Türk Eğitim Sisteminde Okul Terk Nedenleri (2009-2022): Eğitim Kademelerine Göre Bir Pareto Analizi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı Türk eğitim sistemindeki eğitim kademelerine göre okul terki nedenlerini incelemektir. Bu doğrultuda TES’te okul terki üzerine yapılan araştırmalara ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada sistematik veri analizi yöntemi ile araştırmanın amaçlarına uygun olan 47 araştırma içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Toplamda 290 kodlama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre TES’te ilköğretim kademesinde okul terki nedenlerinde aile faktörü öne çıkmaktadır. Ailenin maddi durumun yetersizliği ve eğitime karşı düşük ilgisi etkilidir. Ortaöğretim kademesinde öğrencinin akademik başarısızlığı, devamsızlığı, akran baskısı, ailelerin ilgisizliği okul terklerine neden olmaktadır. Yükseköğretimde ise öğrencinin sosyal çevreye uyum sağlamada güçlük yaşaması, akademik başarısızlık, maddi sorunlar ve eğitim gördüğü bölüme uygun olmadığını düşünmesi okul terkinden ortaya çıkan sonuçlardır. Hiçbir eğitim kategorisine girmeyen diğer grubunda okul terki nedenleri de akademik başarısızlık, maddi imkânsızlıklar, erken evlilikler, okulu sevmemek, ailenin ilgisizliği, arkadaş gruplarının olumsuz etkisi ve okula karşı ilgisizliktir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Okul terki
• Türk eğitim sistemi
• Pareto analizi

School Dropout Causes in Turkish Education System (2009-2022): A Pareto Analysis by Grade Level

Öz

The aim of this research is to examine the reasons for school dropout occurring at varying education levels in the Turkish education system (TES). In this direction, research on school dropout pertaining to TES has been targeted. The systematic data analysis method was used in the research. 47 studies suitable for the purposes of the study were analyzed through content analysis. A total of 290 coding processes were carried out. According to the results of the research, the family factor comes to the fore in the causes of school dropout in primary education in TES. The inadequacy of families’ financial situation and low interest in education are effective. At the high school level, students' academic failure, absenteeism, peer pressure, and indifference of families appear as the causes of school dropouts. In higher education, difficulties learners experience in adapting to novel social environments, academic failure, financial problems and the thought of being a misfit for the selected department seem to be amongst the causes of school dropout. In the other group, the reasons of dropping out are determined as academic failure, financial difficulties, early marriages, dislike of school, indifference of family, negative effects of friend groups and indifference towards school.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• School dropout
• Turkish education system
• Dropout in Turkish education system

Kaynakça

1. Amgoth, D., Kameswari, S. L., Reedy, G. R. & Sreedevi, P. (2019). A study on family related reasons for being school dropouts among banjara tribal adolescent girls in Ranga Reddy district. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 8(6),695-697
2. Amoroso, N. R., Cordero, V. S., & Bacaling, M. D. (2021). High school dropouts: Understanding student dropouts of Sta. Cruz National High School. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v2i2.95
3. Arslan, A., & Peker, A. (2023). Reasons for high school students dropout of school based on common experience: A descriptive phenomenological study based on students’ common experiences. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, 8(1), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1271237
4. Ayesiga Kaahwa, A. (2011). The impact of school dropout and academic performance of students: a case study of Buhimba senior secondary school [Doctoral dissertation]. Kampala International University, College of Education, Open and Distance Learning.
5. Baruah, S. R., & Goswami, U. (2012). Factors influencing school dropouts at the primary level. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 2(2), 141-144.
6. Blöndal, K. S. (2014). Student disengagement and school dropout: Parenting practices as context [Doctoral dissertation]. Faculty of Education Studies School of Education, University of Iceland.
7. Bolhaar, J., Gerritsen, S., Kuijpers, S., & van der Wiel, K. (2019). Experimenting with dropout prevention policies. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
8. Boyacı, A. (2019). Exploring the factors associated with the school dropout. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 12(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019257661

