutions and policy içinde (ss. 261-283). Oxford University Press.
  • Jodha, N. S. (1996). Property rights and development. S. S. Hanna, C. Folke & K-G. Mäler (Eds.), Rights to nature içinde (ss. 205-222). Island Press.
  • Kallhoff, A. (2014). Why societies need public goods. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(6), 635-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2014.904539
  • Kuhlman, T. & Farrington, J. (2010). What is sustainability? Sustainability, 2(11), 3436-3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113436
  • Kurbanova, Z. & Yusupov, M. (2023). Sustainable development of regional economy: Institutional framework. In E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences.
  • Lessig, L. (2001). The future of ideas: The fate of the commons in a connected world. Random House.
  • Madani, K. (2021). Hardin versus Ostrom: Can development affect the propensity to cooperate over environmental commons? Social Research: An International Quarterly, 88(1), 99-114.
  • McCay, B. & Acheson, J. (1987). The question of the commons: The culture and ecology of communal resources. University of Arizona Press.
  • Micklin, P. & Aladin, N. V. (2008). Reclaiming the Aral Sea. Scientific American, 298(4), 64-71.
  • National Research Council. (1986). Proceedings of the conference on common property resource management. The National Academy Press.
  • Netting, R. M. (1993). Smallholders, householders: Farm families and the ecology of ıntensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. (2008). Tragedy of the commons. The New Palgrave Dictionary Of Economics, 2, 1-4.
  • Ostrom, E. (2009). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press.
  • Ostrom, E., Gardner, R. & Walker, J. (1994). Rules, games and common-pool resources. University of Michigan Press.
  • Ostrom, V., Feeny, D. & Picht, H. (1993). Rethinking institutional analysis and development: Issues, alternatives, and choices. ICS Papers.
  • Panayotou, T. & Ashton, P. S. (1992). Not by timber alone: Economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Island Press.
  • Pearce, F. (2007). When the rivers run Dry: What happens when our water runs out?. Eden Project Press.
  • Pinkerton, E. (1989). Co-operative management of local fisheries: New directions for ımproved management and community development. University BC Press.
  • Rozas, D., Tenorio Fornés, A., Díaz Molina, S. & Hassan, S. (2021). When Ostrom meets blockchain: Exploring the potentials of blockchain for commons governance. Sage Open, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002526
  • Scoones, I. (2007). Sustainability. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469609
  • Shepherd, G. (1992). Managing Africa's tropical dry forests: A review of indigenous methods. Overseas Development Institute Press.
  • Sutton, P. (2004). A perspective on environmental sustainability. A paper for the victorian commissioner for environmental sustainability. 24 Kasım 2024 tarihinde https://www.donboscogozo.org/images/pdfs/energy/A-Perspective-on-Environmental-Sustainability.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Tang, S. Y. (1992). Institutions and collective action: Self-Governance in irrigation. ICS Papers.
  • Thomson, J. T. (1977). Ecological deterioration: Local-level rule making and enforcement problems in Niger. M. H. Glantz (Eds.), Desertification: Environmental degradation in and around arid lands içinde (ss. 57-79). Westview Press.
  • Tiryakioğlu, F. Ö. (2022). Ortak malların trajedisi yaklaşımı çerçevesinde Türkiye'de balıkçılığın tarihsel analizi: Antalya ve Muğla illeri araştırması. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Xie, J., Liebenthal, A., Warford, J., Dixon, J., Wang, M., Gao, S., Wang, S., Jiang, Y. & Ma, Z. (2009). Addressing China’s water scarcity: Recommendations for selected water resource management issues. The World Bank Press.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Maliye Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Erhan Çelik 0000-0002-9739-9710

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, E. (2025). Sürdürülebilir bölgesel kalkınmada ortak malların yönetilmesinin rolü: Aydın Koçarlı örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(Özel Sayı), 198-209. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1607664


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