9. Can, E. & Sezer, Ş. (2022). Türkiye’de eğitimin 20 yılı (2000-2021): Betimsel bir analiz. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 11(3),58-69. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.051313
10. Chenge, R. P., Chenge, E., & Maunganidze, L. (2017). Family factors that contribute to school dropout in Rushinga District in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Law, Humanities & Social Science, 1(4), 87-105.
11. Craft, R. C. & Leake, C. (2002). The pareto principle in organizational decision making. Management Decision, 40(8), 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740210437699
12. Curelaru, M., Cristea, M., & Curelaru, V. (2010). School dropout: causes, effects, prevention and intervention strategies. Annals of the Al. I. Cuza University, Psychology Series, 1, 83-101.
13. de Lima Kanashiro, F. V., Martins, Â. M., Oster, V. V., Faustino-Ferber, A. P., & Silva, V. L. (2023). School dropout in integrated high school-state of knowledge: Evasão no Ensino Médio Integrado: estado do conhecimento. Concilium, 23(3), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.53660/CLM-870-23B24
14. de Sousa, L. R., de Carvalho, V. O., Penteado, B. E., & Affonso, F. J. (2021). A systematic mapping on the use of data mining for the face-to-face school dropout problem. In - 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Education CSEDU (1) (pp. 36-47).
15. Deniz, Ü. (2019). Lisansüstü eğitimde gizli kriz: Öğrenciler neden okulu terk ediyor? Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 61-83. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.528019
16. Di Maio, M., Nisticò, R., Acconcia, A., Vinayak Banerjee, A., Casaburi, L., Christelis, D., & Venittelli, T. (2016). Effect of parental job loss on child school dropout: Evidence from the Palestinian Occupied Territories. Retrieved from: on://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://conference.iza.org/conference_files/Unemployment_2017/nistico_r24924.pdf
17. Dündar, Ö., & Bülbül, T. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin örgütsel imaj algıları, okula yabancılaşma düzeyleri ve okul terki eğilimleri arasındaki ilişki. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 522-541. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1016872
18. El-shaer, G. M. A., & Radwan, M. Y. A. (2019). Causes of the phenomenon of school dropout among girls and its impacts in rural areas of El-Ayat Dıstrıct, Gıza Governorate, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 70(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejarc.2019.210600
19. Figueiredo, N. G. D. S., & Salles, D. M. R. (2017). Professional education and student dropout in context: Reasons and reflections. Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, 25(95), 356-392. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362017002500397
20. Foley, K., Gallipoli, G., & Green, D. A. (2014). Ability, parental valuation of education, and the high school dropout decision. Journal of Human Resources, 49(4), 906-944. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2014.0027
21. Gagica, S., Icka, E., Fejza, H., & Uka, X. (2022). Factors leading to primary school dropout in community families–the case of Kosovo. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-bja10101
22. Gherasim, E. A. (2022). Postmodernism and communication in education. European funds for combatting school dropout in Romania. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 3(632),183-196.
23. Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: A framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701296189
24. Gul, R., & Arshad, A. (2013). Causes of dropout rate in government high schools (Male). American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(1), 120-125.
25. Hartnack, A. (2017). Background document and review of key South African and international literature on school dropout. Cape Town.
26. Hasan, M & Muneer, F (2019). Understanding the causes of school dropout among poor households in Bangladesh. SUB J of Sustainable Environ and Dev, 4, 130-148
27. Hasan, S. H., & Irhaif, N. H. (2021). Use of regression analysis methods to determine factors related to school dropout (an applied study of a sample of primary schools in Baghdad). Advances in Mathematics: Scientific Journal, 10(3), 1285-1299. https://doi.org/10.37418/amsj.10.3.16
28. Huisman, J., & Smits, J. (2009). Keeping children in school: Household and district-level determinants of school dropout in 363 districts of 30 developing countries. Radboud University Nijmegen.
29. Ioana, M. I., Anda, M. I., Cornelia, P., & Mariana, C. R. (2015). School dropout–A social problem in Romania. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 182, 623-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.795
30. Jana, M., Khan, A., Chatterjee, S., Sar, N., & Das, A. (2014). Dropout rate at elementary level in two primary schools of backward area, paschim medinipur, West Bengal: A comparative approach. American Journal of Educational Research, 2(12), 1288-1297. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-2-12-25
31. Kartal, S., & Ballı, F. E. (2020). Okul terki araştırmaları: sistematik bir analiz çalışması. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 257-278.
32. Katolo, A. D. (2014). School factors contributing to learners dropping out of School in selected Primary Schools in Solwezi District, Doctoral dissertation, Zambia.
33. Khan, A. A., & Samad, A. (2022). A study of factors affecting boys’ dropout. Research Revıew International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 7(8), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i08.005
34. Khan, A., Hussain, I., Suleman, Q., Mehmood, A., & Nawab, B. (2017). Causes of students' dropout at elementary level in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Research on Humanities and Social Science, 7(23), 20-24.
35. Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University Technical Report TR/SE-0401
36. Krstić, K., Lazarević, L.B., Ilić, I.S. (2016). Dropout as a result of education with no space for diversity. In Surian, A. (Ed.), Open spaces for interactions and learning diversities. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-340-7_9
37. Lee, J. K. H. (2023). Analysis of factors for prevention of school dropout in high school students. The Korean Society of Culture and Convergence, 45(6), 541-552 https://doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.06.45.06.541
38. Lee-St. John, T. J., Walsh, M. E., Raczek, A. E., Vuilleumier, C. E., Foley, C., Heberle, A., Sibley, E. & Dearing, E. (2018). The long-term impact of systemic student support in elementary school: Reducing high school dropout. AERA Open, 4(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858418799085
39. Long, Z., A. & Noor, M. F. M. (2023). Factors influencing dropout students in higher education. Education Research International, https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7704142
40. Lorenzo-Quiles, O., Galdón López, S., & Lendínez Turón, A. (2023). Dropout at university. Variables involved on it. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1-13
41. Mahesh, Mardolkar., N., Kumaran. (2018). School dropout analysis with R programming charts. International Journal of Research, 5(4),1042-1047.
42. Mahoney, J. L., & Cairns, R. B. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout?.Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.241
43. Mambo, F., Basso, M., Salvucci, V., & Santos, R. (2019). An analysis of school dropout in Mozambique. UNU-WIDER project on ‘Inclusive growth in Mozambique-scaling-up research and capacity. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/683-8
44. Masing, M., & Astuti, K. (2022). Dropping out of the school: Factors and its impact on primary school in Indonesia. Psychosophia: Journal of Psychology, Religion, and Humanity, 4(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.32923/psc.v4i1.1850
45. Maya, I. (2013a). PISA sonuçları açısından ülkelerin eğitimli olmayan nüfus yapısının analizi: Uluslararası bir perspektif. Electronic Turkish Studies, 8(8), 911-927. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.5221
46. Maya, İ. (2013b). Türk eğitim sistemindeki cinsiyet eşitsizliklerinin AB ülkeleri ile karşılaştırılması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(168),70-84.
47. Mojdeh, K. (2014). Puzzle of dropout in open university. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3, 23-26.
48. Nguyen, G. N. T., Havard, B., & Otto, B. (2022). Parental involvement and high school dropout: Perspectives from students, parents, and mathematics teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.1.469
49. Nita, A. M., Motoi, G., & Goga, C. I. (2021). School dropout determinants ın rural communities: the effect of poverty and family characteristics. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 74, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.33788/rcis.74.2
50. Papachristopoulou, E., Kiprianos, P., & Christodoulou, M. (2018). Fulfilling a failed dream: School dropout and Second Chance Schools. Journal of Advances in Education Research, 3(2), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.22606/jaer.2018.32004
51. Paura, L., & Arhipova, I. (2014). Cause analysis of students’ dropout rate in higher education study program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 1282-1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.625
52. Raccanello, K., & Garduño, L. (2018). Parental disability: School dropout, idleness and child labour. Panorama Económico, 13(26), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.29201/pe-ipn.v13i26.201
53. Rathod, G. R., & Koli, V. L. (2015). Child labour and school dropout. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(16), 3199-3207.
54. Ream, R. K., & Rumberger, R. W. (2008). Student engagement, peer social capital, and school dropout among Mexican American and non-Latino white students. Sociology of Education, 81(2), 109-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070808100201
55. Ripamonti, E. (2018). Risk factors for dropping out of high school: A review of contemporary, international empirical research. Adolescent Research Review, 3, 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0075-y
56. Said, F. B. (2021). School dropout risk in Tunisia: Impact of facilities and neighborhood characteristics. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 19(2), 485-511.
57. Silva, C. A. G., & Diaz, J. P. (2023). Dropout among students in higher education: A case study. Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología, 27(119), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.47460/uct.v27i119.703
58. Snyders, J. S. (2013). An interpretive study of high school dropouts in the context of a former disadvantaged community [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
59. Sulayman, S. S., & Ahmed, O. H. (2021). The reasons for school dropout and their relationship to some variables. Qalaai Zanist Journal, 6(1), 327-359. https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.6.1.13
60. Valkov, P. (2018). School dropout and substance use: Consequence or predictor. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 16(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2018.02.004
61. Vasconcelos, N., Júnior, M. C., Almeida, T., & da Silva, V. M. (2019). Comparative analysis of data mining algorithms applied to the context of school dropout. In Communication Papers of the Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (pp. 3-10). https://doi.org/10.15439/2019F265
62. Wallace, C. M. (2016). A high school dropout prevention program for at-risk students [Doctoral dissertation]. Walden University, Minneapolis.
63. Wortsman, B., Capani, A., Brice, H., Ball, M., Zinszer, B. D., Tanoh, F., ... & Jasińska, K. K. (2022). Risk and resilience factors for primary school dropout in Côte d’Ivoire. 1-49 https://doi.org/10.31730/osf.io/rx3zk
64. Yassin, A. (2020). Major causes of girls’ school dropout from general primary schools and related challenges in South Wollo and Oromia zones in Amahara region, Ethiopia. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(10), 34-42.
65. Zorbaz, O., & Özer, A. (2020). Do student characteristics affecting school dropout risk differ from one school to another? Egitim ve Bilim, 45(202), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2020.8266